[定语从句]
高考考核点:
关系词的分类:
关系代词:who(指人,作主语、宾语)、whom(指人,作宾语)、whose(指人或物,作定语)、which(指物,作主语、宾语)、that(指人或物,作主语、宾语、表语)。
关系副词:when(指时间,作时间状语)、where(指地点,作地点状语)、why(指原因,作原因状语)。
关系代词和关系副词的选择:
先行词是人时,用who, whom, whose;先行词是物时,用which, whose。
例如:The man who/that is talking to our teacher is my father. (先行词 “the man” 是人,在从句中作主语,用who/that)
The book which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (先行词 “the book” 是物,在从句中作宾语,用which/that)
先行词是时间,用when;先行词是地点,用where;先行词是原因,用why。
例如:I still remember the day when I first came to this school. (先行词 “the day” 是时间,在从句中作时间状语,用when)
温馨提醒:
1. 熟练掌握关系词的用法
学生要清楚各类关系词(关系代词和关系副词)的指代对象和在从句中的成分。例如,who和that指人,which指物,when指时间,where指地点等。同时,要明白它们在从句中是作主语、宾语、定语还是状语。
可以通过制作表格或者思维导图来进行对比记忆。
2. 分析先行词
仔细判断先行词在句子中的含义和作用,确定先行词是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。
例如:The factory where he works is very large. (先行词 “factory” 是地点)
3. 注意从句的结构
分析从句中是否缺少主语、宾语、定语或状语,从而决定关系词的选择。
比如:This is the book which/that I bought yesterday. (从句中缺少宾语)
4. 积累常见的固定搭配
有些介词与关系代词的搭配是固定的,需要学生牢记。
像 “in which”“on which”“at which” 等。
练习题:单句语法填空(5年真题+3年模拟)
(
8
)高考复习*语法专练
5年真题:
1. [2024年全国I卷] The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
2. [2024年甲卷] Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3. [2024年全国II卷] Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___36___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
4. [2024年浙江卷1月] Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way __3___ will make them the most money.
5. [2024年北京卷] Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.
6. [2023年全国甲卷] Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3.______ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
7. [2023年全国甲卷] Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fable. In fact, her style and tone(口吻)are seemingly directed at children. “There was once a town in the heart of America, 4.______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,”
8. [2023年全国乙卷] But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 3.______ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life
9. [2023年北京卷] Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago,____8____thousands were attending a water conference.
10. [2022年新高考I卷] The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _____10_____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
11. [2022年全国甲卷] On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___2___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
12. [2022年北京卷] That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____8____ are only good for one use.
13. [2021年新高考全国II卷] I decided that if I learned of a company____4____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
14. [2022年浙江卷 1月] Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___1___ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
15. [2021年浙江卷1月] BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool____2____gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
16. [2021年北京卷] When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____2____ happened during the day,trying to link new experiences to old memories.
17. [2020年全国新高考Ⅰ卷] The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum____4____ opened in 1759.
18. [2020年全国III卷] In ancient China lived an artist____1____paintings were almost lifelike.
19. [2020年全国I卷].Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot____3____it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
20. [2020年全国新高考Ⅱ卷] The Digital World is a set of volumes____5____aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
3年模拟-1:
1. (2024 福建福州模拟)The IOC has a complete guide for those _________want to apply to these contests.
2. (2024 河北石家庄质检)Moreover, local residents have become curious about the ballroom, _________they had never noticed before.
3. (2024 河北石家庄质检)The reason _________the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice.
4. (2024 辽宁沈阳模拟)The Grand Canal is the oldest and longest manmade waterway in the world with a history of more than 2,500 years, _________construction started in the Spring and Autumn Period.
5. (2024 辽宁沈阳模拟)Walking on stilts(高跷) is a popular traditional performance in China. It is usually performed by stilt walkers, each of _________has two long stilts tied to their feet, making them taller than everyone else around them.
6. (2024 陕西西安模拟)Another nominee was Su Bingtian, the first Chinese athlete _________competed in the men's 100metre sprint final at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.
7. (2024 福建厦门质检)The postal service hall is no longer a traditional one, providing a new scene _________citizens can socialise and experience postal culture.
8. (2024 福建漳州质检)One Hundred Horses is a famous artwork by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688—1766), _________was a European artist.
9. (2023 山东潍坊三模)The main activities of the festival, _________ include competitions for kite making, flying and fighting, are scheduled.
10. (2023 山东淄博一模)The Crescent Spring, _________terrain and landscape are really distinctive, has become a romantic scenic spot.
11. (2023 山东泰安三模)It will be like having a kind and helpful teacher by your side _________has nearly all the world's medical knowledge.
12. (2023 山东滨州二模)The barbecue craze in Zibo began on 8 March, _________a group of college students rode a highspeed train to the city to eat kebabs.
13. (2023 河北唐山二模)When the freezing cold night fell, the visitors sat around the stage _________the fire show was performed.
14. They have reached the point _________they have to separate with each other.
15. (2023 衡水中学第四次素养测评)Traditional Chinese aesthetic(美学的) concepts are reflected in the drum playing, all of _________represent distinctive local features.
16. (2023 辽宁沈阳三模)Covering an area of 20,546 square metres, it allows visitors to take a pleasant walk in the quiet and green forest, _________includes many different kinds of trees.
3年模拟-2:
1. (2024 广东深圳模拟)The old building, which was built in the 19th century and has witnessed many historical events, is now being renovated to become a museum _________ people can learn about the local history.
2. (2024 四川绵阳质检)The famous writer, whose works have been widely praised and have had a great influence on modern literature, is going to hold a signing event in our city next month _________ many of his fans are looking forward to.
3. (2024 湖南湘潭模拟)I still remember the beautiful countryside _________ we spent several months doing research on traditional farming methods and experienced a simple but fulfilling life.
4. (2023 浙江宁波二模)The precious book, which was passed down from my grandfather's generation and contains valuable knowledge and wisdom, is the one _________ I cherish the most.
5. (2023 江苏无锡一模)The large factory, where advanced technologies are adopted and strict quality control measures are implemented, is the place _________ my father has devoted most of his career.
6. (2023 湖北襄阳模拟)This is the old house _________ I lived when I was a child and where I have many fond memories of playing with my friends in the yard.
7. (2022 山东青岛质检)The elegant woman _________ is wearing a long dress and has a charming smile is the guest speaker at the conference _________ attracts many professionals.
8. (2022 北京海淀模拟)I'll never forget the sunny day _________ we went hiking in the mountains, breathing the fresh air and enjoying the magnificent views _________ left a deep impression on us.
9. (2022 上海徐汇模拟)The main reason _________ he failed the exam was that he didn't study hard and wasted too much time on playing video games _________ distracted him greatly.
10. (2022 天津南开模拟)The tall man _________ you saw at the airport yesterday carrying a heavy suitcase is a famous scientist _________ has just returned from an important research project abroad.
答案及解析:
5 年真题:
1. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:温室是当代设计的一项伟大成就,它位于一条追溯丝绸之路足迹的小路尽头,用来容纳中国西南部的植物,而丝绸之路将这些植物从它们在亚洲的原生栖息地带来,从而极大地丰富了英国的园艺。
解析:先行词是“the Silk Route”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which/that 引导。
2. 答案:which
汉语意思:黄石公园曾是美国最大的国家公园——面积达 220 万英亩——直到阿拉斯加南部的兰格尔 - 圣伊莱亚斯在 1978 年成为国家保护区,并于 1980 年以 1230 万英亩的面积成为国家公园。
解析:先行词是“Wrangell-Saint Elias”,在非限制性定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
3. 答案:who
汉语意思:纪念汤显祖的中国文化元素为斯特拉福德(威廉·莎士比亚的故乡)增添了国际特色,汤显祖被誉为“亚洲的莎士比亚”。
解析:先行词是“Tang Xianzu”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导。
4. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:当然,商店不是慈善机构——他们以能让他们赚最多钱的方式给商品定价。
解析:先行词是“the way”,在定语从句中作主语,所以用 which/that 引导。
5. 答案:who
汉语意思:廷尼斯伍德不抽烟,也很少喝酒,他认为节制有助于他在漫长的一生中保持健康。
解析:先行词是“Tinniswood”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导。
6. 答案:as
汉语意思:然而,正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说,寓言的形式在今天仍然有价值。
解析:as 引导非限制性定语从句,可位于句首、句中或句末,意为“正如”。
7. 答案:where
汉语意思:卡森采用了寓言中常见的简单、直接的风格。事实上,她的风格和语气似乎是针对儿童的。“曾经在美国的中心有一个小镇,在那里所有的生命似乎都与周围环境和平共处。”
解析:先行词是“a town”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
8. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:尽管有众多古建筑,但北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方。
解析:先行词是“a place”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which/that 引导。
9. 答案:where
汉语意思:妮娜最近在芝加哥完成了她为期一年的系列跑步活动,当时有成千上万的人正在参加一个水会议。
解析:先行词是“Chicago”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
10. 答案:that/which
汉语意思:GPNP 旨在为所有生活在大熊猫栖息地范围内的物种提供更有力的保护,并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康状况。
解析:先行词是“all the species”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 that/which 引导。
11. 答案:who/that
汉语意思:在 1100 公里的旅程中,曹胜康,这位在 8 岁时因车祸失明的男子,穿越了三个省的 40 个城市和县区。
解析:先行词是“the man”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who/that 引导。
12. 答案:which
汉语意思:这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子,其中大部分都只能使用一次。
解析:先行词是“cups, bottles, and bags”,在定语从句中作 of 的宾语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
13. 答案:that/which
汉语意思:我决定,如果我了解到一家使用大量塑料的公司,我会给它发电子邮件,敦促它减少使用。
解析:先行词是“a company”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 that/which 引导。
14. 答案:who
汉语意思:金·科布,亚特兰大佐治亚理工学院的一位教授,是少数因气候变化而减少乘飞机出行的学者之一。
解析:先行词是“academics”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导。
15. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:BMI 是一种国际公认的测量工具,它能表明一个人的体重是否健康。
解析:先行词是“measurement tool”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which/that 引导。
16. 答案:that/which
汉语意思:当你睡觉时,你的大脑会梳理白天发生的一切,试图将新的经历与旧的记忆联系起来。
解析:先行词是“everything”,在定语从句中作主语,所以用 that/which 引导。
17. 答案:where
汉语意思:例如,汉斯·斯隆爵士收集的 8 万件物品构成了 1759 年开放的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
解析:先行词是“the British Museum”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
18. 答案:whose
汉语意思:在古代中国,有一位画家,他的画几乎栩栩如生。
解析:先行词是“an artist”,与“paintings”构成所属关系,所以用 whose 引导。
19. 答案:where
汉语意思:因为月球的身体阻挡了与探测器的直接无线电通信,中国首先必须在月球上方的一个位置将一颗卫星送入轨道,在那里它可以向航天器和地球发送信号。
解析:先行词是“a spot”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
20. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的本质及其众多相互作用部分的丛书。
解析:先行词是“volumes”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which/that 引导。
3 年模拟 - 1:
1. 答案:who
汉语意思:国际奥委会为那些想要申请这些比赛的人提供了一份完整的指南。
解析:先行词是“those”,指人,在定语从句中作主语,所以用 who 引导。
2. 答案:which
汉语意思:此外,当地居民对这个他们以前从未注意到的舞厅变得好奇起来。
解析:先行词是“the ballroom”,在定语从句中作宾语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
3. 答案:why
汉语意思:农历十二月被称为腊月的原因与祭祀习俗有很大关系。
解析:先行词是“The reason”,在定语从句中作原因状语,所以用 why 引导。
4. 答案:whose
汉语意思:大运河是世界上最古老、最长的人工水道,已有 2500 多年的历史,其建设始于春秋时期。
解析:先行词是“The Grand Canal”,与“construction”构成所属关系,所以用 whose 引导。
5. 答案:whom
汉语意思:踩高跷是中国一种流行的传统表演。它通常由踩高跷的人表演,他们每个人的脚上都绑着两根长跷,使他们比周围的人都高。
解析:先行词是“stilt walkers”,在定语从句中作 of 的宾语,指人,所以用 whom 引导。
6. 答案:who/that
汉语意思:另一位被提名者是苏炳添,他是第一位参加东京 2020 年奥运会男子 100 米短跑决赛的中国运动员。
解析:先行词是“athlete”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who/that 引导。
7. 答案:where
汉语意思:邮政服务大厅不再是传统的,它提供了一个新的场景,市民可以在这里社交和体验邮政文化。
解析:先行词是“a new scene”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
8. 答案:who
汉语意思:《百骏图》是朱塞佩·卡斯蒂廖内(1688 - 1766 年)的一幅著名作品,他是一位欧洲艺术家。
解析:先行词是“Giuseppe Castiglione”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导。
9. 答案:which
汉语意思:这个节日的主要活动,包括风筝制作、放飞和争斗比赛,都已安排好了。
解析:先行词是“The main activities of the festival”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
10. 答案:whose
汉语意思:月牙泉,其地形和景观非常独特,已成为一个浪漫的景点。
解析:先行词是“The Crescent Spring”,与“terrain and landscape”构成所属关系,所以用 whose 引导。
11. 答案:who/that
汉语意思:这就像在你身边有一位善良且乐于助人的老师,他几乎拥有世界上所有的医学知识。
解析:先行词是“a kind and helpful teacher”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who/that 引导。
12. 答案:when
汉语意思:淄博的烧烤热始于 3 月 8 日,当时一群大学生乘高铁到这个城市吃烧烤。
解析:先行词是“8 March”,在定语从句中作时间状语,所以用 when 引导。
13. 答案:where
汉语意思:当寒冷的夜晚降临时,游客们围坐在表演篝火秀的舞台周围。
解析:先行词是“the stage”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
14. 答案:where
汉语意思:他们已经到了必须彼此分开的地步。
解析:先行词是“the point”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
15. 答案:which
汉语意思:传统的中国美学概念在鼓乐演奏中得到体现,所有这些都代表了独特的地方特色。
解析:先行词是“Traditional Chinese aesthetic(美学的) concepts”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
16. 答案:which
汉语意思:它占地面积 20546 平方米,让游客可以在安静的绿色森林中愉快地散步,森林里有许多不同种类的树。
解析:先行词是“forest”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
3 年模拟 - 2:
1. 答案:where
汉语意思:这座建于 19 世纪并见证了许多历史事件的老建筑现在正在翻修,将成为一个人们可以了解当地历史的博物馆。
解析:先行词是“a museum”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
2. 答案:which
汉语意思:这位著名作家,他的作品广受赞誉,并对现代文学产生了巨大影响,下个月将在我们城市举办签售会,他的许多粉丝都很期待。
解析:先行词是“a signing event”,在定语从句中作宾语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
3. 答案:where
汉语意思:我仍然记得那个美丽的乡村,我们在那里花了几个月的时间研究传统农业方法,并体验了简单而充实的生活。
解析:先行词是“the beautiful countryside”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
4. 答案:which/that
汉语意思:这本珍贵的书,是从我祖父那一代传下来的,包含着宝贵的知识和智慧,是我最珍惜的一本。
解析:先行词是“the one”,在定语从句中作宾语,指物,所以用 which/that 引导。
5. 答案:where
汉语意思:这家大型工厂,采用了先进的技术并实施了严格的质量控制措施,是我父亲奉献了大部分职业生涯的地方。
解析:先行词是“the place”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
6. 答案:where
汉语意思:这就是我小时候住的老房子,在那里我有很多和朋友们在院子里玩耍的美好回忆。
解析:先行词是“the old house”,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用 where 引导。
7. 答案:who; which
汉语意思:这位穿着长裙、面带迷人微笑的优雅女士是会议的嘉宾演讲者,这个会议吸引了许多专业人士。
解析:第一个定语从句先行词是“The elegant woman”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导;第二个定语从句先行词是“the conference”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
8. 答案:when; which
汉语意思:我永远不会忘记那个阳光明媚的日子,我们去山里徒步旅行,呼吸着新鲜空气,欣赏着给我们留下深刻印象的壮丽景色。
解析:第一个定语从句先行词是“the sunny day”,在定语从句中作时间状语,所以用 when 引导;第二个定语从句先行词是“the magnificent views”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
9. 答案:why; which
汉语意思:他考试不及格的主要原因是他学习不努力,并且在玩电子游戏上浪费了太多时间,这极大地分散了他的注意力。
解析:第一个定语从句先行词是“The main reason”,在定语从句中作原因状语,所以用 why 引导;第二个定语从句先行词是“playing video games”,在定语从句中作主语,指物,所以用 which 引导。
10. 答案:whom; who
汉语意思:你昨天在机场看到的那个提着沉重行李箱的高个子男人是一位著名的科学家,他刚刚从国外的一个重要研究项目归来。
解析:第一个定语从句先行词是“The tall man”,在定语从句中作宾语,指人,所以用 whom 引导;第二个定语从句先行词是“a famous scientist”,在定语从句中作主语,指人,所以用 who 引导。