专题三 动词
综合提升练
1. Butterfly Lovers combines Chinese and Western musical elements: it (play) on Western instruments such as the violin, but more significantly, much of the music has its roots in Chinese Yue Opera.(译林XB1U2)
2. As Helen's knowledge and vocabulary (expand), she asked more and more questions.(北师大XB2U5)
3. Even if news reports (write) from basically the same perspective, they may contradict each other in terms of factual details, as events in the real world are usually complicated and constantly changing.(译林XB2U1)
4. It was the first time Helen (understand) such a complex word—a word for something she couldn't touch.(北师大XB2U5)
5. He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance
(study) various living things in their natural environments.(外研XB1U5)
6. The more we like the brand ambassador, the more we (attract) to buy the product.(译林XB2U1)
7. The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, (fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals.(外研XB1U5)
8. Today, On the Origin of Species (regard) as one of the most important works ever written.(外研XB1U5)
9. Some books are just too difficult (adapt) for technical reasons, although films like The Life of Pi are changing this idea.(北师大XB2U6)
10. (locate) at over 5, 000 metres above sea level, Tanggula station is the highest railway station in the world.(外研XB1U6改)
11. In a world still (face) so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.(外研XB2U4)
12. Nowadays, people eat salted duck all year round and it is estimated that tens of thousands of ducks (consume) every day in Nanjing!(译林XB1U1)
13. People in ancient China began growing wild rice, (learn) how to cultivate rice in fields and improve its quality.(2024届山东青岛莱西教学质量检测)
14. The Beijing Marathon (become) one of the most popular marathons in the world in the past years, attracting thousands of participants from all over the world.(2024届辽宁朝阳期中)
15. It is well known that Chinese people prefer hot meals every day, and they're also used to (have) hot drinks with it.(2024届江苏泰州姜堰期中)
16. A group of Northern Ireland schoolchildren (warm) the hearts of Chinese guests on a cold December day when they performed Chinese songs.(2024届山东青岛期中联考)
17. Arched bridges, sometimes (call) moon bridges, are high enough in the middle for boats to get past under.(2024届河南许昌禹州高级中学月考)
18. Flames in kilns(窑) around China have been burning since the Xia and Shang dynasties. Along the way, porcelain (create).(2024届河南新乡阶段测)
19. Even when porcelain was broken into pieces and buried deep in mud, the cultural values
(attach) to it would never disappear.(2024届河南新乡阶段测)
20. She even inquired about where (purchase) the same mattress as she used in the Asian Games Village.(2024届山西吕梁第一次模拟)
21. The video (post) by the researchers on social media platforms and immediately became a trending topic online.(2024届江西萍乡第一次模拟)
22. The dragon is believed (control) the waters, and is also associated with the idea of the yang.(2024届福建福州闽江口协作体期中)
23. During the weeklong public holiday, numerous vacationers, especially the young
(long) to escape busy city life, avoided popular holiday destinations in order to enjoy some peace and quiet.(2024届福建师大附中期中)
24. The lion dance (perform) during festivals and celebrations to bring good luck and prosperity to the community.(2024届福建福州闽江口协作体期中)
25. Simplified characters are convenient for people (write) and their usage has become more and more popular.(2024届福建四校联考)
26. According to data released by the National Health Commission, by the end of 2021, China had the largest number of dogs in the world, with over 12 million people (bite) each year.(2024届福建厦门双十中学期中)
27. Recently, reverse(反向的) tourism (emerge) as a new trend in China.(2024届福建师大附中期中)
28. What makes us (trap) in worries most is that we're not getting enough sleep, less than seven hours a night.(2023江苏南京六校联考)
29. It takes 72 steps (produce) Longquan celadon's jade-like green.
30. A philosopher commented that nobody knew what (happen) to the Earth in a century's time.
31. Early to bed and early to rise (make) a man healthy, happy and wise.
32. The Asian Games Memories, a remarkable cultural activity, invites the public (share) their personal experiences and memories of the previous editions of the Games, and to express their expectations and wishes for the future of the Games.
33. Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she (teach) a class at that time.
34. It includes the history of AI and how the technology can (apply) in areas such as facial recognition, automatic driving and public security.
35. Dai Bin, chairman of the academy, said at an online conference that with more rural residents (spend) time on leisure activities, the tourism market and travel companies will embrace new growth in the future.
36. I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
37. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan.
38. Marty (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
39. The spokesman said that the rescue workers (leave) for the small flooded village the next day.
40. We have decided that the headmaster (award) the prize to those gifted students at the meeting tomorrow.
41. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues (amuse) with her stories.
42. Nowadays, mail, as well as cellphones, (play) a more and more important part in our daily communication.
答案
is played 2. expanded 3. are written 4. had understood 5. to study 6. will be attracted 7. fascinated 8. is regarded 9. to be adapted 10. Located 11. facing
are consumed 13. learning 14. has become 15. having 16. warmed 17. called 18. was created 19. attached 20. to purchase 21. was posted 22. to control 23. longing 24. is performed 25. to write 26. bitten 27. has emerged 28. trapped 29. to produce 30. would happen 31. makes 32. to share 33. will be teaching 34. be applied
35. spending 36. was driving 37. expected 38. has been working 39. would leave/were leaving 40. will award 41. amused 42. is playing
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共82张PPT)
专题三 动词
高考 英语
新高考、新教材适用
一、动词的概念、分类及形式
1. 概念
动词是用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词，用来说明主语是什么、处于什么状态或做什么，是句子不可缺少的部分。
2. 分类
（1）按句法功能
2. 分类
（2）按动作状态
3. 形式
实义动词有五种形式：原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
（1）第三人称单数变化规则
情况 构成 示例
一般情况 加-s graduate→graduates work→works employ→employs
以-s、-x、-sh、
-ch、-o结尾 加-es access→accesses relax→relaxes finish→finishes catch→catches do→does
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i，再加-es apply→applies satisfy→satisfies identify→identifies
（2）过去式、过去分词变化规则
情况 构成 示例
一般情况 加-ed design—designed—designed astonish—astonished—astonished
以不发音的e结尾 加-d decide—decided—decided
recognize—recognized—recognized
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i，再加-ed study—studied—studied
identify—identified—identified
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾辅音字母后加
-ed plan—planned—planned occur—occurred—occurred
stop—stopped—stopped
permit—permitted—permitted
以发/k/音的字母c结尾 加-ked panic—panicked—panicked
picnic—picnicked—picnicked
说明：部分实义动词的过去式、过去分词形式并不遵循变化规则，详见附录“常见不规则动词变化表”。
情况 构成 示例
一般情况 加-ing cover→covering want→wanting think→thinking
以不发音的e结尾 去e加-ing ache→aching use→using continue→continuing
以-oe、-ee、-ye结尾 加-ing agree→agreeing canoe→canoeing dye→dyeing
少数以-ie结尾 变ie为y，再加-ing die→dying tie→tying lie→lying
以-ic结尾 加-king picnic→picnicking panic→panicking
以重读闭音节结尾，
且词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾辅音字母后加-ing admit→admitting begin→beginning prefer→preferring
（3）现在分词变化规则
二、时态
在英语中，时态表示一个动作在某一时间所处的状态。
英语时态中的时间有4种（现在、过去、将来、过去将来），状态有4种（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。将4种时间和4种状态进行排列组合，就构成了16种不同的动词时态（高中阶段和高考要求掌握10种时态）。
时间 状态
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 一般现在时
do/does 现在进行时
am/is/are doing 现在完成时
have/has done 现在完成进行时
have/has been doing
过去 一般过去时
did 过去进行时
was/were doing 过去完成时
had done 过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来 一般将来时
will/shall do 将来进行时
will/shall be doing 将来完成时
will/shall have done 将来完成进行时
will/shall have been doing
过去将来 过去将来时
would/should do 过去将来进行时
would/should be
doing 过去将来完成时
would/should have done 过去将来完成进行时
would/should have been doing
（1）构成：动词原形/动词的第三人称单数形式(do/does)或be动词(am/is/are)
（2）基本用法
1. 一般现在时
用法 示例
表示经常性、习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态 I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.我每天早上七点从家出发去学校。
She always takes a walk in the evening.她总是在晚间散步。
表示主语现在的身份、特征、状态、能力、性格等 We are very busy these days.这些天我们很忙。
The dangerous situation calls for a calm head.危险的形势需要冷静的头脑。
表示客观事实、普遍真理或格言 Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。
Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。
用于新闻标题、历史简介、小说章节标题或小说、电影、戏剧情节介绍、图片说明等 Bank Robbery: Robbers take $10,000银行劫案:匪徒抢走一万美金(新闻标题)
The Queen arrives for the opening ceremony.女王到来主持开幕式。(照片说明)
温馨提示 常与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：
①频度副词：never从不、seldom很少、sometimes有时、often经常、usually通常、always总是;
②其他时间状语：once in a while偶尔、once a week一周一次、twice a month每月两次、from time to time时不时、at weekends在周末、every day/week/month/year每天/周/月/年等。
用法 示例
表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态
(常用于以here、there等开头的倒装句) Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
表示
将来 用于时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句,代替一般将来时 When I grow up, I will be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。
按时间表、计划或安排将要发生的动作(一般不会轻易改变) The train arrives at 10:30.
火车十点半到达。
温馨提示 常用一般现在时表将来的动词有come、go、arrive、leave、begin、start、return等。
（3）特殊用法
1. 一般现在时
2. 一般过去时
(1)构成：动词的过去式(did)或be动词(was/were)
(2)基本用法
用法 示例
表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态 I left my bedroom door open and my dog chewed my shoes.
我把卧室的门开着,我的狗咬坏了我的鞋子。
表示过去一段时间内经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态(常与频度副词连用) When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
当我小的时候,我经常在街上踢足球。
Wherever he traveled in those years, he wrote down what he saw and heard.那些年里,他每到一个地方旅行,总会把所见所闻记下来。
2. 一般过去时
(1)构成：动词的过去式(did)或be动词(was/were)
(2)基本用法
用法 示例
用于时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句,代替过去将来时 Alina said she would come if I promised to wait for her.
阿丽娜说如果我答应等她,她就会来。
I didn't go to the party that evening as I started off on the journey at dawn.
那天晚上我没有去参加聚会,因为我黎明时要出发去旅行。
温馨提示 常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:
①具体时间词:yesterday昨天、yesterday morning/afternoon/evening昨天早上/下午/晚上、once曾经等;
②其他时间状语:last night/year昨晚/去年、a few days ago几天前、the other day几天前、at that time当时、at that moment在那一刻、just now刚刚、in 2005在2005年、in the old days在过去的岁月里等。
3.一般将来时和过去将来时
(1)构成和用法
一般将来时 过去将来时
构成 will/shall+动词原形(shall用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称) would/should+动词原形
用法 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态(立足现在),常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow、soon、in the future、next week/month/year等 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句或间接引语(立足过去)
示例 When I was a child, I thought I would know the answers to everything, but now I understand that the future life won't have a standard answer.当我还是个孩子的时候,我觉得我会知道所有问题的答案,但现在我明白,未来的生活并没有标准答案。(would know立足过去,won't have立足现在)
形式 意义 示例
be going to+动词原形 决定、打算要做(事先思考过或计划好,主观色彩较强) They are going to hold a meeting to discuss our research project.他们打算开个会来讨论我们的研究计划。
I was going to buy a car then.我当时正打算买一部车。
有迹象表明将要发生的事(有趋势) It looks as if the weather is going to turn bad.
看起来天气好像要变糟了。
be about to+动词原形 马上或眼下就要发生,不与表示具体时间的状语连用(说话时就是时间状语) Sit down please, everyone. The film is about to start.
大家请坐下,电影马上开始。
He was about to say something more, and then checked himself. 他还想说几句,却又止住了。
3.一般将来时和过去将来时
(2)表示将来意义的其他方式
3.一般将来时和过去将来时
(2)表示将来意义的其他方式
形式 意义 示例
be to+动词原形 表示主观的计划、安排、约定、意图 When is the opening ceremony to be 开幕式什么时候举行
表示应该、命令、禁止、义务或可能性(有感彩,相当于情态动词) What am I to tell her when she finds out
要是她发现了,我将怎样对她说呢
The magazines are not to be taken out of the reading room.
杂志不准带出阅览室。
As a soldier, he was to do whatever he was ordered to do.
作为军人,他必须执行命令。
用于if引导的条件状语从句,表示意
图、打算,意为“如果想”,相当于
want to或should Stronger measures are needed to protect the environment if
mankind is to survive.如果人类要继续生存下去,就需要采取更强有力的措施来保护环境。
形式 意义 示例
进行时表将来 与表示位置转移的动词(come、
go、leave、arrive、return、begin等)连用,表示已计划或安排好的事 We are leaving early tomorrow morning.
我们明天一早就出发。
We were told that the plane was taking off in ten minutes.
我们被告知飞机十分钟后就要起飞了。
3.一般将来时和过去将来时
(2)表示将来意义的其他方式
4.现在进行时和过去进行时
(1)构成及基本用法
现在进行时 过去进行时
构成 am/is/are doing was/were doing
图示
基本用法 ①表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态,但说话时动作不一定在进行 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生的动作或存在的状态
现在进行时 过去进行时
标志词 now、just now、at present、at the moment、
these days、look、listen等 then、at that time、the whole morning、this time yesterday、last night等
示例 I'm waiting to have a word with you.
我在等着和你说句话。
He is generally going to bed at 11:00 these days.
他这些日子通常11点睡觉。 We were discussing the plan this time yesterday.
昨天这时候我们正在讨论这个计划。
We were expecting you yesterday.
我们昨天一直在等你。
4.现在进行时和过去进行时
(1)构成及基本用法
用法 示例
表达感彩:与always、constantly、frequent- ly、forever等副词连用,表示重复的动作使人感到不满、厌倦或觉得不合情理,有时也可表示赞赏、满意 She is constantly disturbing me in class.
她在课上不停地打扰我。(厌烦)
Maria is always thinking of others.
玛丽亚总为别人着想。(赞美)
He was forever complaining.他总是抱怨。(不满)
表示将来:一些非延续性动词(come、go、 leave、arrive、die、start、stop等)可以用进行时态表示按照计划动作即将发生 Hurry up! The train is arriving soon.
快点儿!火车很快就要到了。
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Bei- jing.他们想知道我们什么时候动身去北京。
4.现在进行时和过去进行时
(2)特殊用法
用法 示例
表示变化过程:begin、start、become、
grow、get、lose等的进行时态可以表示从一种状态逐渐变化到另一种状态 It is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和了。
After waiting for half an hour she was beginning to get angry.
等了半个小时之后她开始生气了。
4.现在进行时和过去进行时
(2)特殊用法
温馨提示 有些动词(短语)通常不用于进行时态。
①感官动词:see、hear、feel、smell、sound、taste、notice等;
②表示情感、想法的动词:love、like、hate、understand、believe、think(认为)、mind、agree等;
③表示状态的动词(短语):have、want、own、possess、seem、belong to等;
④非延续性动词:accept、allow、decide、give、receive、promise等。
5.将来进行时
(1)构成:will/shall be doing
(2)用法:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态,或按计划、安排将要发生 的事情。常用的时间状语有soon、then、in two days、this time tomorrow、tomorrow morning、at 9:00 next Monday、from 10:00 to 11:00 tomorrow、the day after tomorrow
等。
I will be waiting for you at the school gate then.届时我将在学校大门口等你。
This time tomorrow we'll be sitting in the cinema and watching a film.
明天这个时候我们将坐在电影院里看电影。
6.现在完成时
(1)构成:have/has+过去分词(done)
(2)用法
用法 示例
表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态持续到现在并有可能持续下去 He has worked here for over 20 years.他在这里工作已有二十多年了。
Bows and arrows have long since been out of use.弓和箭很久以前就不使用了。
表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响 China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of
the moon.中国已成为首个航天器在月球背面着陆的国家。
用在固定句型This/That/It is the first/second/...time+that从句 It is the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.
这是这个男孩第一次同外国人说话。
用法 示例
用在固定句型It is/has been+时间段+since从句 It is/has been two years and a half since we began to study in this school.自我们开始在这所学校学习已经有两年半了。
6.现在完成时
(1)构成:have/has+过去分词(done)
(2)用法
温馨提示
①常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有already、yet、ever、before、lately、recently、up to now、so far、since+过去的时间点/从句、for+时间段、during/in the past/last+时间段等。
②在现在完成时的肯定句中,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词;非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,若要连用,须将非延续性动词替换成相应的延续性动词。
Harry has got married for six years.[×]
Harry got married six years ago.哈里六年前结的婚。[√]
Harry has been married for six years.哈里结婚已经六年了。[√]
7.过去完成时
(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)
(2)用法
用法 示例
表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,强调“过去的过去” By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1,000letters from all over the world.到昨天为止,我们已经收到了来自世界各地的一千多封信。
表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态,并有可能持续下去 It had rained for five hours by 11:00.到11点,已下了五个小时的雨。
He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital.
当他被送到医院时,他已经病了一个星期了。
用法 示例
表示过去原本想做但事实上并未完成的事(expect、hope、intend、mean、plan、suppose、think、want等) We had meant to tell her the news but we found that she wasn't
in.我们本打算把这个消息告诉她,但是我们发现她不在家。
用在固定句型had hardly done...when...和had no sooner done...than...,意为“一……就……” His sister had hardly heard the terrible news when she burst into
tears.他妹妹一听到这个噩耗就放声大哭起来。
We had no sooner sat down at the table than the phone rang.
我们刚在桌子旁坐下,电话铃就响了。
7.过去完成时
(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)
(2)用法
用法 示例
用在固定句型This/That/It was the first/second/...time+that从句 It was the first time that we had found common ground.
那是我们头一回达成共识。
用在固定句型It was+时间段+since从句 It was ten years since he had left Beijing.
他离开北京已经十年了。
温馨提示 常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有by+过去时间点、by the end of++过去时间点、before+过去时间点/从句、when+表示过去时间的从句等。
7.过去完成时
(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)
(2)用法
8.现在完成进行时
(1)构成:have/has been doing
(2)用法:表示从过去某时开始的动作一直持续到现在,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能 仍在继续,强调动作的持续过程。
It has been raining heavily all day.大雨下了一整天了。
You are out of breath. Have you been running 你气喘吁吁的,你刚刚一直在跑步吗
三、语态
1. 常见时态的被动语态
时态 主动形式 被动形式 时态 主动形式 被动形式
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done
一般过去时 did was/were done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done
一般将来时 will/shall do will/shall be done 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done
过去完成时 had done had been done
We were given much help by the old workers.老工人们给我们许多帮助。
I'm afraid I am being followed.恐怕我被人跟踪了。
The case has recently been tried.案子最近已经审过了。
All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.他们到达时,所有的票已经售完。
2. 含情态动词的被动语态
构成:情态动词+be+过去分词(done)
This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。
The environment should be improved.环境应当改善。
3.主动与被动的转换
将主动语态转换为被动语态的核心是将主动句中的宾语转换成主语。以下介绍 几种常见结构的主动语态与被动语态之间的转换。
(1)主语+谓语+宾语
(2)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
①将间接宾语变为被动句的主语时,保留直接宾语。
②将直接宾语变为被动句的主语时,间接宾语的前面要加上介词to或for。
注意 并非所有双宾语结构都能变成两种形式的被动句。当直接宾语是从句时,就不 能变为被动句的主语。
(3)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
用于这种结构的常考动词包括think、believe、know、suppose、expect等。 将宾 语变为被动句的主语时,宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
Yin and yang are believed to form the unity of opposites.阴阳被认为是对立统一的。
Education is supposed to be the most important issue faced by the government.
教育被认为是该政府面临的最重要的问题。
4.主动形式表示被动意义
情况 示例
系动词(feel、taste、sound、smell、look、keep、
stay、remain、prove、turn out等) This material feels very soft.这块材料摸上去很柔软。
表示主语内在性质或性能的不及物动词(sell、
read、write、wash、wear等)与well、easily等副词连用时 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来很流畅。
This kind of food sells well.这种食物很畅销。
worth、deserve、need、want、require等词后常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义 This book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。
Your room needs cleaning.你的房间需要打扫一下。
用于“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构 This question is hard to answer.这个问题很难回答。
English is easy to learn.英语很好学。
四、主谓一致
主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致遵循三个基本原则:
主语 谓语形式 示例
可数名词单数或不可数名词 单数 The course allows students to progress at their own speed.
本课程允许学生按各自的速度学习。
Work on the new road is progressing slowly.新路的修建工作在缓慢进行。
可数名词复数 复数 These toys are designed for children under 3.
这些玩具是专门为三岁以下的儿童设计的。
单复数同形的名词(means、series、
species、deer、
sheep等) 遵循意义一致原则 The sheep is running.羊在跑。(指一只)
The sheep are running.羊在跑。(指多只)
主语 谓语形式 示例
集体
名词 people、cattle、police等 复数 The police are running after a thief.警察正在追赶一个小偷。
People live much longer than they used to.
和过去相比,人们的寿命大大延长了。
audience、class、
committee、company、
crew、crowd、family、
group、team等 遵循意义一致原则 The class is made up of twenty boys and fifteen girls.
这个班由20个男生和15个女生组成。(强调整体)
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班的学生被告知放学后留下。(强调单个成员)
baggage、clothing、e- quipment、furniture、
jewelry、machinery等 单数 The furniture was easy to transport. 这些家具易于运输。
The scenery up the lake is just breathtaking.湖上的风景美不胜收。
主语 谓语形式 示例
the+形容词/分词 遵循意义
一致原则
The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 美的事物给所有人带来快乐。(指事物)
The sick have been treated and the lost have been found.
病人已得到救治,失踪者已被找到。(指人)
不定
代词 neither、either、
each、the other、
another等及复合不定代词 单数 Is there anything else you want to say 你有没有别的话要说
Nobody knows who is going to win in the competition.没有人知道谁会在竞赛中获胜。
none/neither/either
of+复数名词或词 单数/复数 Neither of the books is/are of any use to him.两本书他都用不着。
None of us has/have ever been to Beijing.我们谁都没去过北京。
all、more、most、
some、any、none等 遵循意义
一致原则 All of the apples are rotten.所有的苹果都腐烂了。
All of the apple is rotten.整个苹果都腐烂了。
主语 谓语形式 示例
动名词、不定式、从句 单数 To finish the task on time is hard.按时完成这项任务很难。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
Who will take over the job has not been decided yet.
由谁承接这项工作尚未决定。
“分数/百分数+of+名词”或“the rest of/half of/part of/the
majority of/a lot of/
lots of/plenty of+名词” 取决于of后面的名词所表示的意义 About 60% of the students in our school are boys.
我校大约60%的学生是男孩。
About 60% of the work is done.这项工作大约完成了60%。
Half of the students have finished their compositions.
半数学生写完作文了。
主语 谓语形式 示例
表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词作主语 单数 Ten miles isn't a long distance.十英里并不是一段很长的距离。
Four hours is enough to do the experiment.
做这项实验四个小时足够了。
某些以-s结尾的名词
(news、maths、
politics、physics等)以及书刊名、国家名组织名等专有名词 单数 Politics is his favorite subject.政治是他最喜欢的学科。
The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。
(both...)and...连接并列主语 遵循意义一致原则 The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将会参加我们的晚会。(指同一个人)
Cool and fresh wind is blowing from the south.
凉爽而清新的风正从南方吹来。(指一种事物)
To work and to live are two different things but they're always together.
工作和生活是两件不同的事情,但它们永远相伴。(表达两件事)
主语 谓语形式 示例
more than one/many a+可数名词单数 单数 More than one student was late for school this morning.
今天早晨,不止一个学生上学迟到了。
Many a scientist has been trying to research into the way to cure cancer.
许多科学家一直在努力研究治愈癌症的方法。
each/every/no+名词+and
(+each/every/
no)+名词 单数 Every man and woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their
fathers.每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的先辈所做的工作感到骄傲。
No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.
很长时间没有听到一点声音。
a number of+复数名词 复数 A number of books are lent out from the library every day.
每天有许多书从图书馆被借走。
主语 谓语形式 示例
the number of+名词 单数 The number of the students present is not known.
没人知道出席的学生的数量。
or、either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but
also...、not...but...等连接并列主语 遵循就近一致原则 Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.
你或者简将被派往新西兰。
Not only the students but also their teacher doesn't know about it.
不仅学生,老师对此也一无所知。
当主语后有with、along with、together with、as well as、like、rather
than、but、except等附加成分时 与附加成分无关,与主
语保持一致 Henry, rather than Jane and John, is responsible for the loss.
损失的责任应由亨利来承担,而不是由简和约翰承担。
The man, together with his wife and children, is visiting the Great Wall.那个人正和他的妻子和孩子们游览长城。
Researchers including Professor Brown are expected to attend the
meeting.包括布朗教授在内的研究人员预计会参会。
主语 谓语形式 示例
there be句型 遵循就近一致原则 There have been some fresh developments.
有了一些新的进展。 There is beef and crabs for lunch.午餐有牛肉和蟹。
定语从句 与先行词
保持一致 Here is a letter from Mr. Brown, who wants to come to Paris.
这是布朗先生的来信,他想来巴黎。
Here is a letter from the Browns, who want to come to Paris.
这是布朗一家的来信,他们想来巴黎。
It is the third time that she has won the race, which has surprised us all.
这是她第三次赢得比赛了,这令我们所有人感到惊讶。
1. Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969, people
(become) accustomed to the notion of space travel.(外研XB4U6)
2. On 7 May 1824, a crowd of music lovers (stream) into a theatre in Vienna to hear the first-ever performance of the great Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.(译林XB1U2)
3. Reading a book and watching a film (be) two very different experiences, but it's normal to have high expectations when a film of a favourite book is made.(北师大XB2U6)
4. Humour isn't just about laughter, but is a way of life and a tool that can (use) to illuminate the world.(外研XB1U1改)
have become
streamed
are
即练即清1
be used
5. By the time he was a teenager, he (enjoy) a reputation as a wonderful young musician.(译林XB1U2改)
6. If an advertisement (place) on a popular website or on TV at peak times, a huge number of people will know about the product or service it is advertising.(译林XB2U1)
7. A famous art collector (walk) through the city when he noticed a dirty cat lapping milk from a saucer in the doorway of a store. (北师大XB2U4)
8. Whatever your opinion, people (express) their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. (外研XB1U4)
had enjoyed
is placed
was walking
have been expressing
即练即清1
五、非谓语形式
在英语中，一个主谓结构只能有一个谓语动词，再出现动词时，就要使用非谓语形式。
1. 非谓语的各种形式及其句法功能
非谓语形式 主动形式 被动形式 句法功能
一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
不定式 to do to be
doing to have
done to be done to have been
done √ √ √ √ √ √
-ing
形式 动名词 doing — having
done being done having been
done √ √ √ √
现在
分词 √ √ √ √
-ed
形式 过去
分词 — done √ √ √ √
2. 非谓语形式作主语
（1）基本用法
情况 用法 示例 说明
不定式作主语 具体的、一次性的动作 To hesitate means failure. 犹豫不决就意味着失败。 通常可以互换，但主语和宾语（或表语）一般是对称的
动名词作主语 抽象的、经常性的动作 Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。
Walking is a good form of exercise.
散步是一种很好的锻炼方式。
(2)it作形式主语
情况 句型 示例
不定式作
真正主语 It takes/took sb.+时间/金钱+to do sth. It took us three days to finish the task.
我们花了三天完成这项任务。
It be+n./adj.+to do sth. It's unlike him to be late.他可不是迟到的那种人。
It's a virtue to admit and overcome one's own shortcomings.
承认并克服自己的缺点是一种美德。
动名词作
真正主语 It be+no use/no good/fun+doing sth. It's no use complaining without action.不行动只抱怨没有用。
It's not much fun going to a party alone.
独自参加聚会没什么意思。
2. 非谓语形式作主语
3.非谓语形式作表语
情况 句型 示例
不定式
作表语 对主语作进一步说明,其主语通常为aim、choice、decision、
dream、idea、intention、plan、
purpose、wish等 To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些值得做的事情。
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in
children.教育的目的是培养儿童的优秀品格。
动名词
作表语 说明主语的内容或性质,无正在进行之意,主语和表语可互换位置 Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。
The best policy is being honest.诚实方为上策。
分词作
表语 说明主语的性质或特征,通常可直接看作形容词,现在分词常译为“令人……的”,多用于修饰物;过去分词常译为“感到……的”,多用于修饰人(详见专题五“分词形容词”)
1. In most countries, (turn) 18 marks the start of adulthood. (外研XB2U1)
2. Although highly regarded books do not always make good films, it is safe (say) that great films may be made from not particularly good books. (北师大XB2U6)
3. It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets (attack) by insects.
(外研XB1U5)
turning
to say
attacked
即练即清2
4.非谓语形式作宾语
(1)作动词的宾语
情况 示例
只跟不定式 agree同意 attempt尝试 choose选择;宁愿 decline拒绝 determine下决心 fail未做成 manage设法做成 offer主动提出 prepare准备 pretend假装 promise承诺 refuse拒绝 tend往往会 volunteer志愿
只跟动名词 admit承认 advise/suggest建议 advocate支持 appreciate感激 avoid/escape避免 consider仔细考虑 delay/postpone推迟 deny否认 enjoy享受,喜欢 finish完成 imagine想象 include包括 involve包含 keep(on)继续 mention提到
mind介意 miss错过 practise练习 resist抵制,忍住 risk冒险
情况 示例
既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词 意义无区别 begin/start开始 like/love喜欢 continue继续 intend打算 prefer更喜欢
意义有区别
4.非谓语形式作宾语
(1)作动词的宾语
(2)作介词的宾语
介词后往往用动名词作宾语。
They broke into loud cheers on hearing the news.一听到这个消息他们都高声欢呼。
Dressing well is about being polite.穿着讲究是有教养的表现。
Reading a good book is like talking with a lofty person.
读一本好书就像是和一位高人谈话。
4.非谓语形式作宾语
(3)it作形式宾语
不定式或动名词作宾语时,如果宾语后带有宾补,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语后
置,构成结构:v.+it+n./adj.+to do/doing。
I find it my responsibility to help those in need.
我觉得帮助那些需要帮助的人是我的责任。
I consider it important to always be kind and respectful to others.
我认为总是善待和尊重他人是很重要的。
We think it useless learning a theory without practice.
我们认为学习理论而不实践是没有用的。
4.非谓语形式作宾语
即练即清3
1. One medical text from the fourth century suggested (use) the extract from
sweet wormwood to treat a fever. (人教XB1U1)
2. If we grow up eating certain foods in our family, then those foods tend (link) with positive emotions. (译林XB1U1)
3. Key duties include (explore) the islands of the Great Barrier Reef and (find) out what the area has to offer. (外研XB1U6改)
using
to be linked
exploring
finding
5.非谓语形式作补语
(1)非谓语形式作宾语补足语
情况 用法 示例
不定式
作宾补 advise、allow、ask、beg、cause、drive、encourage、expect、force、invite、order、permit、recommend、require、teach、
tell、want等词后常跟带to的不定式作宾补 They taught me to be strong and follow my heart.
他们教我学会坚强,学会听从自己的心声。
The situation requires us to quicken our economic
reform.形势要求我们加快经济改革。
感官动词feel、hear、listen to、look at、
observe、see、notice、watch以及使役动词let、have、make等词后常跟不带to的不定式作宾补【口诀:五看三使二听一感觉】 I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.让那些有需要的人明白,我们会全力以赴帮助他们。
情况 用法 示例
分词
作宾补 分词一般在感官动词、使役动 词或一些表示意愿的动词后作 宾补。现在分词常表示宾语和 宾补构成主动关系;过去分词常 表示宾语和宾补构成被动关系 She smelt something burning.她闻到有东西烧糊了。
She saw the thief caught by policemen.
她看见那个小偷被警察抓住了。
He began to wish the whole business finished.
他开始希望整个事情早日结束。
I have kept you waiting a long time.我使你久等了。
5.非谓语形式作补语
(1)非谓语形式作宾语补足语
(2)with的复合结构
结构 意义 示例
with/without+宾语+to do 表将来 With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out.
因为还有很多工作要做,他没有被允许外出。
with/without+宾语+doing 表主动 With the noise going on, I can't concentrate on my work.
吵闹声不绝于耳,我无法集中精力工作。
with/without+宾语+done 表被动 She had to walk home with her bike stolen.
她的自行车被偷了,她只好步行回家。
5.非谓语形式作补语
(3)作主语补足语
在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果变为被动语态,则需要将宾语前置,变成主语,此时, 原来的宾补就成了主补。
She is said to be over 100.据说她有100多岁了。
Bell was considered to have invented the telephone.大家认为是贝尔发明了电话。
The door was left firmly fastened.门紧锁着。
Tom was caught dozing off in class.汤姆被发现上课时打瞌睡。
5.非谓语形式作补语
即练即清4
1. Some children don't feel like laughing, especially if they're in pain. We have to work
closely with the doctors and nurses, who keep us (update) on each patient.
(外研XB1U1改)
2. Despite his father's successful career, Stephen was thought by many people, including his high school teammates and coaches, (be) too short, too thin and too weak to follow in his father's footsteps. (外研XB1U3)
3. With us long (believe) that talking plants are fantasy, new research has re- vealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all. (外研XB1U5)
updated
to be
believing
6.非谓语形式作定语
情况 用法 示例
不定式
作定语 表示动作即将发生 I have many assignments to do.我有很多作业要做。
The conference to take place next month is bound to be a
great success.下个月举行的会议一定会取得巨大的成功。
多用于ability、ambition、attempt、chance、courage、decision、
desire、determination、effort、
reason、time、tradition等词后 He has an ambition to become a world champion.
他一心想成为世界冠军。
Thank you for giving me the chance to deliver the speech.
谢谢你给我发言的机会。
多用于被序数词、the only、the last、the right或形容词最高级修 饰的名词后 He is always the first person to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来,最后一个离开。
He is the best person to do the job.
他是做这个工作的最佳人选。
情况 用法 示例
动名词
作定语 表示所修饰名词的用途 a swimming pool游泳池(=a pool for swimming)
a sleeping bag睡袋(=a bag for sleeping)
writing skills写作技巧(=skills for writing)
分词作
定语 现在分词表示主动、正在进行;过去分词表示被动、完成 A barking dog seldom bites.吠犬不咬人。(前置定语)
Unfulfilled wish lives on in the unconscious.
未实现的愿望在无意识中继续存在。(前置定语)
The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned for quality problems.
生产商定期来收取因质量问题而被退回的相机。(后置定语)
Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony on TV.
昨晚,有数百万人在电视上观看了开幕式。(后置定语)
6.非谓语形式作定语
温馨提示 to be done、being done与done作定语的区别
a meeting to be held tomorrow一场明天将要举行的会议(表被动,表将来)
a meeting being held at present 一场此刻正在进行的会议(表被动,表正在进行)
a meeting held yesterday一场昨天举行的会议(表被动,表完成)
即练即清5
1. To get this job, the candidates had to make a short video (show) how much they knew about the Great Barrier Reef. (外研XB1U6改)
2. In addition to making people aware of a product or service, a successful advertisement will also create a desire (buy), thus boosting business. (译林XB2U1)
3. Despite the challenges, there have been some highly successful films (make) from popular books. (北师大XB2U6)
4. In just one day, a person can see hundreds of (market) messages. (译林
XB2U1)
5. The first landmark (catch) my eye is the splendid Qingshuihe Bridge, the world's longest bridge (build) over permafrost. (外研XB1U6)
showing
to buy
made
marketing
to catch
built
7.非谓语形式作状语
情况 用法 示例
不定式
作状语 表示目的,除可以直接使用以外,也可用于in order to do或so
as to do结构 I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.
我觉得累了,就停车休息一会儿。
He used computers so as to solve the problems more efficiently.
他使用计算机以便更快地解决问题。
用于某些固定结构,表示结果 He was too excited to fall asleep.他激动得睡不着。
She's old enough to decide for herself.她已到自己做决定的年龄了。
Yesterday I went to see her only to learn that she had gone abroad a week before.昨天我去看她,却得知她一周前出国了。(出乎意料的结果)
与表示情感、状态的形容词连用,表示原因 I was honored to be invited.能够被邀请,我很荣幸。
He was disappointed to find that she was gone.发现她走了,他很失望。
情况 用法 示例
分词
作状语 现在分词表示作状语的动词与其逻辑主语构成主动关系;过去分词表示作状语的动词与其逻辑主语构成被动关系 Brought up in the countryside, he has difficulty in adapting to city life.他在农村被养大,很难适应城市生活。(原因状语)
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.
听到这个消息,他们立即出发去上海了。(时间状语)
She stood at the window, watching the sunset.她站在窗前看落日。(伴随状语)
He turned off the lamp, seeing nothing.
他熄了灯,什么也看不见了。(结果状语,表示自然而然的结果)
Working hard as he was, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a house.他虽然努力地干,但仍然挣不够买房的钱。(让步状语)
7.非谓语形式作状语
情况 用法 示例
独立成分作状语 不定式短语 to tell (you) the truth 老实说 to be honest老实说 to begin with首先
to make matters worse更糟糕的是 to sum up 总之 to be brief简言之
分词短语 considering that考虑到,鉴于 generally speaking一般来说
given that考虑到,鉴于 judging by/from根据……来判断
providing/provided that假设 supposing that假设
独立主格结构
作状语 作状语的动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,而是带有自己的逻辑主语,即“名词/
代词+分词(短语)” The test finished (=When the test was finished), we began our holiday.
考试结束后,我们开始放假了。
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), we are going to visit you
tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
7.非谓语形式作状语
即练即清6
1. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments It was just an idea, but enough (inspire) Darwin to look for more evidence. (外研XB1U5)
2. This fungal(真菌的) network links the roots of different plants to each other. (use) the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. (外研XB1U5)
3. (know) as the world's largest sporting gala in scale, the 19th Asian Games Hangzhou are not only a platform for the athletes to compete, but also a stage for people to communicate.
to inspire
Using
Known
8.其他用法
(1)疑问词+不定式
疑问词how、when、where、which、what等后面跟不定式构成“疑问词+不定式”结 构,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
How to solve the problem has not been decided yet.(作主语)
如何解决这一问题还未决定。
I know where to find the boy.(作宾语)
我知道去哪儿找到那个男孩。
The question is how to learn English well.(作表语)
问题是如何学好英语。
(2)动名词的复合结构
当动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,动名词就需要加上自己的逻辑主语,这样 就构成了动名词的复合结构,即“名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+动名词(one's doing)”或“名词/代词+动名词(sb./sth. doing)”。
逻辑主语 形式 示例
有生命 名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+动名词 Mary's coming late made her teacher angry.
玛丽迟到使老师很生气。(主语)
The discovery of new evidence led to the thief('s)/his/him being caught.新证据的发现使小偷/他被抓住了。(宾语)
名词/代词+动名词
无生命 名词/代词+动名词 I'm surprised at it being so late.
我对天色这么晚了感到吃惊。(宾语)
1. Butterfly Lovers combines Chinese and Western musical elements: it (play) on Western instruments such as the violin, but more significantly, much of the music has its roots in Chinese Yue Opera. (译林XB1U2)
2. As Helen's knowledge and vocabulary (expand), she asked more and more questions. (北师大XB2U5)
3. Even if news reports (write) from basically the same perspective, they may contradict each other in terms of factual details, as events in the real world are usually complicated and constantly changing. (译林XB2U1)
is played
expanded
are written
4. It was the first time Helen (understand) such a complex word—a word for
something she couldn't touch. (北师大XB2U5)
5. He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance (study) various living things in their natural environments. (外研XB1U5)
6. The more we like the brand ambassador, the more we (attract) to buy the product. (译林XB2U1)
7. The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, (fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals. (外研XB1U5)
8. Today, On the Origin of Species (regard) as one of the most important works ever written. (外研XB1U5)
had understood
to study
will be attracted
fascinated
is regarded
9. Some books are just too difficult (adapt) for technical reasons, although films like The Life of Pi are changing this idea. (北师大XB2U6)
10. (locate) at over 5, 000 metres above sea level, Tanggula station is the highest railway station in the world. (外研XB1U6改)
11. In a world still (face) so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity. (外研XB2U4)
12. Nowadays, people eat salted duck all year round and it is estimated that tens of thou- sands of ducks (consume) every day in Nanjing! (译林XB1U1)
to be adapted
Located
facing
are consumed
13. People in ancient China began growing wild rice, (learn) how to cultivate rice in fields and improve its quality. (2024届山东青岛莱西教学质量检测)
14. The Beijing Marathon (become) one of the most popular marathons in the world in the past years, attracting thousands of participants from all over the world.
(2024届辽宁朝阳期中)
15. It is well known that Chinese people prefer hot meals every day, and they're also used to (have) hot drinks with it. (2024届江苏泰州姜堰期中)
16. A group of Northern Ireland schoolchildren (warm) the hearts of Chinese guests on a cold December day when they performed Chinese songs. (2024届山东青岛
期中联考)
learning
has become
having
warmed
17. Arched bridges, sometimes (call) moon bridges, are high enough in the middle for boats to get past under. (2024届河南许昌禹州高级中学月考)
18. Flames in kilns(窑) around China have been burning since the Xia and Shang dynas- ties. Along the way, porcelain (create). (2024届河南新乡阶段测)
19. Even when porcelain was broken into pieces and buried deep in mud, the cultural val- ues (attach) to it would never disappear. (2024届河南新乡阶段测)
20. She even inquired about where (purchase) the same mattress as she used in the Asian Games Village. (2024届山西吕梁第一次模拟)
called
was created
attached
to purchase
21. The video (post) by the researchers on social media platforms and imme- diately became a trending topic online. (2024届江西萍乡第一次模拟)
22. The dragon is believed (control) the waters, and is also associated with the idea of the yang. (2024届福建福州闽江口协作体期中)
23. During the weeklong public holiday, numerous vacationers, especially the young (long) to escape busy city life, avoided popular holiday destinations in order to en- joy some peace and quiet. (2024届福建师大附中期中)
24. The lion dance (perform) during festivals and celebrations to bring good luck and prosperity to the community. (2024届福建福州闽江口协作体期中)
was posted
to control
longing
is performed
25. Simplified characters are convenient for people (write) and their usage has become more and more popular. (2024届福建四校联考)
26. According to data released by the National Health Commission, by the end of 2021, China had the largest number of dogs in the world, with over 12 million people (bite) each year. (2024届福建厦门双十中学期中)
27. Recently, reverse(反向的) tourism (emerge) as a new trend in China.
(2024届福建师大附中期中)
28. What makes us (trap) in worries most is that we're not getting enough sleep, less than seven hours a night. (2023江苏南京六校联考)
to write
bitten
has emerged
trapped
29. It takes 72 steps (produce) Longquan celadon's jade-like green.
30. A philosopher commented that nobody knew what (happen) to the Earth in a century's time.
31. Early to bed and early to rise (make) a man healthy, happy and wise.
32. The Asian Games Memories, a remarkable cultural activity, invites the public (share) their personal experiences and memories of the previous editions of the Games, and to express their expectations and wishes for the future of the Games.
33. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she (teach) a class at that time.
to produce
would happen
makes
to share
will be teaching
34. It includes the history of AI and how the technology can (apply) in areas such as facial recognition, automatic driving and public security.
35. Dai Bin, chairman of the academy, said at an online conference that with more rural residents (spend) time on leisure activities, the tourism market and travel com- panies will embrace new growth in the future.
36. I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
37. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales (expect) to reach 10.16 bil-li
on yuan.
be applied
spending
was driving
expected
38. Marty (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished
it by Friday.
39. The spokesman said that the rescue workers (leave) for the
small flooded village the next day.
40. We have decided that the headmaster (award) the prize to those gifted stu- dents at the meeting tomorrow.
41. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues (amuse) with her stories.
42. Nowadays, mail, as well as cellphones, (play) a more and more important part in our daily communication.
has been working
would leave/were leaving
will award
amused
is playing
