专题四 冠词、名词、代词
综合提升练
1. Tu Youyou, committed and patient scientist,was born in Ningbo,China,on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.(人教XB1U1)
2. The classrooms are made of bamboo, with clay floors and (roof) of grass.(人教XB4U4)
3. Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being threat to wildlife and to our planet.(人教B2U2)
4. was not until 9:30 a.m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto.(人教XB2U4)
5. Ben did a lot during his time as an island caretaker. In addition to blogging, taking photos and writing articles about the reef, he made a number of (appearance) on television to argue in favour of its defence.(外研XB1U6)
6. turns out that country music became popular right here in the south of America in the 1940s and then spread across the nation.(译林XB1U2)
7. She realised that one of the greatest (benefit) of the Internet was its ability to remove the distance that usually exists between people.(人教B2U3)
8. Now that Helen Keller grasped key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.(北师大XB2U5改)
9. There is Chinese food to suit (everyone) taste,with traditional dishes from all over China.(人教B3U3)
10. This is like a warning, or call for help: “I'm being attacked!”(外研XB1U5)
11. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found (she) speaking up in class after just a few weeks.(人教XB2U2)
12. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood (leaf) but found no effect.(人教XB1U1)
13. Most surprisingly of all, plants have amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.(外研XB1U5)
14. Inspiring others to believe in (they) Stephen Curry is living proof that what other people think of you does not have to influence what you become.(外研XB1U3)
15. Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation of (mankind) greatest achievements.(人教XB4U3)
16. As a computer engineer, there's always a new challenge just around corner!(外研B2U3)
17. With the rapid development of social media, emojis are becoming an integral component of the language we use to express (we).(外研XB2U3)
18. Sometimes the smell alone can do trick, not to mention the lovely creamy flavour, which works like a time machine immediately transporting me back to my sunny childhood.(译林XB1U1)
19. Mr Jenkins made me feel that I had my own strengths. I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a (present) to the class.(北师大XB1U1)
20. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has (it) own version of “cybercrime”.(外研XB1U5)
21. Last night, I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers, beautiful violin concerto composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.(译林XB1U2)
22. To help your muscles recover and repair (they) after exercise, you need to eat foods rich in protein, such as fish, eggs and milk products.(译林B2U2)
23. Like a lot of (chef) I know, I don't really do much cooking at home.(外研B2U1)
24. At first, I was a little worried about the (children) safety,but Burin said,“Don't worry. They've been riding horses all their lives. They'll be just fine.”(人教B3U1)
25. The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine, at 7,062 metres, giving China (it) place alongside the world's top ocean explorers.(外研XB4U5)
26. My presentation on traditional Chinese art was great success, which boosted my confidence.(人教XB2U2)
27. was the first time that she had left China.(人教XB2U2)
28. Studying abroad also helps you to gain global perspective and improve your general competence.(人教XB2U2)
29. Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them (we).(外研XB1U5)
30. Its nose looks like a duck's bill,and it has feet like a (duck) so it can dive under the water,but it's covered in hair.(人教XB4U2)
31. It not only celebrated the gathering of athletes from Asia but also demonstrated China's
(commit) to embracing sustainability with advanced technology.(2024届山西晋城一中期中)
32. With the aim of green Asian Games, traditional fireworks were replaced with digital forms that used the latest imaging technology. This (absent) of “real fireworks” was filled with electronic flash and 3D animations.(2024届山西晋城一中期中)
33. With the (popular) of Chinese in Hungary(匈牙利), signs in Chinese have been more and more commonly seen in streets and Chinese characters are most likely to be spotted on bus ticketing machines.(2024届山东德州期中)
34. TCM, which includes acupuncture, herbal therapy and massage, remains an essential component of China's medical system and has gained increasing (recognize) on a global scale.(2024届山东省实验中学二诊)
35. Today, rice plays a vital role in feeding billions of people while food (short) is a worldwide problem. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of rice.(2024届山东青岛莱西教学质量检测)
36. The Hangzhou Asian Games, which opened on September 23, are not only a grand sports event, but also a cultural feast that displays the (diverse) and harmony of Asia.(2024届江西景德镇质量检测)
37. The Lantern Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the first month in the Chinese lunar calendar, marks the end of more than two weeks of Chinese New Year (celebrate) each year.(2024届陕西西安铁一中滨河高级中学期中)
38. Different from popular destinations, some underexplored places with little online (expose) can offer more surprises.(2023河北“五个一”名校联盟联考)
39. Bian embroidery(汴绣), which is characterized by simplicity and serenity, is considered a unique form of artistic (express) of the Song Dynasty.
40. Some countries reallocate(重新分配) the funds from other pots of climate finance, or put money toward (insure) or early warning systems.(2023湖北十堰期末)
41. People working here have to battle with sand and wind and suffer from (lonely).(2023山东潍坊一模)
42. The storytelling in the show has also been praised by viewers for successfully showing the (deep) of the CPC's history and spirit, as well as the warmth of China and every family in the country.
43. Going against the tide of flooding to well-known yet generally jam-packed tourist destinations on vacation, more holidaymakers in China tend to spend their leisure time at lesser-known resorts to seek unique (relax).
答案
a 2. roofs 3. a 4. It 5. appearances 6. It 7. benefits 8. the 9. everyone's
a 11. herself 12. leaves 13. an 14. themselves 15. mankind's 16. the
ourselves 18. the 19. presentation 20. its 21. a 22. themselves 23. chefs
24. children's 25. its 26. a 27. It 28. a 29. ourselves 30. duck's 31. commitment 32. absence 33. popularity 34. recognition 35. shortage 36. diversity 37. celebrations 38. exposure 39. expression(s) 40. insurance 41. loneliness 42. depth 43. relaxation(s)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共67张PPT)
专题四 冠词、名词、代词
高考 英语
新高考、新教材适用
一、冠词
1. 不定冠词a/an
a用于以辅音音素（而不是辅音字母）开头的单词前；an用于以元音音素（而不是元音字母）开头的单词前。
1. 不定冠词a/an
（1）常见用法
用法 示例
用于第一次出现的单数可数名词前,泛指某人或某物 Life is like an ocean; only the strong-willed can reach the other shore.
生活就像一片海洋,只有意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。
He met an old lady on his way to the office.
他在上班路上遇到了一位老妇人。
泛指一类人或一类事物 A brave man smiles in the face of adversity.勇敢者微笑面对逆境。
An optimist sees an opportunity in every difficulty.
乐观者于困难中看到机会。
1. 不定冠词a/an
（1）常见用法
用法 示例
表示数量“一”,相当于one,但数的概念没有one强烈 She is a friend of my father's.她是我父亲的一个朋友。
This piece of meat weighs a pound.这块肉重一磅。
表示“相同的”,
相当于the same We are of an age.我们同岁。
Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。
用于表示时间、速度、价格等的单位名词前，表示“每一”,相当于per或each In order to shape myself, I attend a yoga class twice a week.
为了塑形,我每周上两次瑜伽课。
He drove at 100 kilometers an hour.他以每小时100公里的速度行驶。
The car does about forty miles a gallon.这部车每加仑汽油跑40英里左右。
1. 不定冠词a/an
（1）常见用法
用法 示例
用于某些专有名词前,表示
“某一个,类似……的一个”,相当于a certain或one like A Mr. Thomson wanted to see you.一位叫汤姆森的先生要见你。
Little Tom is an Edison. He likes to invent things.
小汤姆真像个爱迪生,喜欢发明东西。
用在某些由动词转化而来的名词(education、knowledge、
understanding等)+of短语前 Candidates must have a good knowledge of chemistry.参选者必须精通化学。
Most of the students have a sound understanding of English grammar.
大多数学生对英语语法有很好的理解。
用于某些物质名词前,表示
“一次/一种/一场”等
(coffee、food、tea、drink、
fruit、rain、snow、fog等) Longjing is a famous tea in China.
龙井是一种中国名茶。
It was bitterly cold and a heavy snow was falling.
天气特别冷,大雪纷飞。
用法 示例
用于某些表示特性、状态、情感、情绪等的抽象名词前,表示具体化(beauty、danger、
failure、pity、pleasure、
success、surprise等) Smoking is a serious danger to health.吸烟严重危害健康。
Music is really a great pleasure.音乐的确是一种令人非常愉快的东西。
As a teacher, Monica is a success.作为教师,莫妮卡是个成功者。
用在形容词最高级前,表示
“很,非常” Thank you for a most interesting evening.
谢谢你让我度过了一个非常有意思的夜晚。
用在序数词前,表示“又一,
再一” She failed in the experiment seven times, but wanted to try an eighth time.她的实验失败了七次,但她想再试第八次。
用于某些结构 It was too cold a day to work outdoors.天太冷,在户外干不了活。
How astonishing a sight it is!多么令人惊讶的景象啊!
It's such a beautiful day!天气多么好哇!
I've told him many a time not to say it.我多次告诫他不要说那件事。
1. 不定冠词a/an
（1）常见用法
(2)含不定冠词的常考短语
表示数量 a couple of两个;几个 a good many许多 a great deal of 大量的
a pair of一双 a handful of 一把 a piece of一张
表示长度、时间等 all of a sudden突然 at a glance立即,一眼 for a long time长期 for a time一阵子 for a while暂时,一会儿 half an hour半小时 in a hurry匆忙 in a moment立即 once upon a time从前 once in a while偶尔 one at a time一次一个
用于“have/take+a+抽象名词”结构 have/take a look看 have a talk谈话 have/take a walk散步
其他 as a matter of fact事实上 as a result结果 as a whole总的来说 at a loss不知所措,困惑 do sb. a favor帮某人忙 get a word in插嘴 have a cold感冒 in a word总而言之
keep a diary写日记 keep an eye on照看,留神 make a call 打电话 make a choice做出选择 make a difference起作用 make a face做鬼脸
make a living谋生 make a plan制订计划;想办法 make an apology道歉 make an effort努力 on a diet节食 pay a visit 拜访 tell a lie说谎
1. 不定冠词a/an
2.定冠词the
(1)常见用法
用法 示例
特指上文提到的人或事物或上文虽未提及但说话双方都知道的人或事物 Yesterday an 8-year-old boy fell into the river. The boy was saved by a policeman. 昨天,一个八岁的男孩掉进了河里。那个男孩被一名警察救了。
The birds are chirping all around.四周鸟儿们在叽叽喳喳地叫。
用于独一无二的事物或表示发明创造的名词前(其前有修饰词时,常用不定冠词表类指或不同状貌) As the sun went down, there was a bar of red over the western hills.
日落时西山上有一条红晕。
Edison invented the electric light.爱迪生发明了电灯。
It was a glorious spring night, with a great full moon gleaming in a purple sky.
那是春日的一个美好夜晚,圆圆的大月亮照耀在紫色的天空中。
用法 示例
用于单数可数名词、形容词或分词前,表示一类人或事物 The compass was invented in China. 指南针是在中国发明的。
The old is always opposite to the new.旧的东西总是同新的东西对立。
Heal the wounded and rescue the dying.救死扶伤。
用于姓氏复数形式前,表示一家人或夫妇俩 The Greens are watching TV now.
格林一家现在正在看电视。
用于表示西方乐器的名词前 The boy can play the piano very well.这个小男孩钢琴弹得很好。
用于序数词、形容词或副词的比较级或最高级及有
only、same、next、last等修饰的名词前 He was the first man to speak against slavery.
他是第一个发言反对奴隶制的人。
The darkest cloud has a silver lining.最黑暗中有也一线光明。
This is the only path through the forest.这是穿过森林的唯一小路。
2.定冠词the
(1)常见用法
用法 示例
用于表示江、河、湖、海、山脉、群岛以及由普通名词构成的表示组织机构、学校、建筑、团体、报纸、杂志等的专有名词前 the Yangtze River长江 the Atlantic Ocean大西洋
the English Channel英吉利海峡 the South Pole南极
the Golden Gate Bridge金门大桥 the British Museum大英博物馆
The Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》
the World Health Organization世界卫生组织
用于年代、朝代以及逢十的数词复数形式前 in the 1870s在19世纪70年代 in his fifties在他50多岁时
the Tang Dynasty唐朝 the Stone Age石器时代
2.定冠词the
(1)常见用法
用法 示例
用于“by+the+计量单位”结构 Part-time jobs are usually paid by the hour.兼职工作通常按小时付工资。
Eggs are usually sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋通常是按打出售的。
用于“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名词”结构(此处不能用形容词性物主代词代替the) take sb. by the arm抓住某人的手臂 pat sb. on the shoulder拍某人的肩
lead sb. by the hand牵着某人的手 strike sb. in the face打某人的脸
hit sb. on the head击中某人的头 pull sb. by the hand拉某人的手
2.定冠词the
(1)常见用法
(2)含定冠词的常考短语
all over the world全世界 all the best一切顺利 all the same完全一样;尽管如此
around the corner即将发生 at the sight of一看见 at the beginning of在……开始时
at the moment此刻 at the same time同时 be red in the face脸红
by the way顺便说一下 do the trick奏效,起作用 for the time being暂时
go to the doctor去看病 in the end最后 in the distance在远处
in the habit of doing sth.有做某事的习惯 in the long run从长远来看
in the morning在早晨 in the past在过去 in the way妨碍,挡道
make the best of充分利用 on the air正在播送 on the contrary相反
on the decrease在减少中 on the other hand另一方面 on the right在右边
on the whole总之 the other day (不久前的)那天 to the point切题
under the leadership of...在……的领导下
2.定冠词the
3.零冠词
(1)常见用法
用法 示例
用于表示泛指的不可数名词、复数名词以及不含普通名词的专有名词前 Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。
Truth fears lies no more than gold fears rust.
真理不怕谎言,正如黄金不怕锈斑。
用于表示星期、月份、季节和节日等的名词前(带有festival的节日名称前要用定冠词;具体化时常加定冠词) School begins in September.学校9月份开学。
On Valentine's Day, people show their love to people they love.
人们在情人节向他们所爱的人表达爱意。
用法 示例
用于表示语言、学科、三餐、球类、棋类等的名词前(前有形容词修饰或具体化时可加冠词) I'm going to take up chemistry this semester. 本学期我打算学化学。
They were having breakfast when I arrived. 我到达时他们正在吃早饭。
Football is very popular in North America. 橄榄球在北美很流行。
当名词前已有this、that、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰时,使用零冠词 I would like to buy this book about cars.我想买这本关于汽车的书籍。
Bill's camera is just like mine. So please don't take his by mistake.
比尔的相机正好和我的一样,所以请不要错拿了他的。
3.零冠词
(1)常见用法
用法 示例
表示独一无二的职位、头衔、身份和称呼的名词在句中作表语、同位语或补语时,使用零冠词 A jack of all trades is master of none.博艺之人,杂而不精。
They appointed him chairman of the council.他们任命他为委员会主席。
John, head of the group, will plan for the whole trip.
组长约翰将为这次旅行制订全程计划。
as、though引导让步状语从句倒装,作表语的名词置于句首时,使用零冠词 Old man as he was, he never stopped writing.他虽已年迈,仍笔耕不辍。
Small room though it is, it is very comfortable.房间虽小,但很舒适。
系动词turn和go(变成)后、作表语的名词前,使用零冠词(若有形容词修饰,则需要加冠词) Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer.
鲁迅在成为作家前是一名医生。
He turned a good fellow.他变好了。
3.零冠词
(1)常见用法
(2)使用零冠词的常考短语
①成对使用的名词短语
body and soul全身心地 bread and butter主要收入来源 day and night日日夜夜
husband and wife夫妻 knife and fork刀叉 young and old老少
day by day一天天 arm in arm臂挽臂 hand in hand手牵手
back to back背靠背 face to face面对面 shoulder to shoulder肩并肩
from time to time不时地 from side to side从一边到另一边 from east to west从东到西
from morning till night从早到晚 from beginning to end从头到尾,自始至终
3.零冠词
(2)使用零冠词的常考短语
②其他
catch fire着火 catch hold of抓住 catch sight of看见
come to power执政 come back to life苏醒 do good to对……有好处
do harm to对……有害处 give birth to生(孩子) give rise to导致
learn...by heart记住 lose weight减肥 make sense有意义
pay attention to注意 take care of照料 take pride in以……为骄傲
keep in touch with与……保持联系 put...in practice把……付诸实践
3.零冠词
4.有无冠词意义不同的情况
1. It was actually a very clever means to highlight the importance of the Great Barrier Reef and need to protect it.(外研XB1U6)
2. I wondered if the first day of school was always such circus.(译林XB4U4)
3. Anne was a teacher and former student at a school for blind in Boston.
(北师大XB2U5)
4. We absorb these marketing messages without thinking about them too much,yet they will probably have effect on us the next time we go shopping.(译林XB2U1)
5. CGI(Computer Generated Image) technology has had a huge impact on the film indus- try. It allowed the previously unfilmable to become reality.(北师大XB2U6)
the
a
the
即练即清1
an
a
二、名词
1.概念及分类
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词。
2.可数名词
(1)规则变化
情况 构成 示例
一般情况 加-s 熟人acquaintance→acquaintances 展示display→displays
以-s、-x、-ch、-sh等结尾的词 加-es 方法approach→approaches 碰撞crash→crashes
病毒virus→viruses 箱子box→boxes
如果词尾的-ch发/k/音,加-s 胃stomach→stomachs
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 将y变为i加-es 发现discovery→discoveries 设施facility→facilities
情况 构成 示例
以-o结尾的词 加-s 工作室studio→studios
加-es 英雄hero→heroes 土豆potato→potatoes 西红柿tomato→tomatoes
加-s或-es均可 座右铭motto→mottos/mottoes 火山volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f或-fe
结尾的词 将f或fe变为v加-es 刀knife→knives 小偷thief→thieves 狼wolf→wolves
加-s 海湾gulf→gulfs 悬崖cliff→cliffs 屋顶roof→roofs
首领chief→chiefs 信仰belief→beliefs 证据proof→proofs
2.可数名词
(1)规则变化
歌诀助记 以-f或-fe结尾,复数形式为变v加-es的名词:
小偷(thief)之妻(wife)生活(life)难,自己(self)扫叶(leaf)来做饭。
忽见一狼(wolf)躲架(shelf)后,取刀(knife)把它劈两半(half)。
(2)不规则变化
变化方式 示例
单复数同形 鹿deer 绵羊sheep 方式means 飞机aircraft 工厂works 系列series 物种species
头(表示牲畜的数目)head 中国人Chinese 日本人Japanese 瑞士人Swiss
变内部元音 脚,英尺foot→feet 牙齿tooth→teeth 鹅goose→geese
老鼠mouse→mice 男人man→men 女人woman→women
词尾加-ren/-en 孩子child→children 公牛ox→oxen
特殊名词变化 危机crisis→crises 基础basis→bases 分析analysis→analyses
数据datum→data 细菌bacterium→bacteria 校友alumnus→alumni
标准criterion→criteria 现象phenomenon→phenomena
2.可数名词
(3)复合名词的复数变化规则
形式 变化规则 示例
有主体名词 将主体名词变为复数 家庭主妇housewife→housewives 路人passer-by→passers-by
主编editor in chief→editors in chief
无主体名词 在最后加-s 成年人grown-up→grown-ups 中间人go-between→go-betweens
含man/
woman 若man/woman在词尾,把man/woman变成复数 女消防员firewoman→firewomen
若man/woman前置,各组成部分皆变为复数 男医生man doctor→men doctors
2.可数名词
(4)复数形式有特殊意义的名词
单数形式 复数形式 单数形式 复数形式
arm胳膊 arms武器 paper纸 papers文件;报纸;试卷
custom习俗 customs海关 spirit精神 spirits情绪
good好处 goods商品,货品 water水 waters水域
manner方式;态度 manners礼貌,礼仪 wood木材 woods树林
2.可数名词
3.不可数名词
(1)常见的不可数名词
advice建议 baggage/luggage行李 change零钱 equipment设备
fun乐趣 furniture家具 health健康 information信息
jewellery珠宝 luck运气 music音乐 news新闻
progress进步 weather天气 work工作
(2)不可数名词的数量表达
不可数名词一般不能用数来计算,既没有单复数变化,也不能和a/an连用。如果要表达 数量的多少,常与表示数量的名词或限定词连用,即“表示数量的词+单位词+of+不可数名词”。
a loaf of bread一条面包 two pieces of advice两条建议 many bags of gold许多袋金子
(3)不可数名词的转化
情况 示例
物质名词表示数量、种类、份数等时,可转化为可数名词 tea茶—two teas两杯茶
fish鱼—all kinds of fishes各种各样的鱼
rain雨—a rain一场雨
抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时,可转化为可数名词 success成功—a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事
surprise惊讶—a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
3.不可数名词
4.名词的数量修饰语
类别 示例
只能修饰可数名词复数 both两者都 few很少 a few有些 these这些 those那些 many许多 a good many很多 dozens of许多 a (large) number of大量 scores of大量
只能修饰不可数名词 little几乎没有 a little一点儿 much许多 a bit of一点儿
a (great) deal of大量 a large amount of大量
既可修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词 any任何 all全部 half半数 most大多数 some一些 masses of大量 a collection of一批
a lot of/lots of/plenty of许多 a (large) quantity of/quantities of大量
5.名词所有格
(1)-'s所有格
情况 构成 示例
单数名词 加-'s my father's wish我父亲的心愿 Dick's new idea迪克的新想法
以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词 加-'或-'s Dickens'(s) novels狄更斯的小说 my boss'(s) hat我老板的帽子
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词 加-' Teachers' Day教师节 two hours' reading两个小时的阅读
the students' dining room学生餐厅
不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词 加-'s Children's Day儿童节 women's clothes女装
复合名词或名词短语 在最后一个词词尾加-'s an hour and a half's talk一个半小时的谈话
my brother-in-law's car我姐夫的小汽车
温馨提示 表示共同所有时,只在最后一个名词后加-'s;表示各自拥有时,每个名词后都要加-'s。
Lucy and Lily's friend 露西和莉莉的朋友(两人共同的朋友)Lucy's and Lily's friends 露西的朋友和莉莉的朋友(两人各自的朋友)
用法 示例
表示所属关系 the door of the room房间的门 the opinion of the majority大多数人的意见
表示主谓关系 the arrival of Tom汤姆的到来 the departure of the train火车的驶出
表示动宾关系 waste of time浪费时间 the destruction of the rain forest对雨林的毁坏
表示同位关系 the city of Shanghai上海市 in the year of 2016在2016年
5.名词所有格
(2)of所有格
(3)双重所有格
of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的词a(n)、one、some、several、a few、many、 any、no等,但不能与定冠词the连用。双重所有格表示整体中的一部分。
She is a friend of Stephen's. 她是斯蒂芬的一个朋友。(强调众多朋友中的一个)
6.句法功能
名词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、状语、同位语。这里重点 对名词作定语的用法进行讲解。
(1)名词作定语多用来说明被修饰名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
a cotton shirt棉布衬衫 a tennis court网球场 summer holidays暑假
5.名词所有格
school education学校教育 weather report天气预报 air pollution空气污染
(2)多数情况下,名词作定语时要使用单数形式;但clothes、goods、sports、sales等名词 作定语时,要用复数形式。
a glasses store眼镜店 a clothes shop服装店 a sports meeting运动会
a sales agent销售代理 a customs officer海关官员 a savings bank储蓄银行
(3)“数词+名词”作定语
如果数词和名词之间有连字符,则使用单数名词作定语,不用所有格形式;如果数词和 名词之间没有连字符,则使用所有格形式作定语,且若数词大于1,名词要使用复数形式。
a four-hour trip 4小时的旅行
The village is far away from here indeed. It's four hours' walk.
那个村子离这儿的确很远,步行去那里有四个小时的路程。
7.常见的名词后缀(详见专题二 构词法)
即练即清2
1. Festivals are an important part of society. They reflect people's wishes,
(belief), faiths, and attitudes towards life. (人教B3U1)
2. I can't even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news (update) you would miss! (北师大XB1U1)
3. Written Chinese has also become an important means by which (China) present is connected with its past. (人教B1U5)
beliefs
updates
China's
4. It is advisable to remember that journalists may have different (priority), which would influence how they report an event. (译林XB2U1)
5. How to protect the delicate ecosystem was among the top (concern).
(外研XB1U6)
priorities
concerns
三、代词
代词可以用来代替名词,也用来代替起名词作用的短语、分句或句子等。
1.人称代词
(1)基本用法
格 人称 句法功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you he/she/it they 主语
宾格 me us you you him/her/it them 宾语、表 语
Loyalty must be earned. It can't be bought.忠诚必须被赢得。它是买不来的。(作主语)
Dr. Lee always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with great care.
李医生总是耐心地检查病人并非常细心地治疗。(作动词的宾语)
I explained my difficulty to him.我向他解释了我的困难。(作介词的宾语)
What would you do if you were her 如果你是她,你会怎么办 (作表语)
温馨提示
①人称代词应与其代替的词在人称和数上保持一致。
Meat is more expensive than it used to be.肉比从前贵了。
The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.
必须让学生明白每门功课对他们来说有多么重要。
②当人称代词用于不带谓语的句子中时,常使用宾格形式。
—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.这个周末我想去爬山。
—Me, too.我也想去。
(2)特殊用法
①he可以用来指代雄性动物或庞大、威猛之物,也可以指代性别不明者。
The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.狗看见主人时摇起了尾巴。
②she可以用来指代雌性动物或柔弱、优美之物,也可以用来指代月亮、国家、船舶 等无生命之物,以表达对其喜爱之情或亲昵。
In spring Nature awakens from her long winter sleep.
春天,大自然从漫长的冬眠中苏醒过来。
2.物主代词
(1)基本用法
分类 人称 句法功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性 物主代词 my our your your his/her/its their 定语
名词性物 主代词 mine ours yours yours his/hers/its theirs 主语、宾 语、表语
They seem to be wasting their time on this project.
看来他们正在这项计划上浪费时间。(形容词性物主代词,作定语)
This is not my dictionary. Mine(=My dictionary) is lent to Lucy.
这不是我的词典。我的借给露西了。
(名词性物主代词,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,作主语)
We'll have to separate ours from theirs.我们得把我们的和他们的分开。(作宾语)
This camera is mine and that is yours.这部照相机是我的,那部是你的。(作表语)
①形容词性物主代词可以与own连用,表示强调。
He always has views of his own.
他总是有自己的见解。
②名词性物主代词与of连用,可构成双重所有格。
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 each sister of his他的每一个姐姐
(2)特殊用法
3.反身代词
反身代词表示谓语所表示的动作返回到动作发出者(主语)本身,也用于加强语气。
(1)基本用法
人称 句法功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/her- self/itself themselves 宾语、表 语、同位语
Polly is only four,but she can feed herself.波莉只有四岁,却能自己吃饭了。(作宾语)
Eva hasn't been herself recently.近来伊娃有些反常。(作表语)
Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.
教育不是为生活做准备,教育本身就是生活。(作同位语)
(2)含反身代词的固定搭配
apply oneself to 致力于 behave oneself 表现得体,有礼貌 come to oneself 苏醒
devote oneself to 致力于 dress oneself 自己穿衣 enjoy oneself 过得愉快
help oneself to 随便吃,随便用 make oneself at home不拘束 say to oneself 自言自语
seat oneself就座 teach oneself自学 by oneself 独自 of oneself 自动地 to oneself独享
4.指示代词
指示代词表示“这个,那个,这些,那些”等指示意义,常用作主语、宾语、表语。
代词 用法 示例
this/
these
that/
those 指代名词、短语或句子,既可以指人,也可以指物 Compare this with that, and you will see which is the better.
将这个与那个作比较,你就会看出哪一个比较好。
Those who believe money can do everything are frequently prepared to do everything for money.相信金钱万能的人,往往为了金钱什么都干。
such 这样的或那样的人或事物 Such is my considered opinion. 这就是我考虑过的意见。
The situation is such that agreement is unlikely.形势如此复杂,要达成一致是不可能的。
It is a serious problem and should be treated as such.这是个严肃的问题,应该严肃对待。
same 与定冠词the连用,表示“同样的人或事物” She told me exactly the same.她告诉我的完全一样。
5.不定代词
不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词具有名词和 形容词的性质,表示不同的数量概念。
(1)both、all,either、any,neither、none
代词 意义 示例
both 两者都 Both workers are demanding more pay. 两名工人都要求涨工资。
all 全都 All men have equal rights.所有的人都享有平等的权利。
either (两者中)任何一个 You can park on either side of the street. 这条街两边都可以停车。
any 任何一个 He refused to answer any of the questions.他拒绝回答任何一个问题。
代词 意义 示例
neither 两者都不 Neither of the two cars is mine. 这两辆车没有一辆是我的。
none 没有一个,都不 None of the books are/is interesting. 这些书都没意思。
温馨提示
all、both等与not连用时,表示部分否定;如果要表示全部否定,应使用none或neither。
All that glitters is not gold. 并不是所有发光的都是金子。
You cannot keep both the gifts to yourself; one of them is for your brother.
你不能把两个礼物都留给自己,其中一个是你弟弟的。
5.不定代词
(2)each
each作不定代词,表示“每一个”,可在句中作主语、宾语或同位语。each作定语时,常 考查其与限定词every的区别。
词 用法 示例
each 表示两者或两者以上中的每一个,侧重个体,强调每一个 Each willed the other to answer first.人人都希望他人先回答。
I'll ask each of you to speak for 3 minutes.我会请你们每人发言三分钟。
There are lots of trees on each side of the road.路两边有许多树。
every 表示三者或三者以上中的每一个,侧重整体,强调全部,可与almost、nearly等词连用,只能作定语 Almost every student in our class passed the English exam yesterday.
昨天几乎班上的每一个学生都通过了英语考试。
温馨提示
①each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词仍与句子主语保持一致。
We each have a different point of view.我们每人都有不同的观点。
②each可与of连用,后接名词复数;而every不能与of连用。
Each of the answers is worth 20 points.每题为20分。
③every可与not连用表示部分否定,意为“并非每一个”;而each通常不用于否定句。
I couldn't hear every word of his speech.他的演讲并非每个词我都能听见。
(3)one(s)、the one(s),other(s)、the other(s),another
代词 意义 表示 替换词 用法
one 一个 泛指 a(n)+单数名词 代替上文出现的单数名词
the one 这个 特指 the+单数名词或that 代替上文出现的单数名词
ones 一些 泛指 复数名词 代替上文出现的复数名词
the ones 这些 特指 the+复数名词或those 代替上文出现的复数名词
other 其余的人或事物 泛指 / 不单独使用,可作定语,修饰名词
others 其余的人或事物 泛指 other+复数名词 不能用作定语,常用于some...others...结构
the other 两者中的另一个 特指 / 可单独使用,常用于one...the other...结构;可也作定语修饰名词
the others 两部分中的另一部分 特指 the other+复数名词 不能用作定语
5.不定代词
代词 意义 表示 替换词 用法
another 三者或三者以上中的另一个 泛指 / 可单独使用,可也作定语修饰名词,但不与冠词连用
另外的 / 作定语,修饰名词,常用于“another(+数词/few)+名词”结构
I have two books: one is English, and the other is French.我有两本书,一本是英语的,另一本是法语的。
There are many books on the table. Some are English, and the others are French.
桌子上有许多书。一些是英语的,其余的是法语的。
My questions are similar to the ones/those you raised.我的问题与你提出的问题相似。
The other students in my class are from this city. 我班其余的学生来自这个城市。
I don't like this hat. Please show me another.我不喜欢这顶帽子。请让我看看另外一顶。
We need another three chairs. 我们还需要三把椅子。
5.不定代词
(3)one(s)、the one(s),other(s)、the other(s),another
(4)复合不定代词
由some、any、every、no与one、body、thing构成的代词为复合不定代词。这些词通常在句中作主语、宾语或表语。
①基本用法
5.不定代词
代词 意义 用法
somebody/someone 某人 主要用于肯定句;用于否定句或疑问句时,表示希望得到肯定答复
something 某事物
anybody/anyone 任何人 主要用于否定句、疑问句,也可用于if或whether后; 用于肯定句时表示“任何”
anything 任何事物
everybody/everyone 每个人 常用于肯定句;用于否定句时常表示部分否定
everything 每件事物
nobody/no one 没有人 主要用于否定句,表示全部否定,不能与of短语连用(none既可指人又可指物,常与of短语连用,表示数量)
nothing 没有事物
(4)复合不定代词
②特殊用法
代词 意义 示例
somebody/someone/
anybody/anyone 重要人物 She was the first teacher who'd made Paul feel like he was somebody.
她是第一位让保罗觉得自己还有所作为的老师。
nobody 无名之辈 She rose from being a nobody to become a superstar.
她从无名小辈一跃成为超级明星。
something/anything 被认为重要的事物 Is there anything in these rumours
这些传闻中有没有真实的东西
nothing 无关紧要的东西,毫无趣味事 We did nothing at the weekend.
我们周末什么也没干。
5.不定代词
(5)含不定代词的固定搭配
all but几乎,差不多 anything but绝不,根本不 nothing but仅仅,只是
every other day每隔一天 each other互相 one another互相
or something诸如此类的人或物 something of有几分,略微
5.不定代词
6.it的用法
用法 示例
用作人称代词,指代上文提过的内容 —What's in the picture 图画里是什么
—It is a cat. 是一只猫。
He is a scholar and he looks it.他是个学者,看上去也像个学者。
指代天气、时间、距离、环境等 It often rains here in summer.这里夏天时常下雨。(指天气)
It is 20 miles from here to the village.从这里到那个村庄有20英里。(指距离)
It is bright moonlight.月光皎洁。(指环境)
指代身份不明的人或不明性别的婴儿 I don't know who it is.我不知道那是谁。
She was holding a baby and it was crying.她抱着个婴儿,婴儿在哭闹着。
用法 示例
用于某些习语 make it做到,办成 call it a day到此为止 take it easy放轻松
用作形式主语,代替不定式、动名词或从句充当的真正主语 It is an honor to have been invited to the opening ceremony.受邀参加开幕式,深感荣幸。
It's well worth getting there half an hour earlier.很值得提前半个小时到达那里。
It is common knowledge that the moon turns round the earth.
月亮绕着地球转,这是常识。
用作形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或从句充当的真正宾语 I find it quite necessary to make some changes.我觉得做些改变十分必要。
I believe it no use discussing the matter again.我认为再讨论这个问题没有用处。
He takes it for granted that the house is tidy.他把房子整洁当作是理所当然的。
I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果你能参加我们的聚会,我将不胜感激。
用于强调句型 It is you who/that are to blame.该承担责任的人是你。
What is it that you want to tell me 你想要告诉我的是什么
6.it的用法
即练即清3
1. takes about twenty minutes from the time you start eating for your brain to tell your body that you are full. (人教XB2U3)
2. Finally, I stopped comparing (I) with actresses and models and looking for things that were wrong with my face or body. (人教B1U3)
3. The history of advertising has always been closely linked with of the mass media. (译林XB2U1)
4. Despite the uncertainty about (it) medical basis,acupuncture(针灸) has be- come a popular form of treatment. (译林XB2U3)
It
myself
that
its
5. was a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, who brought the Olympics back to life. (译林XB2U2)
6. If your heart breaks like (I) at the thought of our irreplaceable heritage being
lost forever, please take action. (译林XB3U4)
7. The basic definition of VR lies in the name (it), which means “reality that is not real”. (译林XB2U4)
8. Today, is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains. (人教XB1U5)
It
mine
itself
it
1. Tu Youyou, committed and patient scientist,was born in Ningbo,China,on 30
December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.
(人教XB1U1)
2. The classrooms are made of bamboo, with clay floors and (roof) of grass.
(人教XB4U4)
3. Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being threat to wildlife and to our planet. (人教B2U2)
4. was not until 9:30 a.m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto. (人教XB2U4)
a
roofs
a
It
5. Ben did a lot during his time as an island caretaker. In addition to blogging, taking pho- tos and writing articles about the reef, he made a number of (appearance) on television to argue in favour of its defence. (外研XB1U6)
6. turns out that country music became popular right here in the south of America in the 1940s and then spread across the nation. (译林XB1U2)
7. She realised that one of the greatest (benefit) of the Internet was its ability to remove the distance that usually exists between people. (人教B2U3)
8. Now that Helen Keller grasped key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could. (北师大XB2U5改)
appearances
It
benefits
the
9. There is Chinese food to suit (everyone) taste,with traditional dishes from all over China. (人教B3U3)
10. This is like a warning, or call for help: “I'm being attacked!”
(外研XB1U5)
11. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found (she) speaking up in class after just a few weeks. (人教XB2U2)
12. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood (leaf) but found no ef- fect. (人教XB1U1)
everyone's
a
herself
leaves
13. Most surprisingly of all, plants have amazing system of communication
that can link nearly every plant in a forest. (外研XB1U5)
14. Inspiring others to believe in (they) Stephen Curry is living proof that what other people think of you does not have to influence what you become.
(外研XB1U3)
15. Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation of (mankind) greatest
achievements. (人教XB4U3)
16. As a computer engineer, there's always a new challenge just around corner!
(外研B2U3)
an
themselves
mankind's
the
17. With the rapid development of social media, emojis are becoming an integral component
of the language we use to express (we). (外研XB2U3)
18. Sometimes the smell alone can do trick, not to mention the lovely creamy flavour, which works like a time machine immediately transporting me back to my sunny childhood. (译林XB1U1)
19. Mr Jenkins made me feel that I had my own strengths. I was interested in the study of the stars and planets and he asked me to give a (present) to the class.
(北师大XB1U1)
20. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has (it) own version of “cybercrime”. (外研XB1U5)
ourselves
the
presentation
its
21. Last night, I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers, beautiful violin concerto composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang. (译林XB1U2)
22. To help your muscles recover and repair (they) after exercise, you need to eat foods rich in protein, such as fish, eggs and milk products. (译林B2U2)
23. Like a lot of (chef) I know, I don't really do much cooking at home.
(外研B2U1)
24. At first, I was a little worried about the (children) safety,but Burin said, “Don't worry. They've been riding horses all their lives. They'll be just fine.”
(人教B3U1)
a
themselves
chefs
children's
25. The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine, at 7,062 metres, giving China (it) place alongside the world's top ocean explorers. (外研XB4U5)
26. My presentation on traditional Chinese art was great success, which boosted my confidence. (人教XB2U2)
27. was the first time that she had left China. (人教XB2U2)
28. Studying abroad also helps you to gain global perspective and improve your general competence. (人教XB2U2)
its
a
It
a
29. Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to
each other. Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them (we). (外研XB1U5)
30. Its nose looks like a duck's bill,and it has feet like a (duck) so it can dive under the water,but it's covered in hair. (人教XB4U2)
31. It not only celebrated the gathering of athletes from Asia but also demonstrated China's (commit) to embracing sustainability with advanced technology. (2024届山
西晋城一中期中)
ourselves
duck's
commitment
32. With the aim of green Asian Games, traditional fireworks were replaced with digital forms that used the latest imaging technology. This (absent) of “real fire-
works” was filled with electronic flash and 3D animations.
(2024届山西晋城一中期中)
33. With the (popular) of Chinese in Hungary(匈牙利), signs in Chinese have been more and more commonly seen in streets and Chinese characters are most likely to be spotted on bus ticketing machines. (2024届山东德州期中)
34. TCM, which includes acupuncture, herbal therapy and massage, remains an essential component of China's medical system and has gained increasing (recognize) on a global scale. (2024届山东省实验中学二诊)
absence
popularity
recognition
35. Today, rice plays a vital role in feeding billions of people while food
(short) is a worldwide problem. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of rice. (2024届山东青岛莱西教学质量检测)
36. The Hangzhou Asian Games, which opened on September 23, are not only a grand sports event, but also a cultural feast that displays the (diverse) and harmony of Asia. (2024届江西景德镇质量检测)
37. The Lantern Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the first month in the Chinese lunar
calendar, marks the end of more than two weeks of Chinese New Year (celebrate) each year. (2024届陕西西安铁一中滨河高级中学期中)
shortage
diversity
celebrations
38. Different from popular destinations, some underexplored places with little online
(expose) can offer more surprises. (2023河北“五个一”名校联盟联考)
39. Bian embroidery(汴绣), which is characterized by simplicity and serenity, is considered a
unique form of artistic (express) of the Song Dynasty.
40. Some countries reallocate(重新分配) the funds from other pots of climate finance, or put money toward (insure) or early warning systems. (2023湖北十堰期末)
41. People working here have to battle with sand and wind and suffer from (lonely). (2023山东潍坊一模)
exposure
expression(s)
insurance
loneliness
42. The storytelling in the show has also been praised by viewers for successfully showing the (deep) of the CPC's history and spirit, as well as the warmth of China and
every family in the country.
43. Going against the tide of flooding to well-known yet generally jam-packed tourist des- tinations on vacation, more holidaymakers in China tend to spend their leisure time at lesser-known resorts to seek unique (relax).
depth
relaxation(s)
