Unit 5 A delicate world Using language—高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修第二册课时优化训练
一、语法填空
1.Treat the boy ___________ (patient). After all, he is just a student in Grade one.
2.In 2003, Yao Ming became the first Chinese sportsperson ___________ (win) the award.
3.Chinese ___________ (sculptor) have created many excellent works from their rich life experience and artistic practice.
4.It is a book that describes all plants that are native __________ the British Isles.
5.Find more than one way of getting your point across and __________ (summary) frequently.
6.When they were hungry, the mother bird fed __________ (worm) to them.
7.That friendship survived for many years after both men __________ (release).
8.The baby's mother escaped __________ the fire along with two other children.
9.Please show your friends this letter and the __________ (enclose) leaflet.
10.You may depend on __________ that they will look after your daughter when you are away.
二、阅读理解
At an outdoor restaurant, a cockroach (蟑螂) flew in and landed on a woman. She started screaming out of fear; with a panic-stricken face and trembling voice, she started jumping, with both her hands desperately trying to get rid of the cockroach. Her reaction was spreading, as everyone in her group also got into a panic. The woman finally managed to flick the cockroach away but it landed on a man in the group who continued the drama. In the relay (接力赛)of throwing, the cockroach next fell upon a waitress who had rushed to their rescue.
The waitress stood firm, calmed herself and observed the behavior of the cockroach on her blouse. When she was confident enough, she grabbed it and threw it out of the restaurant.
Sipping my coffee and watching the amusement, I started wondering; was the cockroach responsible for their funny behavior If so, then why was the waitress not disturbed She handled the situation to near perfection, without panic.
It was not the cockroach, but the inability of the customers to handle the disturbance caused by the cockroach that disturbed them. I realized that it was not the shouting of my children or my boss or my wife, but my inability to handle the disturbances caused by their shouting that disturbed me.
It's not the traffic jams on the road that disturb me, but my inability to handle the disturbance caused by the traffic jams. More than the problem, it's my reaction to the problem that creates chaos in my life.
I understood. I should not react in life. I should always respond. The customers reacted, while the waitress responded. Reactions are always instinctive(本能的), while responses tend to be well thought out.
11.What happened in the outdoor restaurant
A.A cockroach was found in a woman's food and then a man found the same problem.
B.A cockroach appearing in the restaurant caused a state of panic among the customers.
C.The waitress had to apologize to the customers for a cockroach.
D.A woman and a man were trying to rescue the waitress from the cockroach.
12.What's the meaning of the underlined word in Paragraph 5
A.Disturbance. B.Success. C.Frustration. D.Harmony.
13.According to the passage, if you ran into a traffic jam, you might as well _________.
A.complain your delay
B.feel upset and annoyed
C.relax yourself by listening to music
D.expect someone to clear the road right away
14.What does the passage tell us
A.Speak less, do more!
B.Actions speak louder than words!
C.Mind your manners while in a restaurant!
D.Don't react just from your feelings; respond positively!
三、七选五
Helping the environment and protecting our resources are very important activities. ①______ There are several ways that you can help protect this planet we call home.
Use reusable bags. Plastic bags that get thrown out end up in landfills or in other parts of the environment. ②______ Also, it takes decades for the bags to decompose(分解). There-fore, whether you are shopping for food, clothes or books, use a reusable bag. This cuts down on litter and prevents animals from getting hold of them.
③______ Instead of buying individually packaged drinks, consider buying a reusable water bottle. Not only will this help protect the environment, but it will also help you save money. A lot of coffee shops, Starbucks, for example, even offer a discount to customers who use a reusable container for their drinks.
Save electricity. Use energy-efficient light bulbs(灯泡)instead of regular bulbs. ④______ What’s more, make sure you turn off lights, the TV, and other devices when you are not using them. Turn off your air conditioning or heat when it’s not necessary. This is especially true as the seasons change. Open your windows in the early fall or put on more clothes in the early winter.
Save water. More water is wasted than we realize. Turn off the water tap when you are brushing your teeth. Don’t turn your shower on until you’re ready to get in and wash your hair. Limit your water usage as you wash dishes. ⑤______
A. Use reusable drink containers.
B. Use the air conditioning less often.
C. And students without doubt can make a difference.
D. They last longer, which will save you a bit of money.
E. Everyone should take measures to fight against the water pollution.
F. These can kill animals who get stuck in them or mistake them for food.
G. Developing these habits will be good for both the environment and your wallet.
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：patiently
解析：根据句意，结合所给词可知，需要表示“耐心地对待这个男孩”这一含义，要使用副词“patiently”表示耐心地，修饰动词“treat”，故应填入“patiently”。
2.答案：to win
解析：考查固定用法。the+序数词+名词+to do句意:在2003年，姚明成为第一个获得奖项的中国运动员。故填to win.
3.答案：sculptors
解析：考查名词复数。句意:中国雕塑家在丰富的生活经历和艺术实践中创作了许多优秀的作品。设空处在句中作主语，sculptor“雕刻家;雕塑家”为可数名词，由句意以及谓语动词“have created”可知设空处表复数概念，应填sculptor的复数形式sculptors。故填sculptors.
4.答案：to
解析：句意：这是一本描写所有不列颠群岛本土植物的书。be native to是常用搭配，意为"源于……，原产于……"。
5.答案：summarise
解析：句意:找出不止一种说法来表达你的意思,同时要经常进行总结。and连接并列结构,此处和前面的动词find并列,故也用动词形式。
6.答案：worms
解析：句意:当它们饿了的时候,鸟妈妈就给它们喂虫子。此处表示复数含义,用名词的复数形式。
7.答案：were released
解析：句意:在他们两个人被释放后,那段友谊还持续了好多年。根据语境可知,此处陈述已经发生的事情,用一般过去时;主语men和谓语动词release之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
8.答案：from
解析：句意:婴儿的母亲和另外两个孩子一起逃离了火海。escape from是常用搭配,意为“从……逃离”。
9.答案：enclosed
解析：句意:请把这封信和内装的小册子给你的朋友们看看。此处修饰名词leaflet,用形容词作定语。
10.答案：it
解析：考查形式宾语it的用法。句意:你可以放心,当你外出时他们会照看你的女儿。这里depend on不能直接跟宾语从句,需在宾语从句前加it。
二、阅读理解
答案：11-14 BACD
解析：11.考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"At an outdoor restaurant, a cockroach(蟑螂)flew in and landed on a woman. She started screaming out of fear... as everyone in her group also got into a panic"可知, 出现在饭店里的蟑螂在顾客中引起了恐慌。故选B。
12.考查词义猜测。根据第五段第一句"It's not the traffic jams on the road that disturb me, but my inability to handle the disturbance caused by the traffic jams"可推知,chaos与disturbance 的意思相近,意为"混乱"。故选A。
13.考查推理判断。根据最后一段的最后一句可知,反应(reaction)总是出于本能,而作出反应(response)往往是经过深思熟虑的。因此遇到交通堵塞时,在车里听音乐放松自己是应该作出的反应。故选C。
14.考查主旨大意。根据全文内容特别是最后一段中的"I understood. I should not react in life. I should always respond"可知,作者写这篇文章是想告诫读者遇到困难时要积极冷静地应对,而不是只做些本能的反应。故选D。
三、七选五
答案：CFADG
解析：①根据上文“Helping the environment and protecting our resources are very important activities.”可知此处应该是讲谁来保护环境和资源,因此C项“毫无疑问,学生可以发挥作用”符合语境,并且下文提出了一些保护环境和资源的方法,故选C。
②根据下文“Also, it takes decades for the bags to decompose. Therefore, whether you are shopping for food, clothes or books, use a reusable bag. This cuts down on litter and prevents animals from getting hold of them.”可推断此处也在说使用塑料袋的坏处,F项“这些东西会杀死被卡在里面的或误把它们当作食物的动物”符合题意,F中的These指代上文的Plastic bags,故选F。
③设空处为主题句。根据下文“Instead of buying individually packaged drinks, consider buying a reusable water bottle. Not only will this help protect the environment, but it will also help you save money.”可知本段主要是建议使用可重复使用的水瓶,A项“使用可重复使用的饮料容器”符合语境,故选A。
④根据上文“Use energy-efficient light bulbs instead of regular bulbs.”可推断此处讲使用节能灯泡的好处,D项“它们的使用时间更长,会为你节省一笔钱”承接上文,并且D中的They 指代上文的energy-efficient light bulbs,故选D。
⑤设空处为段尾句。根据上文“More water is wasted than we realize. Turn off the water tap when you are brushing your teeth. Don't turn your shower on until you're ready to get in and wash your hair. Limit your water usage as you wash the dishes.”可知本段主要都是关于怎样节约用水的,G项“养成这些习惯对环境和你的钱包都有好处”是对上文的总结,故选G。Unit 5 A delicate world Understanding ideas—高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修第二册课时优化训练
一、语法填空
1.The Spring Festival is coming and everyone feels ___________ (delight) with the atmosphere in the street.
2.Three women and their children ____________ (rescue) from the burning house by the firemen since the fire broke out.
3.John spent a week ___________ (settle) the differences with his father and finally they reached agreement.
4.Economic development should not be achieved at the expense of the________(ecology) environment.
5. ________ (subsequent), new guidelines were issued to all employees.
6.During the recent decades, grain prices rose ________ (dramatic) several times.
7.The local government has adopted effective measures ________ (decrease) the destruction to animal habitats.
8.Guests are requested to vacate their rooms by noon on the day of ________ (depart).
9.He checked the statistics given and found them ________ (substantial) correct.
10.The ________ (explode) completely destroyed the building during the civil war.
二、阅读理解
In the last 50 years, sea surface temperatures around Antarctica have risen by 1—2°C, which is more than twice the global average.
Loss of species
Global warming could basically change the ecosystem, leading to the loss of some species. Sharks are going to arrive in Antarctica as long as the warming trend continues, a bit more slowly than crabs—crabs are going to get there first, but once they do get there they are able to eat the organisms that live there.
Professor Wilga said the arrival of sharks and shell-crushing bony fishes would lead to great changes in the number and proportions (比例)of species found there.
Shrimp, ribbon worms and brittle stars are likely to be the most attackable to population declines. Animals living in shallow waters in Antarctica are unique on Earth today because they evolved (进化) in a very cold environment over tens of millions of years.
Extreme conditions
In the course of a process we call Antarctic cooling that started about 40 million years ago, all major seafloor predators such as sharks and crabs went extinct in Antarctica because they were not able to deal with these extreme conditions.
However, today global warming is removing barriers to invasions and we've seen recently that crabs, especially king crabs, are on the doorstep of Antarctica—they can potentially re-invade the shallow waters if warming continues.
Urgent local and global actions are needed to protect this last environment and measures are needed to stop alien species being brought in through ships.
Strange creatures
Animals that live on the seafloor of Antarctica are some of the strangest creatures on Earth. The extreme cold and darkness has presented huge challenges to marine life over the passage of time, leading to the evolution of fish equipped with anti-freeze proteins in their blood.
11. How will these alien species affect the ecosystem in Antarctica
A. They will change the extremely cold conditions in Antarctica.
B. They will change the numbers and proportions of species in Antarctica.
C. The sea surface temperature of Antarctica will rise more quickly.
D. The number of shrimp and ribbon worms will increase in Antarctica.
12. How does the author feel about the alien species' invasion to Antarctica
A. Worried.
B. Doubtful.
C. Satisfied.
D. Excited.
13. Which is the best title of this passage
A. Creatures in Antarctica Are Unique
B. The Extreme Conditions in Antarctica
C. Alien Species Are Not Found in Antarctica
D. Alien Species May Change Antarctic Ecosystem
三、完形填空
I don't know why I came to the decision to become a loser, but I know I made the choice at a young age. Sometime in the middle of fourth grade, I stopped 14 . By the time I was in seventh grade, I was 15 , difficult and disrespectful.
It wasn't long after I 16 out of school. Hard physical labor was the consequence for the choices I made as a(n) 17 . But now I believe in do-overs, in the chance to do it all 18 . Mine came from a surprising 19 .
It was September 21, 2002, when my son Blake was born. It's funny that after a life of avoiding 20 , now I was in charge of something so fragile (脆弱的). Over the years, as I grew into the title of 21 , I began to learn something about myself. 22 , Blake and I were both learning to walk, talk, work, and play for the first time. I began my do-over.
It took me almost three years to learn how to 23 . I started with my son’s books. Over and over, I 24 reading books to him until I remembered all the 25 in every one of them. I began to wonder if it was possible for me to go back to 26 . I knew I wanted to be a good 27 , so after a year and a half and a lot of hard work, I 28 my GED test on my son's fourth birthday. Now I believe it's a choice anyone can make: to do it all over again.
14.A. working B. trying C. crying D. listening
15.A. lazy B. crazy C. hardworking D. outgoing
16.A. jumped B. helped C. dropped D. survived
17.A. adolescent B. educator C. adult D. worker
18.A. hard B. again C. along D. well
19.A. source B. attack C. response D. reward
20.A. guilt B. mistakes C. complaint D. responsibility
21.A. Teacher B. Dad C. Professor D. Son
22.A. In a way B. On the contrary C. In addition D. What's worse
23.A. care B. cook C. read D. grasp
24.A. practiced B. imagined C. suggested D. escaped
25.A. answers B. meanings C. explanations D. words
26.A. college B. school C. farm D. factory
27.A. scholar B. volunteer C. model D. socialist
28.A. attended B. passed C. failed D. abandoned
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：delighted
解析：考查形容词。句意:春节就要到了，每个人都为街上的气氛感到高兴。设空处在句中作表语，句子主语为everyone，形容词delighted“高兴的;愉快的”符合句意。故填delighted。
2.答案：have been rescued
解析：本题考查时态和语态。rescue:救援，营救。由since可知主句应该用现在完成时，即have/has+过去分词。主语three women and their children和rescue之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，即be+过去分词。所以用现在完成时的被动语态，即have/has+been+过去分词。主语是复数，所以助动词用have，rescue的过去分词是rescued。故填have been rescued.
3.答案：settling
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意:约翰花了一个星期的时间与他父亲解决分歧，最后他们达成了协议。分析句子可知，此处为动词短语spend +时间+(in) doing sth，表示“花时间做某事”，所以此处为ing形式。故填settling。
4.答案：ecological
解析：考查形容词。句意:实现经济发展不应该牺牲生态环境。environment是名词,应用形容词修饰。故填ecological。
5.答案：Subsequently
解析：句意:随后,新的准则发给了所有雇员。分析句子结构可知,在句中作状语,用副词形式。
6.答案：dramatically
解析：句意:最近几十年来,粮食价格急剧增长了好几次。修饰谓语动词,在句中作状语,用副词形式。
7.答案：to decrease
解析：句意:当地政府已经采取有效措施减少对动物栖息地的破坏。根据语境可知,此处表目的,故填不定式to decrease。
8.答案：departure
解析：句意:房客务必请在离开之日的中午以前腾出房间。在介词of后面,用名词形式。
9.答案：substantially
解析：句意:他核实了一下给出的统计数据,发现它们基本正确。在句中作状语,用副词形式。substantially adv.基本上,大体上;非常。
10.答案：explosion
解析：句意:内战期间,爆炸完全毁掉了那栋楼。在冠词the后面,用名词形式,在句中作主语。
二、阅读理解
答案：11-13 BAD
解析：11.细节理解题。根据“Loss of species”部分中的第二段可知,鲨鱼和甲壳类硬骨鱼的到来将导致南极洲的物种数量和比例发生巨大变化。故选B项。
12.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知,需要采取紧急的地方和全球性措施来保护南极洲的环境。由全文中作者介绍和议论外来物种侵入南极洲生态的后果可推知,作者对此感到担忧。故选A项。
13.标题归纳题。文章通篇都是讲述外来物种入侵给南极洲带去的后果,故D选项“外来物种可能改变南极洲的生态系统”适合做文章标题。故选D项。
四、完形填空
答案：14-18 BACAB 19-23 ADBAC 24-28 ADBCB
解析：14.此处指在作者四年级的时候，他就放弃了尝试（try）。下文描写七年级的情况也说明了这一点。work工作；cry哭喊；listen听。
15.作者到七年级时变得懒惰（lazy）、不随和、无礼。lazy与difficult and disrespectful并列，都是表示消极意义的词。crazy疯狂的；hardworking努力工作的；outgoing外向的。
16.drop out of school指"辍学"，下文Hard physical labor指辍学后艰苦的体力劳动。jump跳；help帮助；survive幸存。
17.此处指辍学后艰苦的体力劳动是我青少年时期（adolescent）做出的选择的结果，与开头I know I made the choice at a young age呼应，故选A。educator教育家；adult成年人；worker工人。
18.此处指重来一遍，有机会再（again）做一次。hard努力地；along一起；well好。
19.考查名词。此处指作者产生重来一遍的想法的根源（source）。attack攻击；response响应；reward报酬。
20.考查名词。结合上文作者的行为可知，此处指作者以前一直过的是逃避责任（responsibility）的生活。guilt内疚；mistake错误；complaint抱怨。
21.考查名词。根据上文when my son Blake was born可知，作者的身份成了父亲（dad）。teacher老师；professor教授；son儿子。
22.儿子出生后作者开始学习一些东西，在某种程度上（in a way）作者和儿子一起第一次学走路、说话、工作和玩。此处指某种程度上来说两人是共同开始。on the contrary正相反；in addition另外，此外；what's worse更糟的是。
23.考查动词。此处指作者花费了差不多3年时间学会了怎样读书（read），根据started with my son's books和reading books可推知是读书。care在意；cook烹调；grasp抓住。
24. 此处指作者一遍遍地练习（practice）给儿子读书，结合当时情境可知，是练习给儿子读书。imagine想象；suggest建议；escape逃离。
25.考查名词。因为一遍遍地给儿子读书，所以记住了里面的所有字词（word），故选D。answer回答；meaning含义；explanation解释。
26.考查名词。作者开始想知道自己重回学校（school）是否可能，与文中提到的my do-over一致。college大学；farm农场；factory工厂。
27.此处指作者想成为好的模范（model），给儿子树立榜样。scholar学者；volunteer志愿者；socialist社会主义者。
29.经过一年半的勤奋努力，作者通过（pass）了GED测试。pass a test通过考试。attend出席；fail失败；abandon抛弃。Unit 5 A delicate world Developing ideas—高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修第二册课时优化训练
一、语法填空
1.It is ___________ (type) that the old man will fall asleep while having dinner.
2.His goal is to get as great a ___________ (diverse) of material relating to the latest research on medicine as possible.
3.While ___________ (walk) along the river bank, she was singing a pop song with her classmates.
4.It isn't rewarding to make a _________ (compare) with her previous books-they are completely different.
5.For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start adjusting your _________ (biology) block to the destination's time.
6.I thought she had retired, but _________ (apparent) she hasn't.
7.The driver very _________ (rare) wears a raincoat because he spends most of his time in a van.
8.He began to feel sympathy for this slightly _________ (mystery) man.
9.They exchanged _________ (greet) and sat down to conceive the future of their company.
10. _________ (vary) among mankind is limited to the possible permutations of our genes.
二、阅读理解
People have been wondering why elephants do not develop cancer even though they have lifespans that are similar to humans, living for around 50 to 70 years.
Now scientists believe they know why. A team at the University of Chicago has found that elephants carry a substantial number of genes that stop tumors developing. To be precise, they found 20 copies of an anti-tumor gene called TP53 in elephants. Most other species, including humans, only carry one copy.
According to the research, the extra copies of the gene improve the animal's sensitivity to DNA damage, which lets the cells quickly kill themselves when damaged before they can go on to form deadly tumors.
"An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution (进化) of large body sizes in many animals," the study author Dr. Vincent Lynch told The Guardian. If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous, large creatures with a long lifespan like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and rats. But across species, the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass.
This phenomenon was found by Oxford University scientist Richard Peto in the 1970s and later named "Peto's paradox". Biologists believe it results from larger animals using protection that many smaller animals do not use. In the elephant's case, the making of TP53 is nature's way of keeping this species alive.
The study also found that when the same genes were brought to life in rats, they had the same cancer resistance as elephants. This means researchers could use the discovery to develop new treatments that can help stop cancer spreading or even developing in the first place.
"Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer," said Joshua Schiffman, a biologist at the School of Medicine, the University of Utah. "It's up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people."
11.Why are elephants unlikely to develop cancer
A.They have a rather large body size.
B.Their genes suffer no DNA damage.
C.Certain genes in their body kill existing tumors.
D.They carry many genes to prevent tumors developing.
12.According to the passage, what has been a risk in the evolution of large animals
A.Deadly tumors. B.The huge body mass.
C.Cells killing themselves. D.Sensitivity to DNA damage.
13.What does the underlined part "This phenomenon" in Paragraph 5 probably refer to
A.Larger animals have protection from TP53.
B.The risk of cancer is not related to body sizes.
C.Larger animals suffer the same risk of cancer as smaller ones.
D.The huger animals are, the bigger risk of cancer they will have.
14.What can be concluded from the passage
A.Depending on nature is surely enough to fight against cancer.
B.The TP53 genes have proved useful in stopping cancer in people.
C.Humans are expected to prevent cancer with the making of TP53.
D.The extra copies of elephants' genes are used to cure cancer patients.
三、七选五
Fanners, especially in developing countries, are often criticized for cutting down forests. But a new study suggests that many farmers recognize the value of keeping trees.
Researchers using satellite images found at least ten percent trees cover more than one billion hectares of farmland. ①_____
The study found the most tree cover in South America. ②_____ North Africa and West Asia have the least. And it also found that climate conditions alone could not explain the tree cover in different areas. ③_____ There are areas with few trees but also few people, and areas with many trees and many people. The findings suggest that things like land rights, markets or government policies can influence tree planting and protection.
Dennis Garrity heads the World Agroforestry Center. ④_____ The problem, he says, is that policy makers and planners have been slow to recognize this and to support such efforts.
The satellite images may not show what the farmers are using the trees for, but trees provide nuts, fruit, wood and other products. They provide windbreaks and shade. ⑤_____ Even under drought conditions, trees can often provide food and a way to earn money until the next growing season.
A. Almost all of it is covered by trees.
B. Nor could the size of nearby populations, meaning people and trees can live together.
C. He says fanners are acting on their own to protect and plant trees.
D. He devotes most of his time to making people realize its importance.
E. Next comes Africa south of the Sahara, followed by Southeast Asia.
F. They also help prevent soil loss and protect water supplies.
G. That is almost half the farmland in the world.
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：typical
解析：考查形容词。句意:这是典型的老人会在吃饭的时候睡着。根据句意以及空前is系动词可知，此处为形容词typical“典型的”作表语，满足句意要求。故填typical。
2.答案：diversity
解析：diverse意思是不同的，各种各样的，是一个形容词。根据空格前的单词a，意思是一，是一个不定冠词，后跟可数名词单数形式，所以这里应该填diverse的名词形式diversity，意思是多样性，差异，是一个可数名词。因为空格前的a，所以这里用单数形式。故答案为diversity。
3.答案：walking
解析：考查单词填空.根据句意及句子结构，要填入动词，she与walk之间是主谓关系，用"while+现在分词"作状语.
4.答案：comparison
解析：句意:与她以前的书相比毫无意义—它们是截然不同的。此处在冠词a后面,用名词形式。
5.答案：biological
解析：句意:例如,你一上飞机,就开始根据目的地的时间调整你的生物钟。此处修饰后面的名词block,用形容词作定语。
6.答案：apparently
解析：句意:我原以为她退休了,但显然她还没有退。此处在句中作状语,用副词形式。
7.答案：rarely
解析：句意:该司机极少穿雨衣,因为大部分时间他都是待在货车里。此处修饰谓语动词,在句中作状语,用副词形式。
8.答案：mysterious
解析：考查形容词。句意:他开始对这位有点儿神秘的男子感到同情。形容词修饰名词,空处修饰名词man,故用形容词形式。
9.答案：greetings
解析：句意:他们互致问候,坐下来设想公司的未来。此处表示“问候”,用greetings。
10.答案：Variation
解析：句意:人类的变异受限于我们的基因可能存在的排列。分析句子结构可知,此处作主语,并且谓语动词是第三人称单数形式,故用名词的单数形式。
二、阅读理解
答案：11-14 DABC
解析：11.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句A team at the University of Chicago has found that elephants carry a substantial number of genes that stop tumors developing.可知,美国芝加哥大学的一个团队发现大象携带大量阻止肿瘤发展的基因。根据第四段可知,动物形成癌症和动物的体型大小无关,故A项不正确;根据第三段中the extra copies of the gene improve the animal's sensitivity to DNA damage, which lets the cells quickly kill themselves when damaged before they can go on to form deadly tumors可知,大象的基因提高了对DNA损伤的敏感度,使细胞受损后,在形成致命肿瘤之前迅速自杀,并不是B项“大象的基因不会受到DNA损伤”;也不是C项“它们体内的某些基因会杀死现有的肿瘤”。所以D选项是正确的。
12.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句"An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution(进化) of large body sizes in many animals," the study...可知,患癌症风险的增加阻碍了许多大体型的动物的进化。B项意为“巨大的体重”,在文中只提到其与增加患癌症的风险没有联系,而A项“致命的肿瘤”才是真正的风险;C项“细胞自杀”和D项“对DNA损坏的敏感度”都是动物保护自己不受癌症威胁的方式,不是风险。所以A选项是正确的。
13.推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句But across species, the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass.可知This phenomenon指的是物种患癌症的概率和它们的体重没有关系。A项“大型动物受到TP53的保护”和C项“大型动物患癌症的风险与小型动物相同”是画线部分以下内容,但不是画线部分的内容。D项“越大的动物,患癌症的风险就越大”不符合文章原意,且也不是本段开头所指的“这种现象”。所以B选项是正确的。
14.主旨大意题。根据最后一段最后一句It's up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people.可知,我们可以使用那些策略来预防人类得癌症。而根据倒数第三段最后一句In the elephant's case, the making of TP53 is nature's way of keeping this species alive.可知,TP53的形成是让大象存活的自然方法。由此推知,人们有望通过合成TP53来预防癌症。人类需要制出TP53来对抗癌症,故A项“依靠大自然对抗癌症肯定足够了”不准确;文章倒数第二段只提到当同样的基因在老鼠身上起作用时,它们和大象具有相同的抗癌能力,但并未像B项所说“TP53基因已被证明在阻止人类得癌症方面很有用”或D项所说“大象基因的额外复制品被用于治疗癌症患者”。所以C选项是正确的。
三、七选五
答案：①-⑤ GEBCF
解析：①根据设空处的前一句“Researchers using satellite images found at least ten percent trees cover more than one billion hectares of farmland.”可知,此处在说树木在农田中的覆盖量的问题，G项“那几乎是世界上农田的一半。”符合上下文语境。故选G。
②根据设空处前后可知，此处在说树木在世界各地的覆盖率的排名。E项“接下来是撒哈拉以南的非洲，然后是东南亚。”符合语境。故选E。
③根据设空处的前一句“And it also found that climate conditions alone could not explain the tree cover in different areas.”可知，此处在讲述造成不同地区树木覆盖率不同的因素。B项“附近的人口规模也不能意味着人和树木可以共存。”是在讨论人口和树木的关系，符合上下文语境。故选B。
④根据设空处后一句“The problem, he says, is that policy makers and planners have been slow to recognize this and to support such efforts.”可知，问题在于政策制定者和规划者迟迟不承认这一点，并不支持这种努力。C项“他说农民们正在采取行动独自保护和种植树木。”讲的是现在农民做出的努力，与后文承接，故选C。
⑤根据设空处所在段的内容可知，这里在讲述树木的用途， F项“它们还有助于防止土壤流失和保护水供应。”也是树木的一个重要作用，所以F项内容符合上下文语境，故选F。
