课件37张PPT。专题十二 简单句初中阶段必须掌握的五种句型结构：简单句的基本句型考点一1．含义：用以陈述事实或观点的句子叫做陈述句，句末用句号。
2．分类：陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。
(1)陈述句肯定式的正常语序是主语位于谓语前。eg.
We'll meet again tomorrow. 我们明天再见面。陈述句考点二(2)陈述句否定式的结构
①含有be动词，助动词have, will和情态动词的否定形式是将not放在这些词的后面。eg.
We mustn't waste any more time. 我们决不能再浪费时间了。
②实义动词的否定形式要借助于助动词，并且将否定词not加在助动词的后面。eg.
I didn't find Chinese easily at first. 起初，我发现学中文不容易。
③句中若有no, none, little, not, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, never, hardly, scarcely等否定意义的词，可构成陈述句的否定式。eg.
I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前，我从来没有看过这么精彩的比赛！含义：用来提问的句子叫疑问句，句末用问号。
分类及用法见下表：疑问句考点三1.反意疑问句应注意以下几点：
(1)陈述部分含有few, little, hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none等表示否定意义的词时，其反意疑问句要用肯定结构。eg.
He is never late for work, is he？他上班从不迟到，是吗？
(2)陈述部分是there be句型时，反意疑问句中依然用there。eg.
There is a park near here, isn't there？这儿有个公园，不是吗？(3)陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose…)that…结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。eg.
I don't think you are wrong, are you？我认为你没有错，不是吗？
(4)当have/has不是表示“有”的意思，并在句中作谓语时，其反意疑问句的助动词要用do/does/did。eg.
They had a party last night, didn't they？他们昨晚举行了晚会，不是吗？
(5)let引导的祈使句有两种情况：
①let's开头的句子后的反意疑问句要用shall we？eg.
Let's go home, shall we？让我们回家吧，好吗？
②let us/me… 开头的句子后的反意疑问句要用will/won't you？eg.
Let me have a look, will/won't you？让我看一看，行吗？
(6)当must表示对过去的情况进行推测时，如果强调对过去情况的推测(一般句中有过去的时间状语)，反意疑问句部分要用didn't＋主语；如果强调动作的完成(一般没有过去时间状语)，反意疑问句用haven't/hasn't＋主语。当must表示对现在的情况进行推测时，反意疑问句部分要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。eg.
He must be good at English, isn't he？他英语一定学得很好，是吗？
2．反意疑问句的回答
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的问法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意否定陈述句＋肯定附加问句时，反意疑问部分肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反；这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。 How 词组辨析考点四1．“there＋be＋sb/sth＋地点”表示“某处有某人或某物”。be动词必须和主语保持人称和数的一致。如果主语部分是两个以上的并列主语时，be一般和邻近主语的数和人称保持一致。eg.
There is a book and two pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书和两支铅笔。 there be句型 考点五2．“there ＋be＋ sb/sth＋ 地点”的否定形式是在be 动词后面加not, not any, no。eg.
There is no water in the bottle. 瓶子里面没有水。
3．若变为一般疑问句则需要把be提前到句首。eg.
Is there any water in the bottle? 瓶子里有水吗？
注意：there be 结构有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词或情态动词连用。eg.
There used to be several houses behind the two buildings. 过去这两幢楼后面有几所房子。1．语法一致原则
所谓语法一致，就是句子主语和谓语在语法形式上必须保持一致。主谓一致考点六2.意义一致原则
所谓意义一致，就是概念一致，谓语动词的形式要和主语所表达的概念一致。3.就近原则
所谓就近原则，就是谓语动词形式不与主语一致，而和靠近它的名词一致。1．含义：表示强烈感情或情绪的句子叫做感叹句。这种句子一般用what或how来引导，都用陈述语序，句尾用感叹号。感叹句考点七2．构成及用法1．含义：表示说话人直接向听话人发出命令或提出劝告或邀请的句子叫做祈使句，句尾通常用句号，也可用感叹号。祈使句考点八2．常考句式结构
注意：(1)应答祈使句时要用将来时。eg.
—Please remember to take the dog out for a walk every day.请记住每天带着狗出去散步。
—Yes, I will.是的，我会的。
(2)掌握“祈使句＋and/or＋结果状语”结构。eg.
Work harder, and you'll get good grades. 更加努力吧，你就会取得好成绩。 1．so 引导的倒装句
(1)完全倒装：so＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语。该倒装句意为“某某也一样”，上下句中是不同的两个人或物，但发生同样的行为或状况，是表示肯定的倒装。eg.
Li Hua failed in this English exam, so did I．李华英语考试不及格，我也没及格。倒装句考点九
(2)部分倒装：so＋主语＋助动词/系动词/情态动词。该倒装句意为“确实是……”。该句式表示的是对前面所说的事实加以肯定，上下句中是相同的人或物。eg.
—Lucy dances very well.露西舞跳得很好。
—So she does.的确如此。
2．neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语。该倒装句意为“某某也不怎么样”，上下句中是不同的两个人或物，他们的行为或状况一样，是表示否定的倒装。eg.
He wasn't late for school, neither/nor was I. 他上学没迟到，我也没有。
注意：1.和2.两种倒装句结构中的助动词或系动词或情态动词在形式上与前面的谓语动词保持一致，但由他们的主语决定单复数形式。
3．以here, there, out, in, down, up, away, now, then等副词开头的句子也构成倒装句，有两种形式：
(1)副词＋动词＋名词(完全倒装)
(2)副词＋代词＋动词(部分倒装)
注意：谓语动词由它们后面的名词或代词决定单复数形式。eg.
Here comes our monitor. 我们班长来了。谢谢观看！第二部分 专题十二
单项填空
(D )1.There are some kids playing chess on the ground, ________？
A．aren't they B．are they
C．are there D．aren't there
【精析】考查反意疑问句。由反意疑问句“前肯后否”的原则，可知后面要用否定形式。结合此题考查there be句型，故选D。
(D )2.—Tony, ________are you in such a hurry?
—The meeting will start soon. I don't want to be late.
A．where B．how
C．when D．why
【精析】考查疑问词辨析。where“哪里”；how“怎么样”；when“什么时候”；why“为什么”。由句意“托尼，你为什么如此匆忙？”“会议即将开始。我不想迟到。”可知此处询问原因，故选D。
(B )3.—She has a good knowledge of American culture. Is she from America?
—________. She just reads many books about American culture.
A．Yes, she is B．No, she isn't
C．Yes, she has D．No, she hasn't
【精析】考查一般疑问句的回答。由空后句意“她只是读了许多有关美国文化的美籍。”可知此处应表示否定回答，用Is提问应用is回答，故选B。
(A )4.He has never been to Urumqi, ________？
A．has he B．hasn't he
C．is he D．isn't he
(C )5.Let's search the Internet for some information about MH370, ________？
A．won't you B．will you
C．shall we D．shall you
(A )6.—________ does he often go to Beijing?
—By plane.
A．How B．When
C．Where D．Which
【精析】考查疑问词辨析。句意为“他通常怎样去北京？”“乘飞机。”对“方式”进行提问用how。
(A )7.—Why is Tom absent?
—He must be sick, ________？
A．isn't he B．must he
C．is he D．mustn't he
【精析】考查反意疑问句的用法。此处是对现在的情况进行推测，故附加疑问句应用isn't he。
(C )8.Most students used to listen to their teachers in class and completely obey their teachers, ________？
A．used they B．weren't they
C．didn't they D．did they
【精析】考查反意疑问句的用法。由反意疑问句“前肯后否”的原则可知问句部分应用否定形式，再由句中陈述部分谓语为used to，附加疑问句可用usedn't或didn't。故选C。
单项填空
(A )1.—________ is the bike?
—Just $ 150.
A．How much B．How many
C．How long D．How often
【精析】考查how词组辨析。how much“多少钱”，对价格或不可数名词的数量提问；how many“多少”，对可数名词复数提问；how long“多长”，对时间或长度提问；how often“多久一次”，对频率提问。由答语可知是询问价格，故选A。
(B )2.—________ is it from here to Yancheng Railway Station?
—About two kilometres.
A．How often B．How far
C．How soon D．How long
(D )3.—Linda, do you know ________ it is from the library to the bookstore?
—About ten minutes' walk.
A．how often B．how many
C．how long D．how far
【精析】考查how词组辨析。how often“多久一次”；how many“多少”；how long“多长时间”；how far“多远”。由答语可知本题询问的是两地间的距离，应用how far提问。故选D。
(A )4.—________ is “CHINA NEWS” show on CCTV－4?
—Every day.
A．How often B．How many times
C．How long D．How soon
【精析】考查how词组辨析。How often“多久一次”； How many times“多少次”；How long“多长时间”；How soon“多久以后”。由答语句意“每天。”可知是询问频率。故选A。
(C )5.—________ a week do you use your computer?
—Twice.
A．How often B．How soon
C．How many times D．How long
单项填空
(B )1.—There________ so many foreigners in the streets these days.
—They might be runners in the Yellow River Estuary(入海口，河口) International Marathon.
A．is B．are
C．have D．will be
【精析】考查there be句型。There be句型表示“某地 (或某时)存在有某人(或某物)，而并非某地(某人、某物或某时)拥有什么东西”，句中有若干个名词作主语时，动词be常与后面主语中的第一个名词在数上一致。have一般表示某人有某物。句意为“这些天大街上有如此多的外国人。”“他们可能是黄河口国际马拉松比赛的跑步者。”结合语境可知本句中描述的是客观性的状态，故用一般现在时。主语so many foreigners表示复数含义，故谓语动词用复数形式。
(D )2.________ a big party in our school in two weeks.
A．It is B．It will be
C．There was D．There is going to be
(C )3.There ________ much water. You needn't get some more.
A．have B．are
C．is D．has
【精析】考查there be句型。由句意“这儿有很多水，你不需要拿更多的水了。”及“There”可知，此处考查there be句型，故排除A、D两项。再由much water为不可数名词可知用is。故选C。
(C )4.________many birds in the forest because the environment has been destroyed.
A．There isn't B．It isn't
C．There aren't D．There is
【精析】考查there be句型。由“because the environment has been destroyed”可知是否定意义，再由many birds可知是复数，故选C。
(D )5.There were a lot of students in the library a moment ago, ________？
A．were they B．weren't they
C．were there D．weren't there
【精析】考查there be句型的反意疑问句。句意为“刚才图书馆里有很多学生，不是吗？”there be句型的反意疑问句的主语仍用there；陈述部分表示肯定意思，附加疑问句用否定形式。故选D。
单项填空
(B )1. Not only my friends but also I ________ interested in football and Messi is our favorite star.
A．be B．am
C．is D．are
【精析】考查主谓一致。句意为“不仅我的朋友连我自己也对足球感兴趣，并且梅西是我们最喜爱的明星。”短语not only…but also…遵循“就近原则”。因为but also后的主语是I，其后的be动词要用am，故选B。
(C )2.Tom as well as his parents ________ going to London for a traveling next month.
A．were B．are
C．is D．am
【精析】考查主谓一致。句意为“汤姆和他的父母下个月将去伦敦旅行”。主语后面接作伴随状语的修饰语如as well as, with, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。所以句子谓语应由Tom来判断，故选C。
(A )3.Walking ________ a good form of exercise for both the young and the old.
A．is B．was
C．has D．had
【精析】考查主谓一致。不定式、动名词或者从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。故选A。
(B )4.About three fourths of the earth ________ covered with water, but we have less and less available fresh water.
A．was B．is
C．are D．were
【精析】考查主谓一致。分数修饰主语时，谓语动词的数同主语的数保持一致。earth为单数概念，谓语动词用单数，又因为本句陈述客观事实，应为一般现在时，所以用is。故选B。
(D )5.—Both Li Lei and Han Meimei ________ fond of the TV program The Voice of China.
—I am also deeply moved by the programme!
A．is B．am
C．was D．are
(A )6.Look，everyone in the group ________ talking actively about their ideas.
A．is B．are
C．has D．have
单项填空
(A )1.—________ day it is!
—Let's go out and enjoy the sunshine!
A．What a lovely B．How windy
C．What a rainy D．How wet
【精析】考查感叹句。对名词感叹时，应用what。由后句中“enjoy the sunshine”可知选A。
(D )2.________ fine weather it is today!
A．What a B．How
C．How a D．What
(A )3.—________colorful flowers they are!
—Yes. They were planted to make our city more beautiful.
A．What B．What a
C．How D．How a
【精析】考查感叹句。句意为“它们是多么漂亮的花啊！”“是的。栽种它们是为了使我们的城市更美丽。”句中的flowers是复数名词，应用what修饰。故选A。
(B )4.________amazing NBA game it was！It attracted many audiences.
A．What a B．What an
C．What D．How
【精析】考查感叹句。句意为“多精彩的一场NBA比赛啊！它吸引了许多观众。”此句中感叹词为名词，且为可数名词单数；又因amazing是以元音音素开头的单词，故选B。
(B )5.—________brave Zhang Hua is!
—Yes. He helped his neighbour, Mrs Sun, out of the fire.
A．What a B．How
C．How a D．What
【精析】考查感叹句。分析句子可知此处感叹形容词，故选B。
单项填空
(A )1.________ up your sister, please.It's time for her to go to school.
A．Wake B．Waking
C．To wake D．Waked
(B )2.________late. It's your first day to go to the new school.
A．Not B．Don't be
C．Don't D．No
【精析】考查祈使句的否定式。句意为“不要迟到。今天是你去新学校的第一天。”由语境可知，此处要构成否定祈使句Don't＋动词原形。late是形容词，需加be，be late构成系表结构，故选B。
(D )3.Tree-planting Day is coming. ________ grow some trees over there.
A．Would you like to B．Why don't you
C．How about D．Let's
【精析】考查祈使句。句意为“植树节快来了，让我们一起在那儿种点树吧。”题中A、B、C三个选项都为疑问句或疑问词。题干结尾是句号，故排除A、B、C三项。D项Let's与句子构成祈使句。故选D。
(B )4.He is not honest. ________ believe him.
A．Not B．Don't
C．To not D．Not to
(A )5.Please________ me some money, will you?
A．lend B．lending
C．to lend D．be lend
【精析】考查祈使句。为使祈使句语气更加客气、委婉，可加please, 但谓语动词仍用动词原形。
单项填空
(A )1.—I haven't seen the interesting movie Kung Fu Panda 3.
—________.
A．Neither have I B．So have I
C．Neither I have D．So I have
【精析】考查倒装句。Neither have I “我也没有”；So have I “我也一样”；Neither I have“我确实不”；So I have“确实是这样”。由上句句意“我还没有看过《功夫熊猫3》这部有趣的电影。”可知选A。
(D )2.—My mother and I will go to Shanghai this summer.
—________.Shall we go together?
A．So do I B．So can I
C．So am I D．So will I
(C )3.—All the students are working hard now.
—________.Because all of them want to go to good colleges.
A．So are they B．So they do
C．So they are D．So do they
【精析】考查倒装句。由上句句意“现在所有的学生都在努力学习。”及后句句意“因为他们都想上好的大学。”可知此处表示对上文的肯定，应用主谓结构，可排除A，D两项，再因句中谓语为are，故选C。
(B )4.Alan doesn't like junk food and ________ do I.
A．either B．neither
C．also D．so
(A )5.If you go to the theatre this evening, so________I.
A．will B．should
C．do D．am
【精析】考查倒装句。If引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，即主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时。本题的主句是由“so＋助动词＋主语”这一结构所构成，表示“一种肯定情况也适合另一肯定情况”，因此助动词使用will，故选A。
(A )6.Here ________the bus. Be quick, or we will miss it.
A．comes B．come
C．came D．coming
【精析】考查倒装句。句意为“公交车来了。快点，否则我们就要错过了。”Here引导的倒装句，当主语指物时，句子采用全部倒装，因为主语是单数，所以动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选A。
