北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷

北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When most teenagers his age are prepping for competitive exams or training to be athletes. Henry Burner, struggling with dyslexia (阅读障碍), decided to chart his own route for success.
At the age of 10, his class 1． a trading post, where students would sell and buy goods with heads. His mom suggested making cupcakes, but Burner refused. "Mom, the baked goods market is going to be totally oversaturated (过度饱和的). Few students make things that last long. We need to make something 2． ." So he pulled out his mom's old button machine and made buttons. When Burner ended up with the most bends at the trading post, he felt for the first time that he was really successful. Arriving home, Burner asked his mom. "Can I make it a real business " That was the 3． of Buttonsmith, a retail company which now has over 10, 000 products available.
Along with his regular schooling, Burner played a large role in the company's strategic decision making and 4． his breaks and weekends working on the company. Buttonsmith started from the farmer's market before going online and 5． , developing its own website. After going online, Buttonsmith's sales showed a significant up ward graph and reached millions of people, and that was a (n) 6． point. Since then he has greatly 7． product lines into many affordable high quality products that allow people to express who they are to the world.
Starting with buttons, the company has diversified its product 8． and currently provides dog collars, leashes, business cards, banners, etc. To stay ahead of competitors, Burner has optimize Buttonsmith to have custom products made within minutes of the order being 9． . and makes sure the products are in the customers' hands within two days.
After creating an impressive retail company at home. Buttonsmith is strategizing to spread its 10． to other countries. "Hove being an entrepreneur." concluded Burner.
1．A． ran B． spotted C． decorated D． swept
2．A． stable B． portable C． durable D． flexible
3．A． mission B． initiation C． advantage D． performance
4．A． killed B． delayed C． balanced D． invested
5．A． eventually B． hesitantly C． frequently D． accidentally
6．A． regular B． temporary C． crucial D． urgent
7．A． slided B． poured C． packed D． expanded
8．A． costs B． sizes C． offerings D． suppliers
9．A． shipped B． placed C． deleted D． tracked
10．A． roots B． wishes C． taste D． research
【答案】1．A；2．C；3．B；4．D；5．A；6．C；7．D；8．C；9．B；10．A
【知识点】故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Henry Burner克服阅读障碍，从一个学校交易活动出发，创立并发展Buttonsmith公司的经历，展示了个人奋斗、创新思维和企业成长的过程。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
1．句意：在他10岁的时候，他的班级经营了一个交易站，学生们在那里用假币买卖商品。A. ran"经营"；B. spotted"发现"；C. decorated"装饰"；D. swept"扫除"。根据空后"a trading post, where students would sell and buy goods with heads."可知，此处指班级内部进行的一种商业活动，他的班级经营了一个交易站。故选A。
2．句意：我们需要做一些持久的东西。A. stable"稳定的"；B. portable"便携的"；C. durable"持久的"；D. flexible"灵活的"。根据上文"Few students make things that last long"可知，亨利想要制作持久耐用的商品。故选C。
3．句意：那就是Buttonsmith的起源，现在这家零售公司已经有超过1万种产品上市。A. mission"使命"；B. initiation"起源"；C. advantage"优势"；D. performance"表演"。根据上文"When Burner ended up with the most bends at the trading post, he felt for the first time that he was really successful. Arriving home, Burner asked his mom. ‘Can I make it a real business '"可知，这里指的是Buttonsmith公司的开始或者起源。故选B。
4．句意：除了正常的学业，伯纳还在公司的战略决策中发挥了重要作用，并投入休息时间和周末为公司工作。A. killed"杀死"；B. delayed"延迟"；C. balanced"平衡"；D. invested"投资，投入"。根据空后"his breaks and weekends working on the company"可知，此处表示他将个人时间投入到公司工作中。故选D。
5．句意：Buttonsmith从农贸市场起步，之后转到线上，最终开发了自己的网站。A. eventually"最终"；B. hesitantly"犹豫地"；C. frequently"频繁地"；D. accidentally"偶然地"。根据空后"developing its own website"可知，此处应填入表示最后结果的副词，表示最终开发了自己的网站。故选A。
6．句意：在线销售后，Buttonsmith的销售额显著上升，达到了数百万人，这是一个关键点。A. regular "常规的"；B. temporary"临时的"；C. crucial"关键的"；D. urgent"紧急的"。根据空前"Buttonsmith's sales showed a significant up ward graph and reached millions of people"；以及下文"Since then he has greatly 6 product lines into many affordable high quality products that allow people to express who they are to the world."可知，销售额的大幅提升，极大地扩展了产品线，对于公司来说是一个关键性的转折点。故选C。
7．句意：从那时起，他极大地扩展了产品线，推出了许多让人们能够向世界表达自我的可负担高质量产品。A. slided"滑动"；B. poured"倾倒"；C. packed"打包"；D. expanded"扩展"。根据空后"product lines into many affordable high quality products"可知，此处指产品线的增加和多样化，故选D。
8．句意：从纽扣开始，公司已经多样化其产品供应，目前提供狗项圈、牵引绳、名片、横幅等。A. costs "成本"；B. sizes"尺寸"；C. offerings"供应，产品"；D. suppliers"供应商"。根据空前"the company has diversified its product"；以及空后"currently provides dog collars, leashes, business cards, banners, etc."可知，此处指的是公司提供的产品种类，故选C。
9．句意：为了领先于竞争对手，伯纳优化了Buttonsmith，使得订单被下单后几分钟内就能生产出定制产品。A. shipped"运输"；B. placed"放置，下单"；C. deleted"删除"；D. tracked"跟踪"。根据空前"Buttonsmith to have custom products made within minutes of the order being"可知，此处指客户下单后快速生产。故选B。
10．句意：在国内创建了一家令人印象深刻的零售公司后，Buttonsmith正在制定战略，将其根基扩展到其他国家。A. roots"根源，根基"；B. wishes"愿望"；C. taste"品味"；D. research"研究"。根据空后"to other countries"可知，这里指公司业务或影响范围的扩大，Buttonsmith正在将其根基扩展到其他国家。故选A。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Giant panda Fu Bao arrived in Chengdu. Sichuan Province on April 3rd, 2024. after living in South Korea for over 3 years. Large screens were lit up 　11． 　 (welcome) Fu Bao home. These large screen advertisements　12． 　 (purchase) by dozens of fans. Fu Bao is the first giant panda born in South Korea and a successful case of overseas breeding. Since the 1990s, China 　13． 　 (conduct) giant panda conservation cooperation and research with institutions in other countries. Currently, there are a local of 49 giant pandas abroad.
【答案】11．to welcome；12．were purchased/had been purchased；13．has conducted/has been conducting
【知识点】新闻报道类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，报道了大熊猫"福宝"从韩国返回中国四川成都的具体事件，包括日期、欢迎方式、熊猫的特殊身份，以及中国在大熊猫保护合作方面的概况。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及非谓语动词，时态语态等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
11．句意：为了欢迎福宝回家，大型屏幕被点亮。此处不定式t作目的状语。故填to welcome。
12．句意：这些大型屏幕广告是由数十名粉丝购买的。此处是谓语动词，描述过去的动作，应用一般过去时，且与主语screens之间是被动关系，因此应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were。也可以理解为：purchase发生在were lit up之前，用过去完成时，主语screens与动词purchase之间是被动关系，因用过去完成时的被动语态。故填were purchased/had been purchased。
13．句意：自20世纪90年代以来，中国一直在与其他国家的机构开展大熊猫保护合作与研究。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语Since the 1990s可知，conduct"实施"这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，句子时态用现在完成时，主语China为第三人称单数，助动词用has。句子时态也可用现在完成进行时，表示conduct"实施"这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并且还将持续下去。故填has conducted/has been conducting。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Around 90% of road accidents are caused by human errors, and self-driving cars with AI aim to solve the problem. 　14． 　they can do is no keep vehicle hardware healthy by driving strategically and safely. In this way, traffic violations and fines can be avoided, 　15． 　 can help save costs. Drivers also benefit from the　16． 　 (integrate) of AI technology during long trips as they can rest while the car's system takes care of driving.
【答案】12．What；13．which；14．integration
【知识点】说明文；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大约90%的交通事故是由人为失误造成的，而带有人工智能的自动驾驶汽车旨在解决这一问题，让司机可以在汽车系统负责驾驶的同时休息。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及主语从句，定语从句，名词等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
12．句意：他们所能做的不是通过战略驾驶和安全驾驶来保持车辆硬件的健康。 they can do 是主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，应用连接代词what，位于句首，首字母大写。故填What。
13．句意：这样，可以避免交通违规和罚款，这可以帮助节省成本。 can help save costs 是非限制性定语从句，先行词指代主句的内容，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。
14．句意：在长途旅行中，司机也受益于人工智能技术的整合，因为他们可以在汽车系统负责驾驶的同时休息。此处作介词from的宾语，应用名词integration，不可数。故填integration。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
As summer vacation approaches, study tours of primary and middle school students have become popular.
　17． 　 (absorb) in academic studies at school, students are left with little room for activities such as practical labor or hands-on experience. During the study tours, they come　18． 　 groups to major attractions, museums and farms to learn while sightseeing. Educational trips offer students precious　19． 　 (opportunity) to become more independent. By 　20． 　 (engage) in independent living and problem solving with peers, students can learn to navigate real-life situations.
【答案】15．Absorbed；16．in；17．opportunities；18．engaging/being engaged
【知识点】说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了游学越来越受欢迎以及原因。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及非谓语动词，介词，名词等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
15．句意：在学校里，学生们全神贯注于学术研究，几乎没有什么活动空间，比如实际劳动或实践经验。be absorbed in，固定短语，"全神贯注于"，此处过去分词absorbed作状语，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Absorbed。
16．句意：在游学期间，他们成群结队地来到主要景点、博物馆和农场，一边观光一边学习。in groups，固定短语，"成群结队地"，故填in。
17．句意：教育旅行为学生提供了变得更加独立的宝贵机会。此处名词作宾语，应用名词opportunity，泛指，应用复数形式，故填opportunities。
18．句意：通过参与独立生活和与同龄人一起解决问题，学生可以学会驾驭现实生活。介词By后，应用动名词或动名词的被动式作宾语，故填engaging/being engaged。
（2024高二下·海淀期末）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When facing the task of deciding your major, you should remember that the decision you make doesn't mean you are only destined for one path.
QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF AS YOU MAKE YOUR DECISION
●Do I have a career in mind
Although your major does not necessarily dictate your career, some jobs do require a certain field of study. If you have your future career in mind, do your research and find out the education requirements. If you are at a loss with what you want to do, go ahead and research different career fields. A certain job might pique your interest, and that could prompt you to pick a certain major.
●How much does money matter
Some majors do have higher potential earnings than others. If earning a lot of money is a primary goal for you, search for majors that pay off well. Feel free to reach out to the Career Center for more information on higher-earning majors and careers.
●What do I love to do
If you love what you study, you will be more likely to pay full attention to your classes. which will probably lead to better grades and valuable connections in the field. Also you will find your college years more fulfilling if you cultivate your passion!
TIPS FOR DISCOVERING WHAT INTERESTS YOU
●Explore different courses!
Don't take random free electives just to meet the credit requirement for graduation. Explore different subjects! By branching out of what you know, you may discover an unexpected aptitude for sport management, or realize that you love psychology! Maybe an elective course could lead you to your major.
●Meet with a CDC staff member!
Your Career Development Center (CDC) is eager to help you! Meet with a peer Career Ambassador to talk about your career goals and the options for you. Also consider scheduling an appointment with a professional staff member to discuss potential career paths, internships (实习), and more!
●Utilize the CDC's online resources!
CDC offers many online resources for self-assessment and career search. We make recommendations for majors and careers based on your answers! See page 6 for more details of what we have to offer!
21．If you don't know what to choose as your future career, you need to ____.
A．cultivate a related hobby
B．aim for well-paid jobs
C．consider the education requirements
D．investigate different fields
22．According to the passage, CDC could ____.
A．give major-related advice
B．establish internship programmes
C．define your future career goals
D．select an elective course for you
23．Where is the passage probably taken from
A．A research paper. B．A commercial post.
C．A college brochure. D．A recruitment notice.
【答案】19．D
20．A
21．C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了如何选择大学的专业。
【点评】考查阅读理解。涉及推理判断题，细节理解题。解答推理判断题要根据原文中的信息与选项信息结合起来进行正确推断，得出答案；解答细节理解题要完全符合原文，不能主观臆断。
19．细节理解题。根据 If you are at a loss with what you want to do, go ahead and research different career fields. 如果你不知道自己想做什么，那就去研究不同的职业领域。可知如果你不知道你未来的职业选择是什么，你需要调查不同的领域；故答案为D 。
20．细节理解题。根据Your Career Development Center (CDC) is eager to help you! Meet with a peer Career Ambassador to talk
about your career goals and the options for you. Also consider scheduling an appointment with a professional staff member to discuss potential career paths, internships (实习), and more! 您的职业发展中心(CDC)渴望帮助您!与同行的职业大使见面，谈谈你的职业目标和你的选择。也可以考虑与专业人员预约，讨论潜在的职业道路、实习机会(实习)等等!可知根据文章，CDC可以给你专业相关的建议；故答案为A 。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段When facing the task of deciding your major, you should remember that the decision you make
doesn't mean you are only destined for one path. 当你面临选择专业的任务时，你应该记住，你所做的决定并不意味着你注定要走一条路。可知这是一篇大学给新生做的宣传册；故答案为C 。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 "forever chemicals" that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. "It's not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging." says the study's author Birgit Geueke.
The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called "forever chemicals" because they don't break down readily in the environment or in the body. That's because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease.
Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it's unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it's possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs.
PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. "There's an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm," says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC). a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that "all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses."
Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don't know much about most of them. "Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity (每性)," Geueke says, and "there are probably other ways to produce food packaging."
24．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage
A．They are able to resist water and grease.
B．They last long and never break down.
C．They contain the longest chemical bond.
D．They are mainly used for food packaging.
25．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ____.
A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities
B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals
C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals
D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs
26．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ____.
A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products
B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs
C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs
D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity
27．Which would Geueke probably agree with
A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs.
B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored.
C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed.
D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs.
【答案】22．A
23．D
24．B
25．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意；说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种"永久化学物质"，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease."几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂。可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。
23．考查段落大意。根据第三段"Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it's unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it's possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs."Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链。可知，第三段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。
24．考查推理判断。根据第五段"Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that ‘all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.'"化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，"并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。"可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。
25．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"‘Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,' Geueke says, and ‘there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.'"(Geueke说："只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。"可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A theme at this year's World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to "accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology". Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world's problems, scientific research needs to move faster.
The WEF mindset resonates ( 产 生 共 鸣 ) with the Silicon Valley dictate—usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg—to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science Or public trust
The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay's troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had"multiple problems". In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it's hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly.
In recent years we've seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was "a bit busy" when the paper was submitted and "did not do my job well". Arnold's honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right
The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments—which are used to allocate future funding—have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity.
Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher's identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift.
There's plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down—not speed up—if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust.
28．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs
A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down.
B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students' complaints.
C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change.
D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken.
29．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4
A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners.
B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common.
C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush.
D．To highlight scientists' quality of honesty in academia.
30．The underlined word "counterincentive" in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) 　 　factor. A. unfair B. indecisive C. discouraging D. irrational
31．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．The Danger of Fast Science
B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C．The Crisis among Top Scientists
D．The Principle behind Research Assessments
【答案】26．D
27．C
28．C
29．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和标题归纳四个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
26．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it's hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly."虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响。可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。
27．考查推理判断。根据第四段"In recent years we've seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was ‘a bit busy' when the paper was submitted and ‘did not do my job well'. Arnold's honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right "近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnold分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她"有点忙"，"没有做好我的工作"。Arnold的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnold的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。
28．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity"可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。划线词 counterincentive 意思是"令人沮丧的"。故选C。
29．考查标题归纳。根据第一段"A theme at this year's World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to ‘accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology'. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world's problems, scientific research needs to move faster."今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要"加速研究和技术的突破"。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐；结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。"快速科学的危险"适合作文章标题。故选A。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Picture this: you're baking cookies. As you lift the pan out of the oven, your bar e arm accidentally touches it. Ouch! Why did you feel pain And how is your brain involved in sensing pain We may not like pain, but our bodies need it as a warning system. 　32． 　
There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli (刺激). These cells are called "nociceptors". When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus, it sends a message into the brain. The brain processes that information, and then pain is felt. 　33． 　 Think about a time when you've stubbed your toe. There doesn't seem to be a delay between hitting your toe and then feeling pain: it feels like it happens at the same time.
　34． 　 If we have an injury, pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal. If we stand too close to a fire, pain tells us to move away. Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous. Some people can feel sensations like touch, but they cannot feel pain. Without feeling pain, they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal.
On the other hand, the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn't any actual injury to the body. Here's a famous story: a man stepped on a nail. It went through the bottom of his shoe, and he felt like he was in horrible pain. When the doctors removed his shoe, they found that the nail was between his toes! It hadn't gone into his foot at all. 　35． 　 So his brain perceived pain to match the experience.
Without pain, we might not know when we could need to rest. We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. 　36． 　 However, it is an important part of human life and survival!
A. Pain is not fun to feel. B. Pain is a response to a stimulus. C. Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel. D. Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling, it is necessary for human survival. E. All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive. F. It is an important function of our brain, telling our bodies when something is wrong. G. However, the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there was cause for alarm.
【答案】30．F；31．E；32．D；33．G；34．A
【知识点】说明文；七选五；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过日常生活中的例子解释了疼痛的感觉机制、疼痛对人类生存的重要作用及其有时与实际伤害无关的现象，旨在向读者普及关于疼痛的生物学知识及其对身体健康的意义。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇生活类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
30．据空前"Picture this: you're baking cookies. As you lift the pan out of the oven, your bar e arm accidentally touches it. Ouch! Why did you feel pain And how is your brain involved in sensing pain We may not like pain, but our bodies need it as a warning system. "想象一下：你在烤饼干。当你把平底锅从烤箱里拿出来的时候，你的手臂不小心碰到了它。哎哟！你为什么感到疼痛？你的大脑是如何感知疼痛的？我们可能不喜欢疼痛，但我们的身体需要它作为一种警告系统。可知，此处会进一步阐述疼痛作为一种警告系统的功能。F. It is an important function of our brain, telling our bodies when something is wrong. "这是大脑的一项重要功能，它告诉我们的身体何时出了问题"承接上文，符合语境。故选F。
31．根据空前"There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli (刺激). These cells are called ‘nociceptors'. When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus, it sends a message into the brain. The brain processes that information, and then pain is felt. "我们的皮肤和身体中有一些特殊的受体细胞，它们对某些刺激很敏感。这些细胞被称为"伤害感受器"。当伤害感受器受到疼痛刺激时，它会向大脑发送信息。大脑处理这些信息，然后感觉疼痛。可知，上文描述了疼痛信号如何从皮肤的受体细胞发送到大脑并被感知的过程，紧接着应该继续讨论这一过程。 E. All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive. "所有这些信号发送和处理的速度都快于我们的感知速度"解释了为什么疼痛感觉似乎是即时发生的，承接上文，符合语境，故选E。
32．根据空后"If we have an injury, pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal. If we stand too close to a fire, pain tells us to move away. Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous. Some people can feel sensations like touch, but they cannot feel pain. Without feeling pain, they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal."如果我们受伤了，疼痛会提醒我们休息，让伤口愈合。如果我们站得离火太近，疼痛会告诉我们走开。感觉不到疼痛是很危险的。有些人能感觉到触摸之类的感觉，但他们感觉不到疼痛。如果感觉不到疼痛，当他们需要休息或治疗时，他们就无法倾听自己身体的声音。可知，本空之后的内容讲述的是疼痛的实际作用，比如提醒我们休息和避免进一步伤害。因此，此处应来引出疼痛的正面意义。D. Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling, it is necessary for human survival."尽管疼痛是一种不愉快的感觉，但它对人类生存是必要的"既承认了疼痛的负面特性，又引出了其必要性，引起下文，符合语境。故选D。
33．根据空前"On the other hand, the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn't any actual injury to the body. Here's a famous story: a man stepped on a nail. It went through the bottom of his shoe, and he felt like he was in horrible pain. When the doctors removed his shoe, they found that the nail was between his toes! It hadn't gone into his foot at all. "另一方面，大脑有时在对身体没有任何实际伤害的情况下处理疼痛。这里有一个著名的故事：一个人踩到了钉子。它穿过了他的鞋底，他感到非常痛苦。当医生脱掉他的鞋子时，他们发现钉子在他的脚趾之间！它根本没有进到他的脚里。可知，这个故事的例子说明了即使没有实际受伤，大脑也可能感知到疼痛。因此此处用解释这种现象。G. However, the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there was cause for alarm."然而，视觉信息欺骗了他的大脑，使其认为有理由警觉"很好地解释了为何在没有实际伤害的情况下，这个人仍然感到疼痛，因为大脑根据错误的信息做出了反应，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。
34．据空前"Without pain, we might not know when we could need to rest. We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. "没有疼痛，我们可能不知道什么时候需要休息。我们可能不知道我们是否有伤害自己的危险；以及空后"However, it is an important part of human life and survival!"然而，它是人类生命和生存的重要组成部分！可知，此处需要总结，重申疼痛虽不愉快，但对于人类生存的重要性。 A. Pain is not fun to feel. "感受疼痛并不有趣"自然而然地引向了全文的结论，即疼痛作为一种必要的预警机制对于生存的价值，承接上文，并于下文构成转折，符合语境。故选A。
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下面的短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Marva Collins' journey as a teacher began in the 1960s, when she was assigned to teach at a public school in Chicago. At the time, the school was troubled by low academic standards and misbehavior of the students. Despite these challenges. Collins was determined to help those students labeled as "difficult" or "at-risk". Believing that every student had the potential to learn and succeed, she set out to create a classroom environment that would foster a love of learning, a sense of discipline, and a belief in oneself.
Collin s first established a rigorous academic curriculum that would challenge her students to reach their full potential. She taught her students traditional subjects and also emphasized critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity. Her teaching methods were highly effective, and students soon began to show remarkable progress.
But Collins' greatest achievement was the founding of the Westside Pre p School, which she started in 1975. The school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially and therefore it was considered as the "have n for learning".
At the Prep School. Collin s stressed the importance of discipline and hard work. She expected her students to arrive on time, in uniform, and ready to learn, and she installed in them a sense of responsibility and accountability. Collin s also emphasized the importance of building relationships between teachers and students. She believed that strong relationships were the foundation of effective teaching, are she encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
Under her leadership, the Pre p School became known for its high academic standards and its ability to help struggling students. Many of the school's graduates went on to attend top colleges and universities, and some went on to become leaders in their fields.
Collins' impact on education was recognized by educators around the world. Today, her legacy lives on. Her emphasis on discipline, hard work, and relationships continues to be a model for effective teaching, and her belief in the potential of every student continues to inspire educators to make a difference in the lives of the at-risk students.
37．What challenges did Collins face as a new teacher
38．Why was the Pre p School considered the "haven for learning"
39．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole.
40．Which one of Collin's teaching beliefs impresses you most Why (In about 40 words)
【答案】35．Low academic standards and misbehavior of the students
36．Because the school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially.
37．To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole. personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
38．Possible Version 1
I' m impressed by Collins' belief that every student has the potential to learn. To practise the belief, she committed herself to fostering a good learning environment and a rigorous curriculum. The belief challenges the conventional norm and empowers students to exceed themselves, proving that success is possible for everyone. Possible Version 2
Collins' emphasis on discipline and hard work impresses me most. It teaches me that success doesn't come easily but is built on dedication and personal efforts. This belief is crucial in real life, as it shapes character, builds resilience, and paves the way for one' s goals.
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Marva Collins作为一名教师的生涯，她的教育理念，以及她创立Westside Prep School的过程和成就。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和开放性试题三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
35．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"At the time, the school was troubled by low academic standards and misbehavior of the students. Despite these challenges. Collins was determined to help those students labeled as ‘difficult' or ‘at-risk'. "当时，学校受到学术标准低下和学生行为不端的困扰。尽管有这些挑战。柯林斯决心帮助那些被贴上"困难"或"有风险"标签的学生。可知，柯林斯作为新教师面临的挑战包括学术水平低，学生行为不端的问题。故答案为：Low academic standards and misbehavior of the students.
36．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"The school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially and therefore it was considered as the ‘haven for learning'. "学校为学生提供了一个安全、有教养的学习环境，学生可以在学业和社交方面茁壮成长，因此被认为是"学习的天堂"。可知，Prep School被认为是"学习的天堂"是因为它为学生提供了安全和培养的环境，使他们在学业和社会交往上都能茁壮成长。故答案为：Because the school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially.
37．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"She believed that strong relationships were the foundation of effective teaching, are she encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences."她相信牢固的人际关系是有效教学的基础，因此她鼓励老师根据学生的个体差异进行个性化教学。可知，柯林斯实际上鼓励教师根据学生的个体差异个性化教学，而不是将学生视为一个没有差异的整体。问题："为了实现有效教学，柯林斯鼓励她的教师与学生建立牢固的关系，并将他们作为一个整体来教学。"中错误的部分是"并将其作为一个整体来教学"，故答案为：To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole. Because Collins encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
38．考查开放性问题。Collins对纪律和勤奋的强调给我留下了最深刻的印象。它告诉我，成功来之不易，而是建立在奉献精神和个人努力之上的。这种信念在现实生活中至关重要，因为它塑造了性格，为实现目标铺平了道路。故答案为I' m impressed by Collins' belief that every student has the potential to learn. To practise the belief, she committed herself to fostering a good learning environment and a rigorous curriculum. The belief challenges the conventional norm and empowers students to exceed themselves, proving that success is possible for everyone. 或者
Collins' emphasis on discipline and hard work impresses me most. It teaches me that success doesn't come easily but is built on dedication and personal efforts. This belief is crucial in real life, as it shapes character, builds resilience, and paves the way for one' s goals.
41．（2024高二下·海淀期末） 假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。2024 年世界机器人大会（World Robot Conference）将于八月在北京举行，组委会正在招募英文志愿讲解员，你对此很感兴趣。请你用英文写一封申请信，内容包括：1. 申请理由；2. 自身优势。
注意：1. 词数 100 左右；2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Sir/Madam,
【答案】One possible version:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Li Hua, a junior at Hongxing High School, and
I am writing to apply for the position of English-speaking volunteer guide for the 2024 World Robot Conference in Beijing. I have a strong interest in robotics and believe this event will be an excellent opportunity to enhance my knowledge and skills in this field.
My proficiency in English, both spoken and written, will enable me to effectively communicate with international participants. Additionally, I have previous experience volunteering at school events, which has honed my organizational and interpersonal skills. My passion for technology, combined with my dedication and enthusiasm, makes me a suitable candidate for this role. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to contribute to this exciting event. Yours, Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以红星中学高二学生李华的身份 写一封申请信 。写作背景： 2024 年世界机器人大会（World Robot Conference）将于八月在北京举行，组委会正在招募英文志愿讲解员，你对此很感兴趣。 写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括： 1. 申请理由；2. 自身优势。 提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：I am Li Hua, a junior at Hongxing High School, and I am writing to apply for the position of English-speaking volunteer guide for the 2024 World Robot Conference in Beijing. 运用了同位语，并列句，不定式作目的状语； I have a strong interest in robotics and believe this event will be an excellent opportunity to enhance my knowledge and skills in this field. 运用了宾语从句；My proficiency in English, both spoken and written, will enable me to effectively communicate with international participants. 运用了不定式作宾补；Additionally, I have previous experience volunteering at school events, which has honed my organizational and interpersonal skills. 运用了非限制性定语从句；Thank you for considering my application. 运用了祈使句； I look forward to the opportunity to contribute to this exciting event. 运用了不定式作后置定语。
1 / 1北京市海淀区2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试卷
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When most teenagers his age are prepping for competitive exams or training to be athletes. Henry Burner, struggling with dyslexia (阅读障碍), decided to chart his own route for success.
At the age of 10, his class 1． a trading post, where students would sell and buy goods with heads. His mom suggested making cupcakes, but Burner refused. "Mom, the baked goods market is going to be totally oversaturated (过度饱和的). Few students make things that last long. We need to make something 2． ." So he pulled out his mom's old button machine and made buttons. When Burner ended up with the most bends at the trading post, he felt for the first time that he was really successful. Arriving home, Burner asked his mom. "Can I make it a real business " That was the 3． of Buttonsmith, a retail company which now has over 10, 000 products available.
Along with his regular schooling, Burner played a large role in the company's strategic decision making and 4． his breaks and weekends working on the company. Buttonsmith started from the farmer's market before going online and 5． , developing its own website. After going online, Buttonsmith's sales showed a significant up ward graph and reached millions of people, and that was a (n) 6． point. Since then he has greatly 7． product lines into many affordable high quality products that allow people to express who they are to the world.
Starting with buttons, the company has diversified its product 8． and currently provides dog collars, leashes, business cards, banners, etc. To stay ahead of competitors, Burner has optimize Buttonsmith to have custom products made within minutes of the order being 9． . and makes sure the products are in the customers' hands within two days.
After creating an impressive retail company at home. Buttonsmith is strategizing to spread its 10． to other countries. "Hove being an entrepreneur." concluded Burner.
1．A． ran B． spotted C． decorated D． swept
2．A． stable B． portable C． durable D． flexible
3．A． mission B． initiation C． advantage D． performance
4．A． killed B． delayed C． balanced D． invested
5．A． eventually B． hesitantly C． frequently D． accidentally
6．A． regular B． temporary C． crucial D． urgent
7．A． slided B． poured C． packed D． expanded
8．A． costs B． sizes C． offerings D． suppliers
9．A． shipped B． placed C． deleted D． tracked
10．A． roots B． wishes C． taste D． research
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Around 90% of road accidents are caused by human errors, and self-driving cars with AI aim to solve the problem. 　12． 　they can do is no keep vehicle hardware healthy by driving strategically and safely. In this way, traffic violations and fines can be avoided, 　13． 　 can help save costs. Drivers also benefit from the　14． 　 (integrate) of AI technology during long trips as they can rest while the car's system takes care of driving.
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给出提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
As summer vacation approaches, study tours of primary and middle school students have become popular.
　15． 　 (absorb) in academic studies at school, students are left with little room for activities such as practical labor or hands-on experience. During the study tours, they come　16． 　 groups to major attractions, museums and farms to learn while sightseeing. Educational trips offer students precious　17． 　 (opportunity) to become more independent. By 　18． 　 (engage) in independent living and problem solving with peers, students can learn to navigate real-life situations.
（2024高二下·海淀期末）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When facing the task of deciding your major, you should remember that the decision you make doesn't mean you are only destined for one path.
QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF AS YOU MAKE YOUR DECISION
●Do I have a career in mind
Although your major does not necessarily dictate your career, some jobs do require a certain field of study. If you have your future career in mind, do your research and find out the education requirements. If you are at a loss with what you want to do, go ahead and research different career fields. A certain job might pique your interest, and that could prompt you to pick a certain major.
●How much does money matter
Some majors do have higher potential earnings than others. If earning a lot of money is a primary goal for you, search for majors that pay off well. Feel free to reach out to the Career Center for more information on higher-earning majors and careers.
●What do I love to do
If you love what you study, you will be more likely to pay full attention to your classes. which will probably lead to better grades and valuable connections in the field. Also you will find your college years more fulfilling if you cultivate your passion!
TIPS FOR DISCOVERING WHAT INTERESTS YOU
●Explore different courses!
Don't take random free electives just to meet the credit requirement for graduation. Explore different subjects! By branching out of what you know, you may discover an unexpected aptitude for sport management, or realize that you love psychology! Maybe an elective course could lead you to your major.
●Meet with a CDC staff member!
Your Career Development Center (CDC) is eager to help you! Meet with a peer Career Ambassador to talk about your career goals and the options for you. Also consider scheduling an appointment with a professional staff member to discuss potential career paths, internships (实习), and more!
●Utilize the CDC's online resources!
CDC offers many online resources for self-assessment and career search. We make recommendations for majors and careers based on your answers! See page 6 for more details of what we have to offer!
19．If you don't know what to choose as your future career, you need to ____.
A．cultivate a related hobby
B．aim for well-paid jobs
C．consider the education requirements
D．investigate different fields
20．According to the passage, CDC could ____.
A．give major-related advice
B．establish internship programmes
C．define your future career goals
D．select an elective course for you
21．Where is the passage probably taken from
A．A research paper. B．A commercial post.
C．A college brochure. D．A recruitment notice.
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Food packaging from around the world contains at least 68 "forever chemicals" that can seep into what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 of them are not even supposed to be used in such products. "It's not clear why the latter chemicals, which are not on lists of those authorized for use in food containers, are in such packaging." says the study's author Birgit Geueke.
The study focused on a class of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoronlkyl substances (PFASs), which are sometimes called "forever chemicals" because they don't break down readily in the environment or in the body. That's because their characteristic carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest in nature. For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease.
Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it's unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it's possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs.
PFASs have been found in human blood and breast milk, drinking water, soil and other startling places around the world. Exposure to some of the most studied PFASs has been associated with cancer. reproductive problems and lessened responses to vaccines. "There's an incredible body of scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals to health harm," says Andrews. Many countries are evaluating restrictions of PFASs in food packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC). a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that "all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses."
Andrews and Geueke both say the presence of unknown PFASs in food packaging is good reason to regulate these chemicals as a single class—a position shared with many other scientific experts and environmental protection groups. There are more than 12,000 known PFASs, and scientists don't know much about most of them. "Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity (每性)," Geueke says, and "there are probably other ways to produce food packaging."
22．What can we learn about PFASs from the passage
A．They are able to resist water and grease.
B．They last long and never break down.
C．They contain the longest chemical bond.
D．They are mainly used for food packaging.
23．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ____.
A．the potential usage of the unknown impurities
B．the authorization of food packaging chemicals
C．the likely transforming process from PFASs into new chemicals
D．the possible explanation for the presence of unauthorized PFASs
24．The words on the webpage in Paragraph 5 may show that ACC ____.
A．has worked out ways to use PFASs safely in different products
B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs
C．has got the authoritative power in dealing with PFASs
D．supports testing more unknown PFASs for toxicity
25．Which would Geueke probably agree with
A．Laws should be made to ban the use of PFASs.
B．Food packaging alternatives should be explored.
C．The chemicals in food packaging should be listed.
D．Scientists should continue discovering new PFASs.
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A theme at this year's World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to "accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology". Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world's problems, scientific research needs to move faster.
The WEF mindset resonates ( 产 生 共 鸣 ) with the Silicon Valley dictate—usually credited to Mark Zuckerberg—to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science Or public trust
The WEF meeting took place just a fortnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped down after complaints were made about her scholarship. Gay's troubles came on the heels of the resignation of Stanford University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had"multiple problems". In response. Gay requested corrections to several of her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retraction (撤回) of three of his. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it's hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly.
In recent years we've seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was "a bit busy" when the paper was submitted and "did not do my job well". Arnold's honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right
The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments—which are used to allocate future funding—have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. Due to the fact that the existing system has created a counterincentive to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity.
Good science takes time. Nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher's identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance and the elucidation of its double-helix structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologist and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift.
There's plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship (papers, but it also suggests that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researched may need to slow down—not speed up—if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust.
26．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs
A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned from Sandford after Gay stepped down.
B．Gay gave back her scholarships due to students' complaints.
C．Faster scientific development has led to climate change.
D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken.
27．Why is the example of Frances H. Arnold mentioned in Paragraph 4
A．To question the works of Nobel Prize winners.
B．To show the practice of paper retraction is common.
C．To indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush.
D．To highlight scientists' quality of honesty in academia.
28．The underlined word "counterincentive" in Paragraph 5 refers to a (n) 　 　factor. A. unfair B. indecisive C. discouraging D. irrational
29．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．The Danger of Fast Science
B．The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C．The Crisis among Top Scientists
D．The Principle behind Research Assessments
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Picture this: you're baking cookies. As you lift the pan out of the oven, your bar e arm accidentally touches it. Ouch! Why did you feel pain And how is your brain involved in sensing pain We may not like pain, but our bodies need it as a warning system. 　30． 　
There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli (刺激). These cells are called "nociceptors". When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus, it sends a message into the brain. The brain processes that information, and then pain is felt. 　31． 　 Think about a time when you've stubbed your toe. There doesn't seem to be a delay between hitting your toe and then feeling pain: it feels like it happens at the same time.
　32． 　 If we have an injury, pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal. If we stand too close to a fire, pain tells us to move away. Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous. Some people can feel sensations like touch, but they cannot feel pain. Without feeling pain, they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal.
On the other hand, the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn't any actual injury to the body. Here's a famous story: a man stepped on a nail. It went through the bottom of his shoe, and he felt like he was in horrible pain. When the doctors removed his shoe, they found that the nail was between his toes! It hadn't gone into his foot at all. 　33． 　 So his brain perceived pain to match the experience.
Without pain, we might not know when we could need to rest. We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. 　34． 　 However, it is an important part of human life and survival!
A. Pain is not fun to feel. B. Pain is a response to a stimulus. C. Our brains use sensory information to interpret the pain that we feel. D. Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling, it is necessary for human survival. E. All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive. F. It is an important function of our brain, telling our bodies when something is wrong. G. However, the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there was cause for alarm.
（2024高二下·海淀期末） 阅读下面的短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Marva Collins' journey as a teacher began in the 1960s, when she was assigned to teach at a public school in Chicago. At the time, the school was troubled by low academic standards and misbehavior of the students. Despite these challenges. Collins was determined to help those students labeled as "difficult" or "at-risk". Believing that every student had the potential to learn and succeed, she set out to create a classroom environment that would foster a love of learning, a sense of discipline, and a belief in oneself.
Collin s first established a rigorous academic curriculum that would challenge her students to reach their full potential. She taught her students traditional subjects and also emphasized critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity. Her teaching methods were highly effective, and students soon began to show remarkable progress.
But Collins' greatest achievement was the founding of the Westside Pre p School, which she started in 1975. The school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially and therefore it was considered as the "have n for learning".
At the Prep School. Collin s stressed the importance of discipline and hard work. She expected her students to arrive on time, in uniform, and ready to learn, and she installed in them a sense of responsibility and accountability. Collin s also emphasized the importance of building relationships between teachers and students. She believed that strong relationships were the foundation of effective teaching, are she encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
Under her leadership, the Pre p School became known for its high academic standards and its ability to help struggling students. Many of the school's graduates went on to attend top colleges and universities, and some went on to become leaders in their fields.
Collins' impact on education was recognized by educators around the world. Today, her legacy lives on. Her emphasis on discipline, hard work, and relationships continues to be a model for effective teaching, and her belief in the potential of every student continues to inspire educators to make a difference in the lives of the at-risk students.
35．What challenges did Collins face as a new teacher
36．Why was the Pre p School considered the "haven for learning"
37．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole.
38．Which one of Collin's teaching beliefs impresses you most Why (In about 40 words)
39．（2024高二下·海淀期末） 假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。2024 年世界机器人大会（World Robot Conference）将于八月在北京举行，组委会正在招募英文志愿讲解员，你对此很感兴趣。请你用英文写一封申请信，内容包括：1. 申请理由；2. 自身优势。
注意：1. 词数 100 左右；2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Sir/Madam,
答案解析部分
【答案】1．A；2．C；3．B；4．D；5．A；6．C；7．D；8．C；9．B；10．A
【知识点】故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Henry Burner克服阅读障碍，从一个学校交易活动出发，创立并发展Buttonsmith公司的经历，展示了个人奋斗、创新思维和企业成长的过程。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
1．句意：在他10岁的时候，他的班级经营了一个交易站，学生们在那里用假币买卖商品。A. ran"经营"；B. spotted"发现"；C. decorated"装饰"；D. swept"扫除"。根据空后"a trading post, where students would sell and buy goods with heads."可知，此处指班级内部进行的一种商业活动，他的班级经营了一个交易站。故选A。
2．句意：我们需要做一些持久的东西。A. stable"稳定的"；B. portable"便携的"；C. durable"持久的"；D. flexible"灵活的"。根据上文"Few students make things that last long"可知，亨利想要制作持久耐用的商品。故选C。
3．句意：那就是Buttonsmith的起源，现在这家零售公司已经有超过1万种产品上市。A. mission"使命"；B. initiation"起源"；C. advantage"优势"；D. performance"表演"。根据上文"When Burner ended up with the most bends at the trading post, he felt for the first time that he was really successful. Arriving home, Burner asked his mom. ‘Can I make it a real business '"可知，这里指的是Buttonsmith公司的开始或者起源。故选B。
4．句意：除了正常的学业，伯纳还在公司的战略决策中发挥了重要作用，并投入休息时间和周末为公司工作。A. killed"杀死"；B. delayed"延迟"；C. balanced"平衡"；D. invested"投资，投入"。根据空后"his breaks and weekends working on the company"可知，此处表示他将个人时间投入到公司工作中。故选D。
5．句意：Buttonsmith从农贸市场起步，之后转到线上，最终开发了自己的网站。A. eventually"最终"；B. hesitantly"犹豫地"；C. frequently"频繁地"；D. accidentally"偶然地"。根据空后"developing its own website"可知，此处应填入表示最后结果的副词，表示最终开发了自己的网站。故选A。
6．句意：在线销售后，Buttonsmith的销售额显著上升，达到了数百万人，这是一个关键点。A. regular "常规的"；B. temporary"临时的"；C. crucial"关键的"；D. urgent"紧急的"。根据空前"Buttonsmith's sales showed a significant up ward graph and reached millions of people"；以及下文"Since then he has greatly 6 product lines into many affordable high quality products that allow people to express who they are to the world."可知，销售额的大幅提升，极大地扩展了产品线，对于公司来说是一个关键性的转折点。故选C。
7．句意：从那时起，他极大地扩展了产品线，推出了许多让人们能够向世界表达自我的可负担高质量产品。A. slided"滑动"；B. poured"倾倒"；C. packed"打包"；D. expanded"扩展"。根据空后"product lines into many affordable high quality products"可知，此处指产品线的增加和多样化，故选D。
8．句意：从纽扣开始，公司已经多样化其产品供应，目前提供狗项圈、牵引绳、名片、横幅等。A. costs "成本"；B. sizes"尺寸"；C. offerings"供应，产品"；D. suppliers"供应商"。根据空前"the company has diversified its product"；以及空后"currently provides dog collars, leashes, business cards, banners, etc."可知，此处指的是公司提供的产品种类，故选C。
9．句意：为了领先于竞争对手，伯纳优化了Buttonsmith，使得订单被下单后几分钟内就能生产出定制产品。A. shipped"运输"；B. placed"放置，下单"；C. deleted"删除"；D. tracked"跟踪"。根据空前"Buttonsmith to have custom products made within minutes of the order being"可知，此处指客户下单后快速生产。故选B。
10．句意：在国内创建了一家令人印象深刻的零售公司后，Buttonsmith正在制定战略，将其根基扩展到其他国家。A. roots"根源，根基"；B. wishes"愿望"；C. taste"品味"；D. research"研究"。根据空后"to other countries"可知，这里指公司业务或影响范围的扩大，Buttonsmith正在将其根基扩展到其他国家。故选A。
【答案】12．What；13．which；14．integration
【知识点】说明文；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大约90%的交通事故是由人为失误造成的，而带有人工智能的自动驾驶汽车旨在解决这一问题，让司机可以在汽车系统负责驾驶的同时休息。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及主语从句，定语从句，名词等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
12．句意：他们所能做的不是通过战略驾驶和安全驾驶来保持车辆硬件的健康。 they can do 是主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，应用连接代词what，位于句首，首字母大写。故填What。
13．句意：这样，可以避免交通违规和罚款，这可以帮助节省成本。 can help save costs 是非限制性定语从句，先行词指代主句的内容，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。
14．句意：在长途旅行中，司机也受益于人工智能技术的整合，因为他们可以在汽车系统负责驾驶的同时休息。此处作介词from的宾语，应用名词integration，不可数。故填integration。
【答案】15．Absorbed；16．in；17．opportunities；18．engaging/being engaged
【知识点】说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了游学越来越受欢迎以及原因。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及非谓语动词，介词，名词等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
15．句意：在学校里，学生们全神贯注于学术研究，几乎没有什么活动空间，比如实际劳动或实践经验。be absorbed in，固定短语，"全神贯注于"，此处过去分词absorbed作状语，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Absorbed。
16．句意：在游学期间，他们成群结队地来到主要景点、博物馆和农场，一边观光一边学习。in groups，固定短语，"成群结队地"，故填in。
17．句意：教育旅行为学生提供了变得更加独立的宝贵机会。此处名词作宾语，应用名词opportunity，泛指，应用复数形式，故填opportunities。
18．句意：通过参与独立生活和与同龄人一起解决问题，学生可以学会驾驭现实生活。介词By后，应用动名词或动名词的被动式作宾语，故填engaging/being engaged。
【答案】19．D
20．A
21．C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了如何选择大学的专业。
【点评】考查阅读理解。涉及推理判断题，细节理解题。解答推理判断题要根据原文中的信息与选项信息结合起来进行正确推断，得出答案；解答细节理解题要完全符合原文，不能主观臆断。
19．细节理解题。根据 If you are at a loss with what you want to do, go ahead and research different career fields. 如果你不知道自己想做什么，那就去研究不同的职业领域。可知如果你不知道你未来的职业选择是什么，你需要调查不同的领域；故答案为D 。
20．细节理解题。根据Your Career Development Center (CDC) is eager to help you! Meet with a peer Career Ambassador to talk
about your career goals and the options for you. Also consider scheduling an appointment with a professional staff member to discuss potential career paths, internships (实习), and more! 您的职业发展中心(CDC)渴望帮助您!与同行的职业大使见面，谈谈你的职业目标和你的选择。也可以考虑与专业人员预约，讨论潜在的职业道路、实习机会(实习)等等!可知根据文章，CDC可以给你专业相关的建议；故答案为A 。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段When facing the task of deciding your major, you should remember that the decision you make
doesn't mean you are only destined for one path. 当你面临选择专业的任务时，你应该记住，你所做的决定并不意味着你注定要走一条路。可知这是一篇大学给新生做的宣传册；故答案为C 。
【答案】22．A
23．D
24．B
25．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意；说明文；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种"永久化学物质"，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"For decades, these substances have been used in a wide range of consumer products, from cookware to pesticide s to cosmetics, because they are proof against water and grease."几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂。可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。
23．考查段落大意。根据第三段"Geueke and her team found a mismatch between what they detected in actual products and a database of PFAS chemicals authorized for use in food packaging. About 140 PFASs are known to be used in food packaging, but only seven of the 68 chemicals in the study were on this list. Geueke says it's unclear how or why the other 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and toxicologist at a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, suggests it's possible that unknown impurities emerged during the manufacturing of the authorized chemicals or that the authorized PFASs degrade over time. This class of chemicals includes many long-chain molecules, and they can break into shorter chains that are simply different types of PFASs."Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链。可知，第三段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。
24．考查推理判断。根据第五段"Chemical industry representatives have advocated for dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Before publishing the new study. Scientific American reached out to the American Chemistry Council (ACC), a chemistry industry trade association, about it, but the organization did not reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC notes that ‘all PFASs are not the same. Each individual chemical has its own unique properties and uses.'"化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，"并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。"可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。
25．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"‘Only some PFASs have ever been tested for toxicity,' Geueke says, and ‘there are probably other ways to produce food packaging.'"(Geueke说："只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。"可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。
【答案】26．D
27．C
28．C
29．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；说明文；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和标题归纳四个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
26．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it's hard to imagine that the spectacle of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly."虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响。可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。
27．考查推理判断。根据第四段"In recent years we've seen important papers, written by prominent scientists and published in prestigious journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, who shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable to replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was ‘a bit busy' when the paper was submitted and ‘did not do my job well'. Arnold's honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at super competitive places really taking the time to do their work right "近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnold分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她"有点忙"，"没有做好我的工作"。Arnold的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnold的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。
28．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"to advancement in science, a reform is underway urging an emphasis on quality over quantity"可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。划线词 counterincentive 意思是"令人沮丧的"。故选C。
29．考查标题归纳。根据第一段"A theme at this year's World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to ‘accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology'. Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world's problems, scientific research needs to move faster."今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要"加速研究和技术的突破"。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐；结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。"快速科学的危险"适合作文章标题。故选A。
【答案】30．F；31．E；32．D；33．G；34．A
【知识点】说明文；七选五；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过日常生活中的例子解释了疼痛的感觉机制、疼痛对人类生存的重要作用及其有时与实际伤害无关的现象，旨在向读者普及关于疼痛的生物学知识及其对身体健康的意义。
【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇生活类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
30．据空前"Picture this: you're baking cookies. As you lift the pan out of the oven, your bar e arm accidentally touches it. Ouch! Why did you feel pain And how is your brain involved in sensing pain We may not like pain, but our bodies need it as a warning system. "想象一下：你在烤饼干。当你把平底锅从烤箱里拿出来的时候，你的手臂不小心碰到了它。哎哟！你为什么感到疼痛？你的大脑是如何感知疼痛的？我们可能不喜欢疼痛，但我们的身体需要它作为一种警告系统。可知，此处会进一步阐述疼痛作为一种警告系统的功能。F. It is an important function of our brain, telling our bodies when something is wrong. "这是大脑的一项重要功能，它告诉我们的身体何时出了问题"承接上文，符合语境。故选F。
31．根据空前"There are special receptor cells in our skin and bodies that are sensitive to certain stimuli (刺激). These cells are called ‘nociceptors'. When a nociceptor gets exposed to a painful stimulus, it sends a message into the brain. The brain processes that information, and then pain is felt. "我们的皮肤和身体中有一些特殊的受体细胞，它们对某些刺激很敏感。这些细胞被称为"伤害感受器"。当伤害感受器受到疼痛刺激时，它会向大脑发送信息。大脑处理这些信息，然后感觉疼痛。可知，上文描述了疼痛信号如何从皮肤的受体细胞发送到大脑并被感知的过程，紧接着应该继续讨论这一过程。 E. All of this signal sending and processing happens faster than we can perceive. "所有这些信号发送和处理的速度都快于我们的感知速度"解释了为什么疼痛感觉似乎是即时发生的，承接上文，符合语境，故选E。
32．根据空后"If we have an injury, pain alerts us to rest and let the injury heal. If we stand too close to a fire, pain tells us to move away. Not being able to feel pain can be dangerous. Some people can feel sensations like touch, but they cannot feel pain. Without feeling pain, they cannot listen to their bodies when they need to rest or heal."如果我们受伤了，疼痛会提醒我们休息，让伤口愈合。如果我们站得离火太近，疼痛会告诉我们走开。感觉不到疼痛是很危险的。有些人能感觉到触摸之类的感觉，但他们感觉不到疼痛。如果感觉不到疼痛，当他们需要休息或治疗时，他们就无法倾听自己身体的声音。可知，本空之后的内容讲述的是疼痛的实际作用，比如提醒我们休息和避免进一步伤害。因此，此处应来引出疼痛的正面意义。D. Even though pain is an unpleasant feeling, it is necessary for human survival."尽管疼痛是一种不愉快的感觉，但它对人类生存是必要的"既承认了疼痛的负面特性，又引出了其必要性，引起下文，符合语境。故选D。
33．根据空前"On the other hand, the brain sometimes processes pain where there isn't any actual injury to the body. Here's a famous story: a man stepped on a nail. It went through the bottom of his shoe, and he felt like he was in horrible pain. When the doctors removed his shoe, they found that the nail was between his toes! It hadn't gone into his foot at all. "另一方面，大脑有时在对身体没有任何实际伤害的情况下处理疼痛。这里有一个著名的故事：一个人踩到了钉子。它穿过了他的鞋底，他感到非常痛苦。当医生脱掉他的鞋子时，他们发现钉子在他的脚趾之间！它根本没有进到他的脚里。可知，这个故事的例子说明了即使没有实际受伤，大脑也可能感知到疼痛。因此此处用解释这种现象。G. However, the visual information tricked his brain into thinking that there was cause for alarm."然而，视觉信息欺骗了他的大脑，使其认为有理由警觉"很好地解释了为何在没有实际伤害的情况下，这个人仍然感到疼痛，因为大脑根据错误的信息做出了反应，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。
34．据空前"Without pain, we might not know when we could need to rest. We might not know if we were in danger of hurting ourselves. "没有疼痛，我们可能不知道什么时候需要休息。我们可能不知道我们是否有伤害自己的危险；以及空后"However, it is an important part of human life and survival!"然而，它是人类生命和生存的重要组成部分！可知，此处需要总结，重申疼痛虽不愉快，但对于人类生存的重要性。 A. Pain is not fun to feel. "感受疼痛并不有趣"自然而然地引向了全文的结论，即疼痛作为一种必要的预警机制对于生存的价值，承接上文，并于下文构成转折，符合语境。故选A。
【答案】35．Low academic standards and misbehavior of the students
36．Because the school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially.
37．To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole. personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
38．Possible Version 1
I' m impressed by Collins' belief that every student has the potential to learn. To practise the belief, she committed herself to fostering a good learning environment and a rigorous curriculum. The belief challenges the conventional norm and empowers students to exceed themselves, proving that success is possible for everyone. Possible Version 2
Collins' emphasis on discipline and hard work impresses me most. It teaches me that success doesn't come easily but is built on dedication and personal efforts. This belief is crucial in real life, as it shapes character, builds resilience, and paves the way for one' s goals.
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；故事阅读类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Marva Collins作为一名教师的生涯，她的教育理念，以及她创立Westside Prep School的过程和成就。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和开放性试题三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
35．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"At the time, the school was troubled by low academic standards and misbehavior of the students. Despite these challenges. Collins was determined to help those students labeled as ‘difficult' or ‘at-risk'. "当时，学校受到学术标准低下和学生行为不端的困扰。尽管有这些挑战。柯林斯决心帮助那些被贴上"困难"或"有风险"标签的学生。可知，柯林斯作为新教师面临的挑战包括学术水平低，学生行为不端的问题。故答案为：Low academic standards and misbehavior of the students.
36．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"The school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially and therefore it was considered as the ‘haven for learning'. "学校为学生提供了一个安全、有教养的学习环境，学生可以在学业和社交方面茁壮成长，因此被认为是"学习的天堂"。可知，Prep School被认为是"学习的天堂"是因为它为学生提供了安全和培养的环境，使他们在学业和社会交往上都能茁壮成长。故答案为：Because the school provided a safe and nurturing environment where students could thrive academically and socially.
37．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"She believed that strong relationships were the foundation of effective teaching, are she encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences."她相信牢固的人际关系是有效教学的基础，因此她鼓励老师根据学生的个体差异进行个性化教学。可知，柯林斯实际上鼓励教师根据学生的个体差异个性化教学，而不是将学生视为一个没有差异的整体。问题："为了实现有效教学，柯林斯鼓励她的教师与学生建立牢固的关系，并将他们作为一个整体来教学。"中错误的部分是"并将其作为一个整体来教学"，故答案为：To achieve effective teaching, Collins encouraged her teachers to build strong relationships with the students and teach them as a whole. Because Collins encouraged her teachers to personalize their instruction based on the students' individual differences.
38．考查开放性问题。Collins对纪律和勤奋的强调给我留下了最深刻的印象。它告诉我，成功来之不易，而是建立在奉献精神和个人努力之上的。这种信念在现实生活中至关重要，因为它塑造了性格，为实现目标铺平了道路。故答案为I' m impressed by Collins' belief that every student has the potential to learn. To practise the belief, she committed herself to fostering a good learning environment and a rigorous curriculum. The belief challenges the conventional norm and empowers students to exceed themselves, proving that success is possible for everyone. 或者
Collins' emphasis on discipline and hard work impresses me most. It teaches me that success doesn't come easily but is built on dedication and personal efforts. This belief is crucial in real life, as it shapes character, builds resilience, and paves the way for one' s goals.
39．【答案】One possible version:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Li Hua, a junior at Hongxing High School, and
I am writing to apply for the position of English-speaking volunteer guide for the 2024 World Robot Conference in Beijing. I have a strong interest in robotics and believe this event will be an excellent opportunity to enhance my knowledge and skills in this field.
My proficiency in English, both spoken and written, will enable me to effectively communicate with international participants. Additionally, I have previous experience volunteering at school events, which has honed my organizational and interpersonal skills. My passion for technology, combined with my dedication and enthusiasm, makes me a suitable candidate for this role. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to contribute to this exciting event. Yours, Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以红星中学高二学生李华的身份 写一封申请信 。写作背景： 2024 年世界机器人大会（World Robot Conference）将于八月在北京举行，组委会正在招募英文志愿讲解员，你对此很感兴趣。 写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括： 1. 申请理由；2. 自身优势。 提示中的内容比较泛泛，需要适当补充。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：I am Li Hua, a junior at Hongxing High School, and I am writing to apply for the position of English-speaking volunteer guide for the 2024 World Robot Conference in Beijing. 运用了同位语，并列句，不定式作目的状语； I have a strong interest in robotics and believe this event will be an excellent opportunity to enhance my knowledge and skills in this field. 运用了宾语从句；My proficiency in English, both spoken and written, will enable me to effectively communicate with international participants. 运用了不定式作宾补；Additionally, I have previous experience volunteering at school events, which has honed my organizational and interpersonal skills. 运用了非限制性定语从句；Thank you for considering my application. 运用了祈使句； I look forward to the opportunity to contribute to this exciting event. 运用了不定式作后置定语。
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