考点1 阅读理解—高考英语一轮复习考点创新题训练（含答案解析）

考点1 阅读理解—高考英语一轮复习考点创新题训练
一、
There have been concerns that video games might damage our mental and physical well-being. Recently, more researches have revealed these worries are largely unfounded. Nevertheless, there exists a deep-seated idea that playing them rots your brain—it's easy to view them as an unproductive waste of time. But in reality, is the opposite the case
For years, "brain-training" games and apps have been convinced to be an effective way to boost our cognitive（认知的）abilities or intelligence, as it's thought that by playing a series of quickfire puzzles focusing on things like memory or spatial awareness, over time our abilities in these areas will improve; theoretically, so will our general intelligence.
From a research viewpoint, the key lies in whether playing these sorts of games results in "transfer" effects—"near" and "far" transfer effects: near effects relate to whether playing one memory game results in improvements in other memory games, whereas far effects relate to whether playing that game results in a general improvement in cognitive abilities. Some studies have pointed out brain-training games show weak near effects. As for far effects, there's no convincing evidence this happens.
However, things get interesting when brain-training games are compared with video games. In a 2015 study comparing the brain-training game SmartP with the video game Mazix, researchers found SmartP players didn't show boosts in problem-solving and spatial skills, but Mazix players did.
More recently, in 2020, researchers in Sweden studied data from some 9,000 children and found that kids aged 9 or 10 who played video games for above-average amounts of time didn't show any differences in intelligence compared with those playing less. Two years later, they discovered that by 12, the kids playing video games had 2.5 more IQ points than average.
Why video games result in improvements in cognitive abilities over more targeted games isn't clear. One argument is to do with the amount of time invested: whereas brain-training apps tend to deliver mini-games over a short time, video games have players engaged and require sustained levels of attention and problem-solving. Despite some promising findings, it's currently unsafe to say that video games make us smarter. Meanwhile, video games can offer both advantages and risks, so it's important to be cautious and avoid making quick judgments.
1.What do people usually think of brain-training games
A. They are a waste of time. B. They can improve our intelligence.
C. They are easily accessible. D. They may enhance our concentration.
2.What do we know about Mazix players
A. They demonstrated signs of far effects.
B. They had a great talent for video games.
C. They exhibited boosts in gaming skills.
D. They proved the importance of near effects.
3.What does the study in 2020 reveal
A. The limited effects of age on IQ points.
B. The negative impacts of video games.
C. The advantages of playing more games.
D. The benefits of video games over time.
4.What is the best title for the text
A. Do Brain-training Games Really Work
B. Video Games or Brain-training Games
C. Could Video Games Make Us Smarter
D. Should We Stop Playing Video Games
二、
Life as an astronaut has various unique attractions. This can include experiencing weightlessness and looking back at Earth as a pale blue dot. Food is not among them. Space travelers over the years have become used to certain foods such as freeze-dried ice cream and liquid salt and pepper. Now, the menu is set to be augmented, with the first space-grown lettuce (生菜) found to be as safe, nutritious and fresh as the Earth-grown variety.
Gioia Massa of NASA Kennedy Space Center is the lead scientist on the lettuce-growing project. She said that growing food in space could be wonderful for astronauts on missions lasting more than one month. “If you store packaged food for a long time, not only will the flavour and nutritional quality decrease, but the vitamins will degrade. After eating such food, astronauts’ intake of nutrition is not ensured,” she said. “Besides, for them, there may also be psychological benefits of growing and looking after plants.
Lettuce has been grown in batches (分批) onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The vegetable production system is known as Veggie. It is composed of plant pillows (sealed units containing ceramic soil), LED lighting and a watering system that allows astronauts to inject water through a tube. The lettuce crops grow undisturbed for 33 to 56 days before being harvested and eaten, or deep-frozen and returned to Earth for chemical and biological analysis.
The space-grown lettuces are similar in make-up to Earth-grown ones but they have higher levels of bacteria (细菌), possibly due to their growth in a warmer, more humid (潮湿的) and closed-air system. But they are not found to carry any harmful bacteria.
NASA is now enlarging the range of produce grown onboard the ISS. It will be quite some time before any vegetables can be transformed into a dish, however. “While we have nowhere to cook up there now, we can look forward to more things that taste fresh,” Massa explained.
5.What does the underlined word “augmented” probably mean in Paragraph 1
A.Enlarged. B.Engaged. C.Reduced. D.Measured.
6.What do we know about growing space-grown lettuce
A.It’s flavor and nutritional quality decline.
B.It is terrible for astronauts on missions.
C.It can contribute to astronauts’ mental health.
D.It will make sure the astronauts’ intake of nutrition.
7.What can we infer from the text
A.Lettuces will be grown in batches onboard.
B.The vegetable production system consists of three parts.
C.It will take at least 56 days to harvest the space-grown lettuce crop.
D.Thanks to growing environment, the space-grown lettuces don’t contain any harmful bacteria.
8.What does Massa mainly intend to explain in the last paragraph
A.The difficulty in growing produce onboard.
B.The necessity to enlarge the space onboard.
C.The desire to enjoy cooked vegetables onboard.
D.The expectation to enrich the variety of produce grown onboard.
三、
A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like puters function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
9.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The appearance of artificial satellites. B. The components of artificial satellites.
C. The basic function of artificial satellites. D. The specific mission of artificial satellites.
10.What is the role of computers in artificial satellites
A. Providing electrical power. B. Recording changes observed.
C. Monitoring space environment. D. Processing information received.
11.How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits
A. By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.
B. By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.
C. By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.
D. By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.
12.Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly
A. They are more affected by earth’s gravity.
B. They take advantage of rockets more effectively.
C. They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.
D. They are equipped with more advanced instruments.
四、
Nearly every week, we hear news about the latest successes and failures in driverless vehicles. But we hear little about how other industries are developing this same kind of technology. One industry heavily involved in researching and developing artificial intelligence, or AI, is panies are experimenting with high-tech tools that can help farmers save time and money, while reducing environment-harming chemicals.
One of the companies is ecoRobotix of Switzerland. It created a robot equipped with AI and cameras to identify all plants on a farm. The robot has four wheels to carry it through the fields in search of puter-controlled arms then lower and spray the weeds with small amounts of herbicide(除草剂). Company officials say the robot can fully operate on its own for up to 12 hours a day while being powered by the sun. It uses the same kind of sensor and positioning technology used to guide driverless vehicles. A farmer can also control the equipment through a smart-phone.
The co-founder of ecoRobotix, Aurelien Demaurex, says the farm robot can kill weeds with 20 times 1ess herbicide than traditional methods. This is because the system uses exactly the right amount of chemical in the exact place required to kill the weeds. Currently, farmers spread weed killers over massive areas to destroy unwanted plants.
Another company developing farm robotics is California-based Blue River Technology. The company has a system called "See & Spray", which it claims was the world's first smart sprayer. The system-which connects to the back of a tractor-is also equipped with AI to identify and chemically kill only the weeds. It can also spray chemicals on wanted plants to help them grow. Ben Chostner, vice-president of business development for Blue River Technology, explains in a company video that See & Spray technology uses the same deep learning methods used in facial recognition. "The first time the machine saw a pigweed, it didn't know what kind of plant it was. But we taught it-by giving it tens of thousands of examples of that pigweed—and now it's an expert in pigweed. "
13.How will AI benefit agriculture
A. It will fund agriculture research. B. It contributes to low-cost farming.
C. It can avoid harmful chemicals. D. It frees all farmers from field work.
14.What do the products of the two companies have in common
A. They use recognition technology. B. They are powered by solar energy.
C. They are connected with smart phones. D. They can help wanted plants grow rapidly.
15.What do Ben Chostner's words suggest about the robot
A. It is environmentally-friendly. B. It is good at self-improving.
C. It has the learning ability. D. It can track various plants.
16.What is mainly talked about in the text？
A. The experiment in farming robots. B. New trend in artificial intelligence.
C. Modern See & Spray technology. D. Artificial intelligence in agriculture.
五、
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequence called light pollution whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.
17.According to the passage, human being ________.
A.are used to living in the daylight
B.prefer to live in the darkness
C.were curious about the midnight world
D.had to stay at home with the light of the moon
18.The writer mentions birds and frogs to ________.
A.show how light pollution affects animals
B.provide examples of animal protection
C.compare the living habits of both species
D.explain why the number of certain species has declined
19.It is implied in the passage that ________.
A.human beings are curious about the outer space
B.human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
C.light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals
D.light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
20.What might be the best title for the passage
A.The Magic Light B.The Orange Haze
C.The Disappearing Night D.The Rhythms of Nature
六、
Chemists have spent the past century trying to make plastics that will break down in seawater. As it is, most plastics appear to take centuries to fully degrade in the ocean. But that may change. Scientists have just designed a new plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks, not decades or more.
Back in the 1930s, scientists created a now-popular plastic out of corn and potato starch (淀粉). It’s known as polylactide, or PLA.It’s a polymer (聚合物), which is a molecule made by linking many building blocks — called monomers — into a long string. Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment. And in some places, like compost pits (堆肥坑), it does. But not in seawater. Even after three years in ocean water, PLA remains largely unchanged.
Timo Rheinberger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. His work on polymers has focused on boosting PLA’s breakdown. As part of that work, he became part of a team that just added some RNA-inspired breaking points to PLA.They put those breaking points in places where monomers in the PLA molecules are linked.
They weakened the links that joined up to 15 percent of a PLA’s monomers. Then, they soaked their samples in artificial seawater and measured how fast these tweaked versions of PLA broke down. The expected final product of PLA’s breakdown was a small molecule called lactic acid. So, they tested for that too.
As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down.
When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years. This suggests the team can design how quickly PLA will break down in water by adjusting how many weakened links it has.
Mehlika Karamanlioglu teaches biomedical engineering at Istanbul Gelisim University. She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA.“It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “a preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. Scientists want to know how the strength of the new PLA compares to old PLA.
Rheinberger agrees. “You need a lot of material to start those studies,” he adds. And so far, his team has made only small amounts of the modified PLA.
Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation.
21.What can we learn about PLA from the passage
A.Lactic acid prevents the breakdown of PLA.
B.PLA breaks down faster in artificial seawater.
C.PLA’s breakdown relies on that of monomers.
D.Compost pits are the best places for PLA’s breakdown.
22.What does the underlined word “preliminary” in Paragraph 7 probably mean
A.Systematic. B.Comparative. C.In-depth. D.Early-stage.
23.What is Mehlika’s attitude towards the findings of the Dutch team
A.Supportive. B.Doubtful. C.Optimistic. D.Cautious.
24.What can be learned from the last three paragraphs
A.Mehlika is confident about the application of the new PLA.
B.The cleanness of water also affects the breakdown of PLA.
C.The new PLA has better strength than the old PLA.
D.The new PLA have been produced in large amounts.
七、
“The ant and the zebra” sounds like the title of one of Aesop’s fables (寓言). Like all good. fables, this one has a moral, which is that human intervention in nature has unpredictable consequences. Unlike the Greek originals, though, this fable is real.
The story plays out in Laikipia county, Kenya, where the big-headed ants, an invasive (入侵的) species have gradually been replacing the native acacia ants. As Mr Kamaru, a Kenyan biologist from the University of Wyoming, and his colleagues report in Science, the an t invasion has triggered a complicated chain of consequences which has helped zebras at the expense of buffaloes, thus neatly illustrating a phenomenon called trophic cascade (营养级链).
It works like this. A kind of tree — whistling-thorn trees — provides the ants with shelter and food. The ants, meanwhile, protect the trees by seeing off the chief threat to them, the local elephants, which are not keen to eat trees, crawling with biting insects. However, big-headed ants are not so good at keeping the elephants at bay (陷入困境). The elephants move in and chew the trees, removing much of the area’s cover. That throws the local lions into confusion, which often use this cover to hide when hunting zebras. To compensate (补偿), the lions switch to hunting buffaloes, which are more dangerous, but run slower.
Mr Kamaru has put numbers to the process too. In invaded areas, elephants break trees five to seven times as often as in uninvaded ones. And in those uninvaded places, zebra kills are almost three times as frequent as those in the invaded ones. Indeed, between 2003 and 2020, as the big-headed ants spread, the proportion (比例) of local lion kills where the victim was a zebra fell from 67% to 42%. On the contrary, over the same period, the proportion of buffalo kills rose from zero to 42%. Whether the buffaloes blame the ants for their misfortune, no one knows.
25.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.How human activities impact nature.
B.What the phenomenon of trophic cascade is.
C.How the big-headed ants invade a county in Kenya.
D.Why the story about different species is significant.
26.Who are the real victims in the chain
A.Lions. B.Buffaloes. C.Elephants. D.Zebras.
27.Why does Mr Kamaru put numbers in his report
A.To show the results. B.To explain the reasons.
C.To analyze the process. D.To give some examples.
28.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.The Misfortune of Animals
B.The Secrets of Nature
C.How Zebras and Ants Become Friends
D.How Ants Persuaded Lions to Eat Buffaloes
八、
Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being fully realized.
New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels.
“Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are almost 60% less likely to use a station.”
The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership.
Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user must walk to reach stations, and bike availability.
There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.
“Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.”
Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders.
Where should those stations go The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability.
29.What can be done to make bike-share systems play a bigger role in urban transformations
A．Reducing traffic and pollution.
B．Making stations more advanced.
C．Putting more thought into operations.
D．Making improvements in bike design.
30.What does the underlined word “availability” in paragraph 6 refer to
A．The number of nearby stations.
B．The necessity of going for bike sharing.
C．The likelihood of finding a bike at a station.
D．The walking distance between the stations
31.According to the study what is the most important thing to do to achieve higher ridership
A．Shortening the bike trips. B．Reducing the walking distance.
C．Increasing the number of bikes. D．Attracting riders to points of interest.
32.What does the text focus on
A．How to use the bike-share systems.
B．How to make full use of bike-share.
C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share.
D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share.
九、
Loss of slow-wave sleep as you age may increase your risk of developing dementia (痴呆), according to a new study.
“We found that aging was associated with a decline in the amount of the deepest stages of sleep, known as slow-wave sleep. We then found that people with greater declines in slow-wave sleep over time had a higher risk of getting dementia over the next 17 years of follow-up,” said Matthew Pase, senior author of the study.
Slow-wave sleep is the third and fourth stages of sleep, which is important for brain health. During this stage, the body removes unwanted or harmful materials from the brain. “For the brain, this deep sleep is thought to be the most restorative,” said Dr Richard Isaacson, who wasn’t involved in the study.
The researchers wanted to know whether chronic (慢性的) reductions in slow-wave sleep over time are linked to dementia risk in humans and whether dementia-related processes in the brain may contribute to getting less of this type of sleep. They studied 346 people with an average age of 69 and completed two overnight sleep studies—one between 1995 and 1998 and the second between 1998 and 2001—during which their sleep was monitored. The researchers also investigated whether any change in the amount of slow-wave sleep that participants got was associated with developing dementia up to 17 years after they completed the sleep studies. By that time, 52 participants had been diagnosed with dementia. Each percentage decrease in slow-wave sleep per year was linked to a 27 percent increased risk of developing dementia. The rate of slow-wave sleep loss accelerated (加速) from age 60, peaked from ages 75 to 80and slowed afterwards.
“This is an important study yet again showing the impact of quality of sleep on a person’s risk of cognitive decline and dementia,” Isaacson said. “It’s important to not only pay attention to the total amount of sleep a person gets each night, but also monitor sleep quality as best as possible.”
33.What can we learn from the new study
A. The older you are, the less sleep you will have.
B. Slow-wave sleep has been linked to the risk of dementia.
C. The rate of slow-wave sleep loss keeps going up with age.
D. The amount of sleep has an impact on the risk of dementia.
34.How did researchers get what they wanted
A. By making a comparison. B. By introducing a concept.
C. By referring to another study. D. By making a survey.
35.What did Dr Richard Isaacson suggest
A. Sleep quality needs more attention.
B. We should have enough sleep.
C. The elderly should sleep more than the young.
D. The amount of sleep is more important than sleep quality.
36.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A. Sports. B. Health. C. Education. D. Environment.
十、
Water poisoning is caused by too much consumption of water during a short period of time. Water in and of itself is not poisonous by any means, but rapid intake of a large quantity of water can break the careful balance of sodium(钠)in the body fluids(体液). This contributes to a swelling of the cells, often in the central nervous system, including the brain.
When the cells can no longer bear the pressure, they can begin to die. This is indicated in serious forms of water poisoning. Symptoms of this condition include vomiting, headache and unresponsiveness. When the sodium in the blood falls to dangerous levels, brain damage and possibly death may occur.
What is a fatal(致命的)amount of water can vary from person to person, depending on one’s state of health, his or her physical activity at the time, the temperature and the amount of time in which the person consumes the water. For some, a one-time consumption of three liters can prove deadly. Although the person consuming the water may lose a lot of fluid during heavy labor or exercise, the electrolytes(电解质)are not replaced fast enough to avoid water poisoning.
Those particularly at risk for water poisoning are athletes engaged in long distance running like a marathon. Due to the need to replace large quantities of lost fluid, runners must drink a lot of water. This can lead to poisoning, so runners must replace their fluids with sports drinks that have added electrolytes. Other factors that contribute to water poisoning include activities that stimulate heavy sweating. The person working under extreme heat or intense humidity(湿气)must be careful when consuming water in order to maintain electrolyte balance. Mental diseases can also lead to water poisoning. Psychogenic polydipsia is a condition in which the affected person feels a need to drink a lot of water for unknown reasons.
37.What harm does water poisoning bring
A.It can affect brain function. B.It disturbs the balance of sodium.
C.It causes a drop in blood pressure. D.It tends to make its victims nervous.
38.What can we know about proper amount of water to drink
A.Three liters per day is deadly. B.No single rule fits everyone.
C.It doesn’t bother healthy people. D.Physical activity is its decisive factor.
39.Who would probably fall victim to water poisoning
A.A patient suffering from stomachache.
B.A laborer working with heavy sweating.
C.An athlete fond of drinking sports drinks.
D.A teenager doing appropriate exercise daily.
40.What might be discussed in the paragraph that follows
A.What has been found about sports drinks.
B.What else contributes to water poisoning.
C.What are the symptoms of water poisoning.
D.What can be done to avoid water poisoning.
十一、
Researchers from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) discovered that ant species Formica fusca has a well-developed sense of smell. It was able to distinguish cancerous cells from healthy cells in humans. But more clinical tests must be carried out before the findings could be used in clinical settings like hospitals, the team said.
In the research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting. First, the ants were exposed to the smell of a sample of cancerous human cells. This odor (气味) was then associated with a reward of sugar solution. Then, the researchers exposed the ants to two different odors. One was a new smell and the other was the smell of the cancerous cells. Once this test was successful, the researchers exposed the ants to different cancerous cells. As such, the scientists found that “ants discriminate between cancerous and healthy cells and between two cancerous lines.” After training, Formica fusca ants are able to detect volatile organic compounds of cancerous cells.
This study shows that ants are capable of learning very quickly, at lower cost, and are efficient, points out CNRS in a news release. This isn’t the first time that scientists have used animals to locate cancerous cells. Dogs’ noses are well suited for medical diagnosis and used for the detection of cancer-specific. However, training them to do so requires several months to a year.
On the other hand, insects can be easily raised in controlled conditions. They are inexpensive, and have a very well-developed smell system. Hundreds of individuals can be conditioned with very few trials. Ants therefore represent a fast, efficient, inexpensive and highly discriminant detection tool for detection of cancer cell, the team explained.
41.What do we know about the findings
A.They are the first findings in animals.
B.They can be used to treat cancer.
C.They are useful in varieties of fields.
D.They need further experiments.
42.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.The research tools and methods.
B.The process of the research.
C.The application of the findings.
D.Formica fusca’s magic power.
43.In which aspect are ants better than dogs according to the research
A.They have a sharper sense of smell.
B.They are more intelligent than dogs.
C.They take less time to be trained.
D.They perform better in laboratory settings.
44.Where is this text most likely from
A.A guidebook. B.A novel. C.A diary. D.A magazine.
十二、
In a large survey of people's first memories, nearly 40% of participants reported a first memory that is likely to be fictional, according to findings published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
Current research indicates that people's earliest memories date from around 3 to 3. 5 years of age. However, the study from researchers at City, University of London, the University of Bradford, and Nottingham Trent University found that 38.6% of 6, 641 participants claimed to have memories from age 2 or younger, with 893 people claiming memories from age 1 or younger. This was particularly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults.
As many of these memories dated before the age of 2 and younger, the authors suggest that these fictional memories are based on remembered fragments(碎片) of early experience—such as a pram(婴儿车)，family relationships and feeling sad—and some facts or knowledge about their own infancy or childhood which may have been derived from photographs or family conversations.
“Further details may be unconsciously inferred or added, e. g. that one was wearing nappy when standing in the cot(幼儿床)," added Shazia Akhatr, first author on the study and Senior Research Associate at the University of Bradford.
“When we looked through the responses from participants we found that a lot of these first 'memories' were frequently related to infancy, and a typical example would be a memory based around a pram," explained Martin Conway, Director at the Centre for Memory and Law at City, University of London and coauthor of the paper.
“For this person, this type of memory could have resulted from someone saying something like 'mother and a large green pram'. The person then imagines what it would have looked like. Over time these fragments then become a memory and often the person will start to add things in such as a string of toys along the top," he added.
"Crucially, the person remembering them doesn't know this is fictional," Conway noted. "In fact when people are told that their memories are false they often don't believe it. This partly due to the fact that the systems that allow us to remember things are very complex, and it's not until we're 5 or 6 that we form adult-like memories due to the way that the brain develops and due to our maturing understanding of the world.
45.What does the underlined word "prevalent" in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Unique. B.Crazy. C.Common. D.Doubtful.
46.What can be concluded from the study mentioned in the passage
A.Some people have clear knowledge about their own infancy.
B.Added details are an important clue to recall the childhood.
C.Most people claimed to have memories from age 2 or younger.
D.Talks between family members influence the earliest memories.
47.How does Martin Conway present his opinion
A.By making comparison. B.By setting examples.
C.By analyzing data. D.By referring to documents.
48.What's the main idea of the text
A.Many people's earliest memories may be fictional.
B.People's earliest memories can date back to 2 or younger.
C.The middle-aged and adults specialize in detailing their first memory.
D.Memories develop due to our maturing understanding of the world.
十三、
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year’s I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
49.How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robocalls
A.Panicked. B.Confused. C.Embarrassed. D.Disappointed.
50.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammer can ________.
A.aim at victims precisely B.damage databases easily
C.start campaigns rapidly D.spread information widely
51.What does the passage imply
A.Honesty is the best policy.
B.Technologies can be double-edged.
C.There are more solutions than problems.
D.Credibility holds the key to development.
52.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
十四、
Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming dangers, scientists say. The extremely fast mobile Internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.
Several car manufacturers (制造商) are already using 5G in their vehicles, including as a tool to help serve in the generation of self-driving vehicles.
Experts at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) believe the high-speed connection will also improve the reliability and capability of automated vehicles to the point where they will be safer than the manual (手动的) cars being driven today. They predict the number of road traffic accidents, which according to the World Health Organization account for more than 1. 3 million deaths and up to 50 million people injured worldwide every year, will drop really as a result.
Dr Dimitrios Liarokapis, a member of the research group, said, “To have a better idea of what the future vehicles will look like, think of having such cars that not only use sensors to scan what’s around them, they can also talk to each other and exchange safety-related information about their surroundings over an area that covers several square miles. With the help of 5G, a vehicle-generated early warning system that reminds drivers is possible within the next few years. Cars that are close enough to the danger area will transmit warning messages to other cars around them using short-range communication technologies, but also to cars further away using 5G, fast and reliably.”
A few manufacturers are already working on connected cars. Of them, Ford told its intention to fit 80 percent of its future vehicles with technology that warns drivers about upcoming road accidents, bad weather and traffic jams.
53.What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A.How cars can be equipped with 5G.
B.Skills of drivers’ avoiding dangers ahead.
C.How cars can be controlled by relevant departments.
D.Benefits of 5G to traffic safety by sharing information.
54.In what aspect will the experts try to improve automated vehicles
A.Their engines. B.Their reliability.
C.Their appearance. D.Their speed.
55.Why are the numbers mentioned in paragraph 3
A.To state that people could have avoided traffic accidents if careful.
B.To express that traffic accidents happen more frequently.
C.To indicate traffic accidents are somewhat under control.
D.To show the serious consequences of traffic accidents.
56.What can we learn from the fourth paragraph
A.The future cars can be available within the next several years.
B.It is hard for future cars to use sensors to scan what’s around them.
C.The future cars will only transmit warning messages to other cars around them.
D.The future cars can talk to each other over an area covering about dozens of square miles.
十五、
Extremely authentic-looking prosthetic (假体的) eyes can now be 3D-printed in a fraction of the time it would normally take to produce the eyes by hand, scientists demonstrate in a new study.
The new technology can create a prosthetic eye in just 90 minutes, compared with the eight hours it would normally take a skilled technician, or ocularist, to produce one by hand. The 3D-printed eyes require five times less labor to make than traditional methods, the scientists behind the technology wrote in a new paper published in the journal Nature Communications.
The 3D-printed eyes also look more natural than traditional prostheses; this could help improve a patient’s self-confidence in using the devices. “Patients are very conscious about wearing a prosthesis, and they don't want others to notice,” Johann Reinhard, lead study author and a researcher at the Fraunhofer
Institute for Computer Graphics Research in Germany, told us. “With these more realistic eves, it might help them to participate more in society,” he said.
The new printing approach involves taking a specialized image of a patient’s empty eye socket and of their healthy eye. These images are then processed and used to draft blueprints that can be sent to be 3D-printed in the lab. These 3D-printed eyes closely replicate the color, size and structure of the patient's healthy eye and are particularly good at capturing the colored part of the eye, known as the iris, and the white part of the eye, called the sclera. Once finished, the eyes take 15 to 30 minutes to be installed by an ocularist, Reinhard said.
“About 80% of adults in need of prosthetic eyes could theoretically have one made this way, either due to a birth defect that causes an eye to be small or missing or because they’ve lost an eye,” the team said. “However, this wouldn’t be possible for all patients, such as those who have a very complex eye socket, as the software wouldn’t be able to find a matching shape for the prosthetic eye,” Reinhard said.
“More data are needed to see if this technique could also be used to make prosthetic eyes for children,which would require more regulation,” Reinhard said.
57.Which of the following words can be best used to describe the 3D-printed eyes
A.Eco-friendly. B.Time-consuming. C.Fit-of-all. D.Realistic-looking.
58.How does the author develop his idea mainly in Paragraph 2
A.By justifying an idea. B.By giving examples.
C.By providing evidence. D.By making a comparison.
59.Which statement is true about a 3D-printed eye
A.The patients prefer to show off their prosthetic eyes.
B.Every adult in need of a prosthetic eye can’t possibly have one.
C.It normally takes a skilled technician, or ocularist, to produce one.
D.The installment of one is 5 times faster than a traditional prosthetic eye.
60.Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A.3D-printed Eyes——a Better Alternative
B.3D Printing—a Promising Technology
C.3D-printed Eyes—a Source of Confidence
D.Prosthetic Eyes—the Hope for all Blind People
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句可知, 大脑训练游戏和应用一直以来被认为是提升人类认知能力或者智力的有效方法。故选择B项。
2.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段第二句可知, 根据2015年研究比较发现, 电子游戏Mazix的玩家展现了大脑训练游戏SmartP玩家没有展现的解决问题和空间能力上的提升, 这些能力根据第三段里…whereas far effects relate to whether playing that game results in a general improvement in cognitive abilities.可知其和 far effects远效应有关, 故选择A项。
3.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段2020年瑞典研究者对9000名孩子的研究结论九至十岁孩子没有因玩电子游戏的多少而产生智力上的差别, 但两年后十二岁时, 玩电子游戏的孩子智商值高于平均水平2.5个点, 可知2020年的研究表明随着时间的发展, 玩电子游戏是有益处的。故选择D项。
4.答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容, 尤其是第一段最后一句提出的问题但实际上, 是否情况正好相反——玩电子游戏不会伤害人类智力 和最后一段倒数第二句, 尽管有一些有希望的发现, 但目前还不能说电子游戏会让我们变得更聪明。故选择C项。
二、
5.答案：A
解析：词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Space travelers over the years have become used to certain foods such as freeze-dried ice cream and liquid salt and pepper.(多年来，宇航员已经习惯了某些食物，比如冻干冰淇淋、液体盐和胡椒)”可知，多年来，宇航员已经习惯了某些食物，结合划线单词下文“with the first space-grown lettuce (生菜)found to be as safe, nutritious and fresh as the Earth-grown variety.(第一个太空种植的生菜，人们发现这是安全的，营养和新鲜的地球种植品种)”可知，现在宇航员的菜单上有了新的食物——生菜。由此推知，划线单词augmented意为“增加”，与A项“Enlarged.(增大)”意思一样，故选A。
6.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中““Besides, for them, there may also be psychological benefits of growing and looking after plants.(此外，对他们来说，种植和照顾植物可能也有心理上的好处)”可知，在太空种植生菜可以促进宇航员的心理健康。故选C。
7.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中“The vegetable production system is known as Veggie. It is composed of plant pillows (sealed units containing ceramic soil), LED lighting and a watering system that allows astronauts to inject water through a tube.(菜生产系统被称为Veggie。它由植物枕头（包含陶土的密封单元）、 LED 照明和一个允许宇航员通过管子注水的浇水系统组成)”可推知，蔬菜生产系统由三部分组成。故选B。
8.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中“While we have nowhere to cook up there now, we can look forward to more things that taste fresh, Massa explained.(“虽然我们现在没有地方烹饪，我们可以期待更多味道新鲜的东西，”马萨解释说)”可推知，Massa在最后一段试图解释，他希望丰富太空舱种植的农产品品种。故选D。
三、
9.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work.(在外面，它们可能看起来像一个轮子，配备了太阳能电池板或帆。卫星内部装有特定任务的科学仪器，其中包括卫星执行工作所需的任何工具)”可知，文章第二段主要讲的是人造卫星的组成部分。故选B项。
10.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth.(计算机就像卫星的大脑一样，接收信息，解释信息，并将信息发回地球)”可知，计算机在人造卫星中的作用是处理接收到的信息。故选D项。
11.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.(人造卫星利用重力保持在轨道上。地球的引力把所有东西都拉向地球的中心。为了保持在地球轨道上运行，卫星的速度必须根据引力最微小的变化进行调整)”可知，人造卫星是通过在重力的作用下不断改变速度保持在轨道上的。故选C项。
12.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.(离地球越近，引力就越强。因此，这些卫星必须以每小时17000英里的速度运行，以防止落回地球，而轨道较高的卫星运行速度更慢)”可知，高地球轨道上的卫星运行速度较慢是因为它们在高轨道上的引力较弱。故选C项。
四、
13.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。答案定位在第一段One industry heavily involved in researching and developing artificial intelligence, or AI, is panies are experimenting with high-tech tools that can help farmers save time and money, while reducing environment-harming chemicals.（农业是研究和开发人工智能的重要行业之一。公司正在试验高科技工具，可以帮助农民节省时间和金钱，同时减少对环境有害的化学物质。）由此推断出，人工智能通过降低成本造福农业，故选B。
14.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。答案定位在第二段One of the companies is ecoRobotix of Switzerland, It created a robot equipped with AI and cameras to identify all plants on a farm（其中一家公司是瑞士的ecoRobotix，它创造了一个配备人工智能和摄像头的机器人，可以识别农场里的所有植物）和最后一段The system-which connects to the back of a tractor-is also equipped with AI to identify and chemically kill only the weeds.（该系统连接到拖拉机的后部，也配备了人工智能来识别和化学杀灭杂草。）可知，这两家公司的产品的共同之处是他们使用识别技术，故选A。
15.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段Ben Chostner, vice-president of business development for Blue River Technology, explains in a company video that See & Spray technology uses the same deep learning methods used in facial recognition. "The first time the machine saw a pigweed, it didn't know what kind of plant it was. But we taught it-by giving it tens of thousands of examples of that pigweed）—and now it's an expert in pigweed. "（Blue River Technology负责业务开发的副总Ben Chostner在一段公司视频中解释称，See & Spray Technology使用了与人脸识别相同的深度学习方法。“机器第一次看到杂草时，它不知道那是什么植物。但是我们通过给它成千上万的例子来教它——现在它是猪草方面的专家。”）由此推断出，Ben Chostner的话表明这个机器人有学习能力，故选C。
16.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。第一段One industry heavily involved in researching and developing artificial intelligence, or AI, is agriculture.（农业是研究和开发人工智能(AI)的重要行业之一。）是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了农业中的人工智能，故选D。
五、
17.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. (相反，我们是昼行生物，我们的眼睛适应了在阳光下生活)”可知，文章认为人类习惯于在日光下生活。故选A项。
18.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中“The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings. (这种影响是如此强大，以至于科学家们说，陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的天然气火炬发出的光会“捕捉”到鸣禽和海鸟。鸟类在夜间迁徙时，往往会撞上灯火通明的高楼)”和第五段中“Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. (生活在灯火通明的高速公路附近的青蛙，夜间的光照水平是平时的100万倍，这几乎使它们的每一个行为都不正常，包括夜间繁殖的合唱)”可知，鸟类和青蛙受到光污染的强烈影响，前者的迁徙行为被干扰，后者的行为发生异常。由此可知，作者提到它们是为了说明光污染是如何影响动物的。故选A项。
19.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead. (在非常现实的意义上，光污染导致我们看不到我们在宇宙中真正的位置，忘记了我们存在的尺度，这是最好的衡量方法，用我们头顶上银河的边缘——银河系的深夜的尺度)”可知，光污染影响了人类看到自己在宇宙中存在的真实尺度。由此可知，人类应该反思自己在宇宙中的位置。故选B项。
20.答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. (然而，这是解释我们对黑夜所做的一切的唯一方法：我们改造了它，让它用光来迎接我们)”和最后一段中“Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. (生活在我们自己制造的耀眼光芒中，我们把自己与进化和文化遗产隔绝开来——星星的光芒和昼夜的节奏)”可知，文章主要围绕光污染的问题展开，介绍了人类通过设计照明来改变夜晚的黑暗状态，导致了光污染，影响了包括人类在内的许多生命形式已经适应的光线水平和光节律，改变了很多动物的行为和生物节律。因此，C项“消失的夜晚”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
六、
21.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第五段“As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down. (正如研究小组所希望的那样，海水攻击了单体之间薄弱的连接，使聚合物链断裂。研究人员在聚合物中添加的断点越多，PLA分解的速度就越快)”和第六段“When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years.(当他们削弱PLA 15%的单体连接时，聚合物在两周内完全分解。当他们只削弱了3%的联系时，这种破坏持续了大约2年)”可知，PLA的分解依赖于单体的分解。故选C。
22.答案：D
解析：词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“So, more testing must follow. (因此，必须进行更多的测试)” 可知，他们的研究只是“初步研究”。由此推知，划线词preliminary与early-stage(早期阶段，早期的)意思接近。故选D。
23.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第七段“She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. “It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “a preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. (她也研究过PLA的环境破坏。“这是一种新方法，”她谈到荷兰的技术时说。Karamanlioglu说，他们的研究也是“初步研究”。因此，必须进行更多的测试)” 可推断，Mehlika对荷兰研究小组的发现持谨慎态度。故选D。
24.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据最后三段，尤其是最后一段“Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation. (Karamanlioglu指出，荷兰研究小组还测试了PLA在人工海水中的分解。她补充说：“我想知道他们是否检查了（水）污染。”如果有微生物，这些微生物可能产生了一种叫做酶的分子，加速PLA的降解)” 可知，水的清洁度也会影响PLA的分解。故选B。
七、
25.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段“The story plays out in Laikipia county, Kenya, where the big-headed ants, an invasive (入侵的) species have gradually been replacing the native acacia ants. As Mr Kamaru, a Kenyan biologist from the University of Wyoming, and his colleagues report in Science, the an t invasion has triggered a complicated chain of consequences which has helped zebras at the expense of buffaloes, thus neatly illustrating a phenomenon called trophic cascade (营养级链).(故事发生在肯尼亚的莱基皮亚县，那里的入侵物种大头蚁已经逐渐取代了本地的金合欢蚁。来自怀俄明大学的肯尼亚生物学家Kamaru先生和他的同事们在《科学》杂志上报告说，入侵引发了一系列复杂的后果，以牺牲水牛为代价帮助了斑马，从而巧妙地说明了一种被称为营养级联的现象)”可知，第二段的主要内容是什么是营养级联现象。故选B。
26.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“To compensate (补偿), the lions switch to hunting buffaloes, which are more dangerous, but run slower.(为了补偿，狮子转而猎杀水牛，水牛更危险，但跑得更慢)”可知，级链中真正的受害者是水牛。故选B。
27.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mr Kamaru has put numbers to the process too. In invaded areas, elephants break trees five to seven times as often as in uninvaded ones. And in those uninvaded places, zebra kills are almost three times as frequent as those in the invaded ones. Indeed, between 2003 and 2020, as the big-headed ants spread, the proportion (比例) of local lion kills where the victim was a zebra fell from67% to 42%. On the contrary, over the same period, the proportion of buffalo kills rose from zero to 42%.(卡马鲁也对这一进程进行了量化。在被入侵的地区，大象破坏树木的频率是未被入侵地区的5到7倍。在那些未被入侵的地方，斑马的杀戮频率几乎是入侵地区的三倍。事实上，在2003年至2020年间，随着大头蚁的蔓延，以斑马为受害者的当地狮子捕杀比例从67%下降到42%。相反，在同一时期，野牛被杀的比例从零上升到42% )”可知，卡马鲁先生在他的报告中加入了数字是为了展示结果。故选A。
28.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段最后一句“Whether the buffaloes blame the ants for their misfortune, no one knows.(没有人知道水牛是否把它们的不幸归咎于蚂蚁)”并分析全文所描述的自然现象主要脉络：入侵蚂蚁取代当地蚂蚁，使得与当地蚂蚁共生的哨刺树失去保护，大象趁虚而入啃食哨刺树，而因失去哨刺树的掩护捕猎斑马变得不易，狮子最终转而捕猎速度更慢不费脚程的水牛，可知是因为外来蚂蚁的入侵最终促使狮子捕猎水牛。因此D项“蚂蚁是如何说服狮子吃水牛的”合适。因为文章是把此故事类比寓言故事的，因此使用persuade这样的拟人手法是符合的。故选D。
八、
29.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段：《管理科学》杂志的一项新研究发现，一个关键原因是，尽管公司一直关注自行车设计和技术的方面，但对运营方面的研究却微乎其微，比如车站密度和自行车的可用性水平。可知，要让共享单车系统在城市转型中发挥更大的作用，需要在运营方面投入更多的思考。故选C项。
30.答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。根据文章第六段：有两个影响:首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。可知availability指的是在车站找到自行车的可能性。故选C项。
31.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第八段：在增加自行车的可用性和减少步行距离之间，研究发现后者有更大的影响。资源有限的共享单车运营商必须优先在靠近骑行者的地方建设更多的站点。可知，要实现更高的使用率，最重要的是减少步行距离。故选B项。
32.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段：共享单车系统有潜力减少大城市的交通和污染。虽然它们受到了相当大的关注，但它们对城市转型的承诺远未完全实现。第六段：可用性有两个影响:首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。以及最后段：这些站点应该设在哪里 作者们建议设在有许多景点和自行车供应较少的地方。可知，这篇文章主要关注的是如何充分利用共享单车。故选B项。
九、
33.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Loss of slow-wave sleep as you age may increase your risk of developing dementia(痴呆)，according to a new study.(一项新的研究表明，随着年龄的增长，慢波睡眠的丧失可能会增加患痴呆症的风险。)可知，低波睡眠与患痴呆症的风险有关。故选B。
34.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段They studied 346 people with an average age of 69 and completed two overnight sleep studies-one between 1995 and 1998 and the second between 1998 and 2001-during which their sleep was monitored.The researchers also investigated whether any change in the amount of slow-wave sleep that participants got was associated with developing dementia up to 17 years after they completed the sleep studies.(他们研究了346名平均年龄69岁的人，完成了两项夜间睡眠研究，一项是1995年至1998年，另一项是1998年至2001年，期间对他们的睡眠进行了监测。研究人员还调查了参与者在完成睡眠研究17年后，慢波睡眠量的任何变化是否与患痴呆症有关。)可知，研究人员通过调查得到的结果。故选D。
35.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段Isaacson said."It's important to not only pay attention to the total amount of sleep a person gets each night，but also monitor sleep quality as best as possible."(艾萨克森说:"重要的是，不仅要注意一个人每晚的睡眠总量，还要尽可能地监测睡眠质量。")可知，Richard Isaacson博士建议更多地关注睡眠质量。故选A。
36.答案：B
解析：文章出处题。根据对全文的理解，新研究表明，随着年龄的增长，慢波睡眠的减少可能会增加患痴呆症的风险。慢波睡眠是睡眠的第三和第四阶段，对大脑健康至关重要，有助于清除大脑中的有害物质。可知，本文介绍的是睡眠和患痴呆症的影响。与健康有关。故选B。
十、
37.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中This contributes to a swelling of the cells, often in the central nervous system, including the brain. (这会导致细胞肿胀，通常在中枢神经系统，包括大脑。)根据第二段When the sodium in the blood falls to dangerous levels, brain damage and possibly death may occur.（当血液中的钠降至危险水平时，可能会发生脑损伤，甚至死亡。）可知，水中毒会影响中枢神经系统，即影响大脑的功能。故选A。
38.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中What is a fatal(致命的)amount of water can vary from person to person, depending on one’s state of health, his or her physical activity at the time, the temperature and the amount of time in which the person consumes the water.(什么是致命的水量可能因人而异，具体取决于一个人的健康状况、他或她当时的身体活动、温度和人消耗水的时间。)可知，合适的饮水量是没有一定的规律的，因人而异，故选B。
39.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段中Other factors that contribute to water poisoning include activities that stimulate heavy sweating. The person working under extreme heat or intense humidity(湿气)must be careful when consuming water in order to maintain electrolyte balance. (导致水中毒的其他因素包括刺激大量出汗的活动。在极端高温或强湿下工作的人在饮水时必须小心，以保持电解质平衡。)可知，搬运工等剧烈出汗的人比较容易患上水中毒，故选B。
40.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中Those particularly at risk for water poisoning are athletes engaged in long distance running like a marathon. (那些特别容易发生水中毒的人是像马拉松一样进行长跑的运动员。)以及Mental diseases can also lead to water poisoning. Psychogenic polydipsia is a condition in which the affected person feels a need to drink a lot of water for unknown reasons. (精神疾病也会导致水中毒。精神性多饮症是指受影响的人因未知原因感到需要大量饮水的情况。)”可知推断接下来文章会讨论的是如何避免水中毒，故选D。
十一、
41.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“But more clinical tests must be carried out before the findings could be used in clinical settings like hospitals, the team said.(但研究小组表示，在这些发现可以用于医院等临床环境之前，还必须进行更多的临床测试。)”可知，这一研究结果还需要更多的临床试验。故选D。
42.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段的“In the research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting. First, the ants were exposed to the smell of a sample of cancerous human cells. This odor (气味) was then associated with a reward of sugar solution. Then, the researchers exposed the ants to two different odors. One was a new smell and the other was the smell of the cancerous cells. Once this test was successful, the researchers exposed the ants to different cancerous cells.(在这项研究中，科学家们对36只蚂蚁进行了测试，在实验室环境下嗅细胞。首先，将蚂蚁暴露在癌症人类细胞样本的气味中。然后，这种气味与糖浆的奖励联系在一起。然后，研究人员将蚂蚁暴露在两种不同的气味中。一种是新的气味，另一种是癌细胞的气味。一旦测试成功，研究人员将蚂蚁暴露在不同的癌细胞中。)”可知，第二段讲的是研究过程。故选B。
43.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。从文章倒数第二段“This study shows that ants are capable of learning very quickly, at lower cost, and are efficient, points out CNRS in a news release.(CNRS在一份新闻稿中指出，这项研究表明蚂蚁能够快速、低成本、高效地学习。)”和“Dogs’ noses are well suited for medical diagnosis and used for the detection of cancer-specific. However, training them to do so requires several months to a year.(狗的鼻子非常适合用于医学诊断和癌症特异性检测。然而，训练它们这样做需要几个月到一年的时间。)”可知，这些蚂蚁的优点在于快速、低成本、高效地学习，与狗相比，蚂蚁的优点是训练速度更快（耗时更少）。故选C。
44.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。这是一篇科普文，主要讲的是法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)的研究人员发现，丝光褐林蚁（Formica fusca）的嗅觉非常发达。它能够区分人类的癌细胞和健康细胞。但研究小组