第 07 讲 构词法
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 ........................................................................................................................1
02 知识导图·思维引航 ........................................................................................................................2
03 考点突破·考法探究 .......................................................................................................................4
考点一 派生法 .............................................................................................................................5
知识点 1 解题时派生词的判断依据 ..................................................................................5
知识点 2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 .................................................................................6
知识点 3 名词后缀 ..................................................................................................................7
知识点 4 形容词后缀 ...............................................................................................................9
知识点 5 副词后缀 .............................................................................................................10
知识点 6 动词后缀 ............................................................................................................10
考点二 合成法 ...............................................................................................................................11
知识点 1 合成名词 ................................................................................................................11
知识点 2 合成形容词 ............................................................................................................11
知识点 3 合成动词、副词及其他 .........................................................................................12
考点三 转化法 .............................................................................................................................13
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1. 真题实战 .............................................................................................................................14
阅读理解中对构词法的考查 .... ............................................................................................14
语法填空中对构词法的考查 ..............................................................................................14
2. 命题演练 .............................................................................................................................15
考
构词法考题统计 考情分析
点
2024(浙江 1 月高考):encounter 邂逅;criticism;technician;receptionist;
assistant;graveyard;presence;educational;wastepaper;threaten; safety; 1. 分析近年高考真题
hailstorm;delivery;satisfaction;thoughtful;connectivity;mismatch;individual 可知,高考对构词法的
等。 考查越来越多。2024、
2023 年的听力及阅读
2023(新高考 I 卷):competitor 参赛者;economical adj. 经济的,实惠 理解中都出现了大量
的 ;sustainable adj.可持续的 ;strategic adj. 战略(性)的 ; combination n. 结合; 的构词法的考查。
派
minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义;available adj.可用的,可得到的; foundation n.
生
根基;基础 intolerable adj. 无法忍受的;minimalist n. 最低限要求者 statistician 2. 通过构词法可以快
法
n. 统计学家 estimation n. 判断;估计 additional adj. 附加的,另外的 countless 速推断词义,提高阅读
adj. 无数的;多得数不清的 overestimate v. 过高估计 implication n. 牵连;含意; 速度和正确率。完形填
(新高考 II 卷):arrival(arrive);uneventful 太平无事的;unavoidable 不可避 空中的选项页出现了
合
免的;occasionally adv. 偶尔;有时候;description 描写;evaluation n. 评价, 很多通过构词法产生
成
评估;emotional adj. 感情的;情感的;情绪的 initiator n.发起人;创始人 的新词。语法填空主要
法
backcountry 偏僻地区 breathtaking 令人叹为观止 outnumber 在数量上压倒,比... 考查课标内的词形转
多 representation 代表, 描述 increasingly 越来越多; 换。因此,总结归类构
转 (全国乙卷)wonder(wonders);skyrocket;approximately; transform;combination 词法知识非常必要。它
能综合提高考生的核
化
2022(新高考 I 卷):excitement 兴奋;adventure 冒险;honorable =honourable 心素养。
法
adj. 光荣的;可敬的;高贵的;disqualification n. 不合格;取消资格;被罚下
场 disqualified 不合格的;被取消资格的;willpower n. 意志力;毅力 3. 通过对近三年高考
(新高考 II 卷):asleep adj.睡着的; accidentally adv.偶然地;symbolically 象 高考试题的分析,预测
征性地;inexpensive 廉价的;throwaway 可随意丢弃的;interactive 互动的; 高考试题中构词法构
activate 激活;springboard 跳板;constructive 建设性的; 成的新词,将会频繁出
(全国乙卷):responsible(responsibility) 现。
复习目标:、
具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力;
掌握构词法的三大规则:派生、合成和转换;
掌握构词法,提高阅读速度,提高核心素养;
具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性,然后准确写出正确形式的能力;
考点概述:许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律,这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更
好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法
(Composition)和转换法(Conversion)三大类。
【高考导航】
1.(2024 年浙江 1 月高考阅读理解 D 片段) We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a
calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a
feeling of reward and satisfaction.
2. (2023 年新高考 I 卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, ___56___(taste)soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street
food.
考点一 派生法
知识点 1 派生词的判断依据
1. 冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类,则将其改为名词,并注意名词数的变化。
2. 动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词,则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式,就
用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式,就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式,还要看其后有无
宾语。如果其后有宾语,用动名词形式;其后无宾语,则用名词形式。
3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词,还要考虑副词级的变化。
4. 名词前一般可有形容词修饰。如果所需词为形容词时,还应考虑形容词级的变化。
例 1.(2023·新高考 I 卷) Shanghai may be the ___59___(recognize)home of the soup dumplings but food
historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
例 2.(2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟)When it comes to sharing, one of the (great) gifts China gave to the
world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale,
知识点 2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
词缀 词缀意义 示例
auto-自动; fore-之前的; alone 单独的; anti gas 防毒气的;
post 之后的; a 构成形容词; automatic 自动的; cooperate 合作;
anti 反对;抵抗; co 共同; enjoy 使高兴; Internet 互联网;
前缀 en 使; inter-互相; forecast 预报; foresee 预见;
bi-双; sub 下面的;小; bimonthly 双月的; multi-culture 多文化的;
tele 强调距离; re 再;又, telegram 电报; rewrite 重写;
multi-多; semi-半的 semi-final 半决赛; semiconductor 半导体;
dis-不,非; il- 不,非; disappear 消失; illegal 非法的;
im-不,非; in- 不,非; impatient 不耐烦的; impolite 不礼貌的;
否定 ir- 不,非; non-不,非; incorrect 不正确的; incomplete 不完全的;
前缀 un- 不,非; irregular 不规则的; irresponsible 不负责任的;
mis-错误; nonstop 不停的,不间断的; nonexistent 不存在的;
mislead 将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy 不开心的;
否定 名词+--less 构词形容词 hopeless 无希望的; careless 粗心大意的;
后缀 名词+-free 构词形容词 carefree 无忧无虑的; sugar-free 无糖的;
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化,如:
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词:enlarge 扩大;enable 使能够;encourage 鼓励;
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词:asleep 睡着的;alive 活着的;
3. out-可以和一些动词构成名词:outcome 结果;outlet 出口;outlook 观点;
例 1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月阅读理解 B 篇)This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of
titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!
例2. (2024·新高考 II卷) More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used
them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and
sculptures.
【变式训练 1】(2023 全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead
Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy.
【变式训练 2】When I’m face to face with a polar bear, I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But
sometimes, that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
知识点 3 名词后缀
1. 表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-(i)an 来自;专长 musician 音乐家;Egyptian 埃及人;physician 内科医生;
于……的人
-ant
-ent 人,物 servant 仆人;president 总统;assistant 助手;
-ar 人,物 beggar 乞讨者;murderer 杀人犯;builder 建设者;
-er Farmer 农民; doctor 医生; recorder 录音机
-or
-ee 人,物 employee 受雇者;refugee 难民;trainee 受训人员;
-ess 表女性,雌性 hostess 女主人;actress 女演员;
-ist 人,主义者 novelist 小说家;socialist 社会主义者;physicist 物理学家;
例 1.( 2024·浙江卷 1 月) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist
who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.
例 2.( 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a
minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
2. 表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-al 表示过程;或状态 removal 移动;arrival 到达
-ance 表状态,行为 appearance 外表;acceptance 接受;reliance 依靠
-(t)ion
表状态,动作过;程,行为 suggestion 建议;graduation 毕业;liberation 解放;
-ation
-dom 身份,领域 freedom 自由;wisdom 智慧
-ence 性质,状态,行为 difference 区别;confidence 自信;dependence 依靠
-ful 充满 basketful 满篮;mouthful 满嘴;houseful 一屋子
-hood 性质,身份,状态,时期 childhood 儿童时代;neighbourhood 附近
-ism 宗教,风格,主义 heroism 英雄气概;romanticism 浪漫主义
-ity 性质,状态 reality 现实;ability 能力;equality 平等
-ment 行为,物,组织,运;动,结果 disappointment 失望;movement 运动;agreement 协议
-ness 性质,状态 kindness 仁慈;tiredness 疲劳
-ship 性质,身份,资格 hardship 艰苦;leadership 领导身份;friendship 友谊
-sion 行为,状态 conclusion 结论;tension 紧张
-ure 行为,状态 exposure 暴露;failure 失败
-th 结果,过程,性质,状态 truth 真理;youth 青春;growth 生长;warmth 温暖
-age 集合,地点,状态,结果 storage 储藏;village 村庄;marriage 婚姻
例 1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enough of these errors _______(_ short)together, they cancel each other out,
resulting in a more accurate estimate.
例 2. (2024·浙江卷 1 月) we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【变式训练 1】Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must
unify and show the ________(wise)to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
知识点 4 形容词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
able/ (
可……的,能……的 acceptable 可接受的;flexible 能适应新环境的;
i)ble
(u)al 有……属性的;与......有关的 agricultural 农业的; national 国家的; chemical 化学的
an ……(地,人)的 republican 共和国的;European 欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary 想象的;revolutionary 革命的
ative ……的 creative 有创造性的;talkative 爱说话的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined 坚定的;learned 博学的;aged 年老的
ent ……的 frequent 经常的;silent 沉默的;diligent 勤奋的
ese (地,人)的 Chinese 中国(人)的;Japanese 日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern 东方的;southern 南方的
en ……的 golden 金色的;wooden 木制的;woolen 羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic 现实的;energetic 精力充足的
ish 近乎……的,如……的 childish 孩子气的;foolish 愚蠢的;selfish 自私的
与……有关的,有……倾向的,
ive expensive 昂贵的;effective 有效的;decisive 决定性的
有……特性的
ful 满的;有……性质的,引起……的 faithful 信任的;powerful 强大的;cheerful 愉快的
ous 多……的,有……特性的 various 各种各样的;humorous 幽默的;dangerous 危险的
ly ……品质的,每……的 friendly 友好的;motherly 母亲般的;weekly 每周的
ward 向……的 backward 向后的;forward 向前的
y 多……的;有……的;如……的 cloudy 多云的;funny 有趣的;lucky 运气好的
some 引起(或易于)……的 troublesome 讨厌的
例 1. (2023·新高考 II 卷) Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.
例 2. (2021·新高考 I 卷)A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one
dealing with (science) subjects.
【变式训练 1】Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be
more thoughtful about our information consumption.
【变式训练 2】Whether you’re communicating in person or on the phone, being a good listener is an important
part of any healthy relationship.
知识点 5 副词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-ly ……地,状态,程度,方式 extremely 非常;slowly 慢慢地;happily 高兴地
-s 时间,地点,状态 outdoors 在户外;nowadays 现今
-ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来;outwards 向外;downwards 向下
例 1. (2024·浙江卷 1 月) But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now
ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
例 2.(2020 全国卷 III) As the small boat moved (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the
mountains being silently reflected in the water.
【变式训练 1】 “If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will not be able to carry on, the
burden becoming (increase) heavier.
【变式训练 2】The helicopter made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
知识点 6 动词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-en 使变成 sharpen 削尖;broaden 加宽;strengthen 加强;deepen 加深
-fy 使……化 clarify 阐明; simplify 简化;beautify 美化;purify 净化;qualify 使具备资格;
-ize 使……化 modernize 使现代化;realize 实现;mechanize 使机械化
例 1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______(emphasis)the importance of education and self-improvement, which he
believed would lead to a harmonious society.
例 2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify garbage in a short time.
【变式训练 1】To_______(justification)yourself with relevant examples from your personal experience and be
specific about your achievements.
【变式训练 2】 The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised,
strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
考点二 合成法
考点概述:许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起,这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两
个以上的自由词素构成不同词性,最常见的包括:名词合成词,形容词合成词,动词合成词。
知识点 1 合成名词
构成方法 例词
名词+名词 classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop
形容词+名词 highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse
动词+副词 get-together, break-down
名词+动名词 handwriting, storytelling
副词+名词 outbreak, overcoat
动名词+名词 dining-room, sleeping-car, reading-room
知识点 2 合成形容词
构成方法 例词
形容词+名词+-ed white-haired, warm-hearted, kind-hearted
形容词+现在分词 good-looking, easy-going
形容词+过去分词 ready-made, new-born
副词+现在分词 hard-working, well-meaning
副词+过去分词 well-known, newly-built
名词+现在分词 English-speaking, south-facing
名词+过去分词 man-made, water-covered
名词+形容词 snow-white, homesick
副词/形容词+名词 right-hand, full-time
数词+名词 100-meter, 17-year-old
数词+名词+形容词 180-foot-high, 10-year-old
数词+名词+-ed four-legged, one-eyed
知识点 3 合成动词、副词及其他
构成方法 例词
副词+动词 overcome, understand
副词+名词 indoors, outdoors, overhead, upstairs;
形容词+动词 dry-clean, white-wash
名词+动词 typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, toothpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词 girlfriend, cowboy, countryside, seafood, sunlight;
名词+形容词 worldwide, snow-white, ice-cool
形容词+名词 full-time, part-time
形容词+ving good-looking, ordinary-looking, easy-going;
代词+代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nothing,
介词+其他 outside, inside, throughout;
例 1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)You can also find students on the class discussion board to organize a study group, or
schedule in-person meeting s with your professor to discuss course concepts.
例 2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary
online of eaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
【 变 式 训 练 1 】 He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small
neighbourhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
【变式训练 2】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored
and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
考点三 转化法
考点概述:在词形不变的情况下,一个单词没有加任何词缀,词性变为另一种词性,这种构词法成为
转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为
形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
转化方式 例词
名词-动词 hand n.手-v.递;上交; chair n.椅子-v.主持; water n.水-v.浇水;name n.名字-v.取名
动词-名词 read v.阅读-n.阅读;shout v.呼喊-n.呼喊;cry v.哭-n.哭;try v.尝试-n.尝试
better a.更好的-v.改善; last a.最后的-v.持续; slow a.慢的-v.减慢; own a.自己的-v.拥
形容词-动词
有;
形容词-副词 enough 足够的-足够地; late 晚的-迟于; hard 艰苦的-努力地;
例 1.(2021 北京卷)By distracting the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels.
例 2.(2021·全国乙卷写作)
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary.
【变式训练】If you help me sort out the things upstairs, I'll breakfast you tomorrow.
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)If you take an online course, what can you do to ensure the best possible grade
2.(2023·新高考 II 卷)The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
3.(2023·全国甲卷)Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes
killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.
4.(2023 年型高考 I 卷)Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the
potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
5(. 2023·型高考 I 卷)This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always
the same.
6.(2022·新高考全国 I 卷)The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when
human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained
stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran,a
member of the research team.
8.(2023·上海春招)Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about
challenges to the humanities.
9.(2020 全国新高考 I 卷)Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
10. (2020 天津卷)We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them
awake.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the
_______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
2.(2024·1 月九省联考)He is happy with the ______ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his own
writing.
3.(2023·新高考 II 卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and
Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking
English.
4(. 2023·全国乙卷)The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the
past while stepping into the modern world
5.(2022·1 月浙江卷)When the answer was no ,she declined the________(invite) .
6(. 2022·6 月浙江卷)John Olson, a former (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured
3D models.
7.(2023 ·新高考Ⅰ卷 ) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese
street food.
8.(2022·新高考 II 卷 ) Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a
questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach…the animals
Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the
panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and (confidence) speaking English.
9.(2023·1 月浙江高考卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space)homes and walled
gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.
10.(2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead
of a moral.
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Following the barbecue-induced travel craze to the city of Zibo in East China, Chinese
social media has once again highlighted the next internet-famous city worthy of (explore).
2.(2024·江苏·泰州模拟)It also recreated (memory) moments of genuine exchanges among people.
3.(2024·浙江·二模) It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can harmonize the
energies of the natural world.
4.(2024·浙江·模拟预测)Apparently, respect for the elders is the (found) of the Chinese moral system.
5.(2024·全国·高三模拟)Peking Opera is a (combine) of music, dance, art, acrobatics, and martial
arts.
6.(23-24 高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习)Nowadays, it is mainly in those minor ethnic groups that this life passage is
still celebrated. In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a (revive).
1. (2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟)The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremony was (meaning)
and thus abolished this ceremony which had lasted for thousands of years.
8(. 2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese officials didn’t agree with the (decide).
9(. 2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟)The West Lake is (definite) a place people can never miss when visiting
Hangzhou.
10. (2024·湖南一模) Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed from the
moment第 07 讲 构词法
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 ........................................................................................................................1
02 知识导图·思维引航 ........................................................................................................................2
03 考点突破·考法探究 .......................................................................................................................4
考点一 派生法 .............................................................................................................................5
知识点 1 解题时派生词的判断依据 ..................................................................................5
知识点 2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 .................................................................................6
知识点 3 名词后缀 ..................................................................................................................7
知识点 4 形容词后缀 ...............................................................................................................9
知识点 5 副词后缀 .............................................................................................................11
知识点 6 动词后缀 ............................................................................................................12
考点二 合成法 ...............................................................................................................................13
知识点 1 合成名词 ................................................................................................................14
知识点 2 合成形容词 ............................................................................................................14
知识点 3 合成动词、副词及其他 .........................................................................................14
考点三 转化法 .............................................................................................................................16
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1. 真题实战 .............................................................................................................................17
阅读理解中对构词法的考查 .... ............................................................................................17
语法填空中对构词法的考查 ..............................................................................................19
2. 命题演练 .............................................................................................................................21
考
构词法考题统计 考情分析
点
2024(浙江 1 月高考):encounter 邂逅;criticism;technician;receptionist;
assistant;graveyard;presence;educational;wastepaper;threaten; safety; 1. 分析近年高考真题
hailstorm;delivery;satisfaction;thoughtful;connectivity;mismatch;individual 可知,高考对构词法的
等。 考查越来越多。2024、
2023 年的听力及阅读
2023(新高考 I 卷):competitor 参赛者;economical adj. 经济的,实惠 理解中都出现了大量
的 ;sustainable adj.可持续的 ;strategic adj. 战略(性)的 ; combination n. 结合; 的构词法的考查。
派
minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义;available adj.可用的,可得到的; foundation n.
生
根基;基础 intolerable adj. 无法忍受的;minimalist n. 最低限要求者 statistician 2. 通过构词法可以快
法
n. 统计学家 estimation n. 判断;估计 additional adj. 附加的,另外的 countless 速推断词义,提高阅读
adj. 无数的;多得数不清的 overestimate v. 过高估计 implication n. 牵连;含意; 速度和正确率。完形填
(新高考 II 卷):arrival(arrive);uneventful 太平无事的;unavoidable 不可避 空中的选项页出现了
合
免的;occasionally adv. 偶尔;有时候;description 描写;evaluation n. 评价, 很多通过构词法产生
成
评估;emotional adj. 感情的;情感的;情绪的 initiator n.发起人;创始人 的新词。语法填空主要
法
backcountry 偏僻地区 breathtaking 令人叹为观止 outnumber 在数量上压倒,比... 考查课标内的词形转
多 representation 代表, 描述 increasingly 越来越多; 换。因此,总结归类构
转 (全国乙卷)wonder(wonders);skyrocket;approximately; transform;combination 词法知识非常必要。它
能综合提高考生的核
化
2022(新高考 I 卷):excitement 兴奋;adventure 冒险;honorable =honourable 心素养。
法
adj. 光荣的;可敬的;高贵的;disqualification n. 不合格;取消资格;被罚下
场 disqualified 不合格的;被取消资格的;willpower n. 意志力;毅力 3. 通过对近三年高考
(新高考 II 卷):asleep adj.睡着的; accidentally adv.偶然地;symbolically 象 高考试题的分析,预测
征性地;inexpensive 廉价的;throwaway 可随意丢弃的;interactive 互动的; 高考试题中构词法构
activate 激活;springboard 跳板;constructive 建设性的; 成的新词,将会频繁出
(全国乙卷):responsible(responsibility) 现。
复习目标:、
具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力;
掌握构词法的三大规则:派生、合成和转换;
掌握构词法,提高阅读速度,提高核心素养;
具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性,然后准确写出正确形式的能力;
考点概述:许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律,这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更
好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法
(Composition)和转换法(Conversion)三大类。
【高考导航】
1.(2024 年浙江 1 月高考阅读理解 D 片段) We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a
calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a
feeling of reward and satisfaction.
【构词法】
1. sugary adj. 含糖的,甜的; (派生法-形容词后缀)
2. treat v.-n.乐趣,乐事; (转化法-动词变名词)
3. calorie-poor adj.无卡路里的; (合成法)
4. response n. 答复;反应; (派生法-名词后缀)
5. mechanism n. 机能,机制; (派生法-名词后缀)
6. satisfaction n. 满意;满足感; (派生法-名词后缀)
【句意】我们被甜食所诱惑,因为我们的祖先生活在一个低热量的世界,我们的大脑对这些食物发展出了
一种反应机制,反映了它们的价值——一种奖励和满足感。
【思维建模】长难句要想拆分变容易,只需去枝叶,留主干。再分别正确理解句中的修饰语和难词即可。
本句主干 We are tempted by treats。because 引导原因状语从句,and 连接并列句。
2. (2023 年新高考 I 卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, ___56___(taste)soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street
food.
【解析】所给提示词为名词或动词,考虑变词性。根据空前后句子成分可知,此处需形容词作定语修饰
soup。句意:小笼包(汤包),那些精致的饺子皮,包裹着热腾腾的美味汤和甜甜的鲜肉,是我最喜欢的中国
街头小吃。故填 tasty.
【易错提醒】所给提示词即可作动词,又可作名词,考生容易受其前面逗号影响,不看句中成分,误填现
在分词作状语。解答构词法的语法填空题型时,要分析句式,判断其句子成分,在具体语境中的词义。
考点一 派生法
知识点 1 派生词的判断依据
1. 冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类,则将其改为名词,并注意名词数的变化。
2. 动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词,则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式,就
用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式,就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式,还要看其后有无
宾语。如果其后有宾语,用动名词形式;其后无宾语,则用名词形式。
3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词,还要考虑副词级的变化。
4. 名词前一般可有形容词修饰。如果所需词为形容词时,还应考虑形容词级的变化。
例 1.(2023·新高考 I 卷) Shanghai may be the ___59___(recognize)home of the soup dumplings but food
historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
【解析】所给提示词为动词,考查词性转换(转换成过去分词作形容词) (此题也可以归类为考查非谓语动
词)。分析句子结构可知,空格在名词 home 前面作定语,recognize 与 home 是逻辑上动宾关系,需填过去分
词 recognized 作定语,recognized“被公认的”也可以看作是形容词作定语,故填 recognized。句意:上海可
能是公认的小笼包之乡,但美食历史学家会告诉你,邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。
【答案】recognized
【易错提醒】考生易受经验主义影响,单纯写出其派生词形式,recognition; 解题时应当瞻前顾后,根据句
法知识判断句子成分并判断词性,然后准确写出其适当形式。
例 2.(2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟)When it comes to sharing, one of the (great) gifts China gave to the
world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale,
【解析】考查形容词最高级。分析句中成分可知,需要形容词作定语修饰名词 gifts。句意:说到分享,中
国通过古丝绸之路给世界的最大礼物之一是工业规模的造纸技术,这一技术彻底改变了科学和哲学从 8 世
纪开始在阿拉伯和伊斯兰世界一路传播到欧洲的过程。
【答案】greatest
【名师点睛】本题考查形容词在句中的正确变化形式。此处是“one of+名词复数”是重要解题线索。名词
应当被形容词修饰。
知识点 2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
词缀 词缀意义 示例
auto-自动; fore-之前的; alone 单独的; anti gas 防毒气的;
post 之后的; a 构成形容词; automatic 自动的; cooperate 合作;
anti 反对;抵抗; co 共同; enjoy 使高兴; Internet 互联网;
前缀 en 使; inter-互相; forecast 预报; foresee 预见;
bi-双; sub 下面的;小; bimonthly 双月的; multi-culture 多文化的;
tele 强调距离; re 再;又, telegram 电报; rewrite 重写;
multi-多; semi-半的 semi-final 半决赛; semiconductor 半导体;
dis-不,非; il- 不,非; disappear 消失; illegal 非法的;
im-不,非; in- 不,非; impatient 不耐烦的; impolite 不礼貌的;
否定 ir- 不,非; non-不,非; incorrect 不正确的; incomplete 不完全的;
前缀 un- 不,非; irregular 不规则的; irresponsible 不负责任的;
mis-错误; nonstop 不停的,不间断的; nonexistent 不存在的;
mislead 将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy 不开心的;
否定 名词+--less 构词形容词 hopeless 无希望的; careless 粗心大意的;
后缀 名词+-free 构词形容词 carefree 无忧无虑的; sugar-free 无糖的;
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化,如:
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词:enlarge 扩大;enable 使能够;encourage 鼓励;
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词:asleep 睡着的;alive 活着的;
3. out-可以和一些动词构成名词:outcome 结果;outlet 出口;outlook 观点;
例 1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月阅读理解 B 篇)This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of
titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!
【解析】考查构词法之派生词。句意:这个无与伦比的价格点鼓励我尝试几十款我通常永远不会考虑购买
的游戏。我还发现了一些很棒的书!
【思维建模】 unbeatable 构词:un+beat+able 前缀+词根+后缀, “不能超越的,无与伦比的;无敌的”。 discover
构词:dis+cover 前缀+词根,“发现”。
例2. (2024·新高考 II卷) More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used
them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and
sculptures.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:最近,随着书籍变得便宜甚至一次性,艺术家们把它们作为艺术品的原材料
——把封面、页数甚至完整的书转换成绘画和雕塑。
【思维建模】inexpensive 构词:in+expensive 前缀+词根,“便宜的”;throwaway 构词:throw+away 合成词
“adj.便宜的,抛弃型的; n.废品”; artist 构词:art+ist 词根+后缀,“艺术家”; artworks 构词:art+works
合成词“艺术品”; transform 构词:trans+form 前缀+词根“转换”。
【变式训练 1】(2023 全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead
Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:埃里克·韦纳的《苏格拉底表达:从死去的哲学家那里寻找生命的教训》,
重新唤醒了我对哲学的热爱。
【答案】勾起,唤起,重新唤醒
【变式训练 2】When I’m face to face with a polar bear, I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But
sometimes, that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:当我和北极熊面对面时,我喜欢通过带长焦镜头的相机。但有时,这说起
来容易做起来难。这就是其中的一次。
【答案】远距照相; 远摄镜头; 摄远镜头】
【名师总结】一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的意义,不改变词根的词性;而后缀往往改变词根的词性。
大部分前缀或后缀都有固定的意义,因此许多派生词的词义可以根据词根和词缀推知。
知识点 3 名词后缀
1. 表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-(i)an 来自;专长 musician 音乐家;Egyptian 埃及人;physician 内科医生;
于……的人
-ant
-ent 人,物 servant 仆人;president 总统;assistant 助手;
-ar beggar 乞讨者;murderer 杀人犯;builder 建设者;
-er 人,物 Farmer 农民; doctor 医生; recorder 录音机
-or
-ee 人,物 employee 受雇者;refugee 难民;trainee 受训人员;
-ess 表女性,雌性 hostess 女主人;actress 女演员;
-ist 人,主义者 novelist 小说家;socialist 社会主义者;physicist 物理学家;
例 1.( 2024·浙江卷 1 月) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist
who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:一个对云播种安全性的怀疑者是刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家查
克·多斯韦尔。
【答案】怀疑者。doubt 构词:词根+后缀 er。
例 2.( 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a
minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:你可以把这些实践看作是一个工具箱,旨在帮助你努力建立一个极简主义的
生活方式,以代表你的特殊环境。
【答案】最低限要求者;极简主义者
2. 表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-al 表示过程;或状态 removal 移动;arrival 到达
-ance 表状态,行为 appearance 外表;acceptance 接受;reliance 依靠
-(t)ion
表状态,动作过;程,行为 suggestion 建议;graduation 毕业;liberation 解放;
-ation
-dom 身份,领域 freedom 自由;wisdom 智慧
-ence 性质,状态,行为 difference 区别;confidence 自信;dependence 依靠
-ful 充满 basketful 满篮;mouthful 满嘴;houseful 一屋子
-hood 性质,身份,状态,时期 childhood 儿童时代;neighbourhood 附近
-ism 宗教,风格,主义 heroism 英雄气概;romanticism 浪漫主义
-ity 性质,状态 reality 现实;ability 能力;equality 平等
-ment 行为,物,组织,运;动,结果 disappointment 失望;movement 运动;agreement 协议
-ness 性质,状态 kindness 仁慈;tiredness 疲劳
-ship 性质,身份,资格 hardship 艰苦;leadership 领导身份;friendship 友谊
-sion 行为,状态 conclusion 结论;tension 紧张
-ure 行为,状态 exposure 暴露;failure 失败
-th 结果,过程,性质,状态 truth 真理;youth 青春;growth 生长;warmth 温暖
-age 集合,地点,状态,结果 storage 储藏;village 村庄;marriage 婚姻
例 1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enough of these errors _______(_ short)together, they cancel each other out,
resulting in a more accurate estimate.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:当这些错误同时不足时,它们就会相互抵消,从而得到更准确的估计。此
处 of 后是名词短语,故填 shortage。
【答案】shortage
例 2. (2024·浙江卷 1 月) we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:我们还需要更加考虑我们的信息消费,抵制心理上的“垃圾食品”的诱惑,
以便最有效地管理我们的时间。
【答案】information 信息;consumption 消费;temptation 诱惑,引诱。
【易错提醒】 考生翻译长句时,容易产生“长词难懂不会译”的心理暗示,从而造成心理恐慌,分析句子
结构失误,影响整体句意的理解。
【变式训练 1】Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must
unify and show the ________(wise)to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:唐山城已经向中国和世界其他地方证明,在灾难时期,人们必须团结起来,
展示智慧,以保持积极向上,重建一个更光明的未来。此处作 show 的宾语,用名词 wisdom。故填
wisdom。
【答案】wisdom
知识点 4 形容词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
able/ (
可……的,能……的 acceptable 可接受的;flexible 能适应新环境的;
i)ble
(u)al 有……属性的;与......有关的 agricultural 农业的; national 国家的; chemical 化学的
an ……(地,人)的 republican 共和国的;European 欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary 想象的;revolutionary 革命的
ative ……的 creative 有创造性的;talkative 爱说话的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined 坚定的;learned 博学的;aged 年老的
ent ……的 frequent 经常的;silent 沉默的;diligent 勤奋的
ese (地,人)的 Chinese 中国(人)的;Japanese 日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern 东方的;southern 南方的
en ……的 golden 金色的;wooden 木制的;woolen 羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic 现实的;energetic 精力充足的
ish 近乎……的,如……的 childish 孩子气的;foolish 愚蠢的;selfish 自私的
与……有关的,有……倾向的,
ive expensive 昂贵的;effective 有效的;decisive 决定性的
有……特性的
ful 满的;有……性质的,引起……的 faithful 信任的;powerful 强大的;cheerful 愉快的
ous 多……的,有……特性的 various 各种各样的;humorous 幽默的;dangerous 危险的
ly ……品质的,每……的 friendly 友好的;motherly 母亲般的;weekly 每周的
ward 向……的 backward 向后的;forward 向前的
y 多……的;有……的;如……的 cloudy 多云的;funny 有趣的;lucky 运气好的
some 引起(或易于)……的 troublesome 讨厌的
例 1. (2023·新高考 II 卷) Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.
【解析】考查构词法。构词:construct+ive 词根+词缀。句意:寻求和接受建设性的反馈对成长至关重要。
【答案】建设性的
例 2. (2021·新高考 I 卷)A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one
dealing with (science) subjects.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:一本可能以故事形式包含事实的历史书将比一本涉及科学主题的历史书更
容易阅读。修饰名词用形容词,故填 scientific。
【答案】scientific
【变式训练 1】Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be
more thoughtful about our information consumption.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:因此,就像我们需要更多地考虑我们的热量消费一样,我们也需要更加考虑
我们的信息消费。
【答案】 沉思的;体贴的;缜密思考过的,深思熟虑的
【变式训练 2】Whether you’re communicating in person or on the phone, being a good listener is an important
part of any healthy relationship.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:无论你是面对面交流还是通过电话交流,成为一个好的倾听者都是任何健康
关系的重要组成部分。
【答案】健康的
知识点 5 副词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-ly ……地,状态,程度,方式 extremely 非常;slowly 慢慢地;happily 高兴地
-s 时间,地点,状态 outdoors 在户外;nowadays 现今
-ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来;outwards 向外;downwards 向下
例 1. (2024·浙江卷 1 月) But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now
ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
【解析】考查构词法。构词:ceaseless+ly 形容词+-ly。句意:但全球连接已经极大地改变了我们的信息环境。
我们现在不断地被新的信息轰炸(轰炸)。
【答案】不停地,持续地
例 2.(2020 全国卷 III) As the small boat moved (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the
mountains being silently reflected in the water.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:当小船沿着河轻轻地移动时,山在水中静静地倒映着,这使他说不出话来。
修饰动词用副词作状语。故填 gently。
【答案】gently
【易错提醒】形容词加-ly 后缀时需牢记以下规则:以-y 结尾的词,把 y 变 i,再加-ly; 以-le 结尾的词,省去
-e 再加-y;以-e 结尾的词直接加-ly;以-ic 结尾的词加-ally。
【变式训练 1】 “If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will not be able to carry on, the
burden becoming (increase) heavier.
【解析】考查词类转换。句意:如果我们一直背负着我们的负担,迟早我们将无法继续下去,负担会越来
越重。分析句子结构可知,此处需要使用副词修饰形容词作状语,故填 increasingly。
【答案】increasingly
【变式训练 2】The helicopter made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
【解析】考查构词法。句意:直升机最后一次驶近,在前灯的引导下安全着陆。
【答案】安全地
知识点 6 动词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
-en 使变成 sharpen 削尖;broaden 加宽;strengthen 加强;deepen 加深
-fy 使……化 clarify 阐明; simplify 简化;beautify 美化;purify 净化;qualify 使具备资格;
-ize 使……化 modernize 使现代化;realize 实现;mechanize 使机械化
例 1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______(emphasis)the importance of education and self-improvement, which he
believed would lead to a harmonious society.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:他强调教育和自我完善的重要性,他认为这将导致一个和谐的社会。此处
作谓语,故填 emphasized。
【答案】emphasized
例 2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify garbage in a short time.
【解析】考查构词法。classify 构词:class+ify 词根+动词后缀。句意:如果我们要在短时间内将垃圾进行分
类,仍然会有很多挑战。
【答案】分类
【变式训练 1】To_______(justification)yourself with relevant examples from your personal experience and be
specific about your achievements.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:从你的个人经验中找到相关的例子,并具体说明你的成就。此处 yourself 是
宾语,前用动词形式。
【答案】justify
【变式训练 2】 The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised,
strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:《远大前程》的出版受到了广泛的评价和高度的赞扬,这加强了狄更斯作
为主要小说家的地位。
【答案】加强
考点二 合成法
考点概述:许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起,这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两
个以上的自由词素构成不同词性,最常见的包括:名词合成词,形容词合成词,动词合成词。
知识点 1 合成名词
构成方法 例词
名词+名词 classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop
形容词+名词 highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse
动词+副词 get-together, break-down
名词+动名词 handwriting, storytelling
副词+名词 outbreak, overcoat
动名词+名词 dining-room, sleeping-car, reading-room
知识点 2 合成形容词
构成方法 例词
形容词+名词+-ed white-haired, warm-hearted, kind-hearted
形容词+现在分词 good-looking, easy-going
形容词+过去分词 ready-made, new-born
副词+现在分词 hard-working, well-meaning
副词+过去分词 well-known, newly-built
名词+现在分词 English-speaking, south-facing
名词+过去分词 man-made, water-covered
名词+形容词 snow-white, homesick
副词/形容词+名词 right-hand, full-time
数词+名词 100-meter, 17-year-old
数词+名词+形容词 180-foot-high, 10-year-old
数词+名词+-ed four-legged, one-eyed
知识点 3 合成动词、副词及其他
构成方法 例词
副词+动词 overcome, understand
副词+名词 indoors, outdoors, overhead, upstairs;
形容词+动词 dry-clean, white-wash
名词+动词 typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, toothpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词 girlfriend, cowboy, countryside, seafood, sunlight;
名词+形容词 worldwide, snow-white, ice-cool
形容词+名词 full-time, part-time
形容词+ving good-looking, ordinary-looking, easy-going;
代词+代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nothing,
介词+其他 outside, inside, throughout;
例 1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)You can also find students on the class discussion board to organize a study group, or
schedule in-person meeting s with your professor to discuss course concepts.
【解析】考考构词法。句意:你也可以在课堂讨论板上找到学生来组织一个学习小组,或者安排与你的教
授面对面的会面来讨论课程的概念。
【答案】adj 亲自的,现场的;
例 2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary
online of eaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:他们调查了几百名公园游客,要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结,说明他
们在公园里与自然进行的有意义的互动。
【答案】逛公园的人
【 变 式 训 练 1 】 He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small
neighbourhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:他记得地标,但由于他不知道他的城镇的名字,在一个广阔的国家找到一
个小社区被证明是不可能的。
【答案】地标;标志性建筑
【变式训练 2】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored
and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:与我们日益网络化的生活相比,我们消费的信息被监控和跟踪,一本印刷
书籍仍然提供了一个完全私人的、“离线”活动的机会。
【答案】 网络化的;离线的
考点三 转化法
考点概述:在词形不变的情况下,一个单词没有加任何词缀,词性变为另一种词性,这种构词法成为
转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为
形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
转化方式 例词
名词-动词 hand n.手-v.递;上交; chair n.椅子-v.主持; water n.水-v.浇水;name n.名字-v.取名
动词-名词 read v.阅读-n.阅读;shout v.呼喊-n.呼喊;cry v.哭-n.哭;try v.尝试-n.尝试
better a.更好的-v.改善; last a.最后的-v.持续; slow a.慢的-v.减慢; own a.自己的-v.拥
形容词-动词
有;
形容词-副词 enough 足够的-足够地; late 晚的-迟于; hard 艰苦的-努力地;
例 1.(2021 北京卷)By distracting the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels.
【解析】考查构词法。lower 形容词动词化。句意:人们说,通过分散对疼痛的注意力,音乐可以降低压力
和焦虑程度。
【答案】降低
【思维建模】分析句子成分时,迅速定位谓语动词是关键的步骤,情态动词应当和实义动词一起构词谓语,
故可推知此处出现构词法中的词性转化。
例 2.(2021·全国乙卷写作)
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary.
【解析】考查构词法。我还会给院子里的花浇水,必要时打扫自己的卧室。
【答案】浇水
【变式训练】If you help me sort out the things upstairs, I'll breakfast you tomorrow.
【解析】考查词性转换。breakfast 名词动词化。句意:如果你帮我整理好楼上的东西,明天我请你吃早餐。
【答案】请吃早餐
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)If you take an online course, what can you do to ensure the best possible grade
【答案】确保
【解析】考查派生词。句意:如果你参加了一个在线课程,你能做些什么来确保最好的成绩呢?
2.(2023·新高考 II 卷)The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
【答案】顺利的,平凡的,平安无事的
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:这次航班平安无事,蒂菲是一个伟大的乘客。
3.(2023·全国甲卷)Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes
killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.
【答案】令人烦恼的
【解析】考查构词法。句意:显然,如果不采取预防措施,灰熊就会变得麻烦,有时会杀死农场动物或穿
过院子寻找食物。
4.(2023 年型高考 I 卷)Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the
potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
【答案】
1. limitation n. 限制,边界;限制;局限;极限;
2. implication n. 含义;可能的影响(或作用、结果);暗指;(被)牵连;[逻辑学]蕴涵,
3. discussion n. 讨论;论述
4. decision-making n. 决策
【解析】考查构词法,句意:尽管由纳瓦哈斯人领导的研究有局限性,而且仍存在许多问题,但其对小组
讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
5(. 2023·型高考 I 卷)This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always
the same.
【答案】利用
【解析】考查构词法,capitalize,“转化”, capitalize on 固定短语,“利用”。句意:这种效应利用了这样
一个事实:当人们犯错误时,这些错误并不总是相同的。
6.(2022·新高考全国 I 卷)The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
【答案】相互作用
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音并不一定保持稳定,而是我们今天发
现的巨大多样的语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when
human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained
stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran,a
member of the research team.
【答案】
1.overturn vt.&vi.(使)翻倒
2.necessarily adv.必要地;一定地
3.appearance n.到来,出现
4.interplay n.相互作用
5.biological adj.生物(学)的
6.cultural adj.文化的
翻译:这项研究推翻了一种流行的观点,即大约 30 万年前人类进化时,所有的人类语音都存在。“自从人
类的出现以来,我们使用的语音模式并不一定保持稳定,而我们今天发现的各种各样的语音则是生物变化
和文化进化等相互作用的产
8.(2023·上海春招)Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about
challenges to the humanities.
【答案】career-mindedness 职业精神;humanities n. (总称)人的名词复数 ;人性;人文科学
【解析】在谈论人文学科面临的挑战时,教师和学者必须超越今天的职业思维。
9.(2020 全国新高考 I 卷)Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
【答案】不合格
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:小心遵守所有规则,防止被取消资格。
10. (2020 天津卷)We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them
awake.
【答案】不满意
【解析】考查构词转换。句意:我们可能不得不强迫自己唤醒我们的好奇心和不满,让他们保持清醒。
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2024·浙江卷 1 月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the
_______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
【答案】criticism
【解析】考查名词。句意:许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动,因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。
根据“that they lead to waste”可知,此处应用名词 criticism 表示“批评”作宾语。故填 criticism。
2.(2024·1 月九省联考)He is happy with the ______ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his own
writing.
【答案】improvement
【解析】考查名词。句意:他很高兴看到他的学生和他自己的书写都有了改善。根据空格前的冠词 the 可知,
空格处应填名词作介词 with 的宾语,表示“改善”是 improvement,为不可数名词。故填 improvement。
3.(2023·新高考 II 卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and
Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking
English.
【答案】arrival
【解析】考查名词。句意:从 2017 年 6 月开始,就在两只新大熊猫“萌萌”和“娇青”到来之前,我一直在帮
助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。分析句子结构可知,空前是冠词,空后是介词,所以空
处应填名词作介词 before 的宾语,arrive 的名词形式是 arrival,不可数名词。故填 arrival。
4(. 2023·全国乙卷)The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the
past while stepping into the modern world
【答案】remarkable
【解析】考查形容词。句意:这个城市的显著发展,是有意识地在保护过去的同时步入现代世界,这意味
着这里总是有新的东西可以发现,我可以在接下来的 50 年里一直拍摄北京。分析句子成分可知,空处为形
容词修饰名词“development of this city”。故填 remarkable。
5.(2022·1 月浙江卷)When the answer was no ,she declined the________(invite) .
【答案】invitation
【解析】考查名词。句意:当答案是否定的时候,她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词 decline 的宾
语,故填 invitation。
6(. 2022·6 月浙江卷)John Olson, a former (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured
3D models.
【答案】photographer
【解析】考查名词。句意:约翰·奥尔森是一位前摄影师,他和他的团队将绘画转化为全纹理 3D 模型。单
数名词做主语,根据句意表示“摄影师”,此处为单数概念,故填 photographer。
7.(2023· 新高考Ⅰ卷 ) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese
street food.
【答案】tasty
【解析】考查形容词。句意:小笼包(汤包),那些精致的饺子皮,包裹着热腾腾的美味汤汁和甜甜的鲜肉,无疑是
我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。形容词修饰后面的名词 soup 作定语,故空处需用 tasty “美味的”。
8.(2022·新高考 II 卷 ) Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a
questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach…the animals
Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the
panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and (confidence) speaking English.
【答案】confident
【解析】考查形容词。句意:从 2017 年 6 月开始,就在两只新大熊猫“萌萌”和“娇青”到来之前,我一直在
帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。分析句子结构可知,空处和前文的 comfortable 并列,
作并列表语,应用形容词形式,confidence 的形容词形式是 confident。故填 confident。
9.(2023·1 月浙江高考卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space)homes and walled
gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.
【答案】spacious
【解析】考查形容词。句意:他们建立的胡同井然有序。宽大的房屋和有墙的花园成行排列。空格处需要
填形容词作定语修饰空格后的名词 homes。故填 spacious。
10.(2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead
of a moral.
【答案】Different
【解析】考查形容词。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以一种指责而不是道德结束。be different from
与……不同,所以用形容词作状语。故填 Different。
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Following the barbecue-induced travel craze to the city of Zibo in East China, Chinese
social media has once again highlighted the next internet-famous city worthy of (explore).
【答案】exploration
【解析】考查名词。句意:继烧烤引发的淄博旅游热潮之后,中国社交媒体再次强调了下一个值得探索的
网红城市。此处使用名词作宾语,需要的词义为“探索”,即 exploration,它为不可数名词,故填
exploration。
2.(2024·江苏·泰州模拟)It also recreated (memory) moments of genuine exchanges among people.
【答案】memorable
【解析】考查形容词。句意:它还重现了人们真诚交流的难忘时刻。分析句子可知,空处修饰 moments 作
定语,表示“难忘的”用 memorable。故填 memorable。
3.(2024·浙江·二模) It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can harmonize the
energies of the natural world.
【答案】appropriately
【解析】考查副词。句意:人们相信,通过适当布置事物,可以和谐自然界的能量。此处需要一个副词修
饰动词 arranging,因此使用 appropriately“适当地”,作状语。故填 appropriately。
4.(2024·浙江·模拟预测)Apparently, respect for the elders is the (found) of the Chinese moral system.
【答案】foundation
【解析】考查名词。句意:显然,尊老是中国道德体系的基础。分析句子结构和意思可知,这里需要名词,
作表语。故填 foundation。
5.(2024·全国·高三模拟)Peking Opera is a (combine) of music, dance, art, acrobatics, and martial
arts.
【答案】combination
【解析】考查名词。句意:京剧是音乐、舞蹈、艺术、杂技和武术的结合体。句中“a _____ of music”为名词
所有格,在句中作表语,故空格处应用名词,combine 意为“(使)结合”,动词词性,对应的名词为
combination,意为“结合,结合体”,根据空格前“a”可知,应用 combination 的单数形式。故填 combination。
6.(23-24 高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习)Nowadays, it is mainly in those minor ethnic groups that this life passage is
still celebrated. In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a (revive).
【答案】revival
【解析】考查名词。句意:在中国的一些地区,这个仪式正在复兴。作动词的宾语,结合不定冠词可知应
用单数名词 revival,故填 revival。
7. (2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟)The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremony was (meaning)
and thus abolished this ceremony which had lasted for thousands of years.
【答案】meaningless
【解析】考查形容词。句意:满族统治者觉得这个仪式毫无意义,于是废除了这个延续了几千年的仪式。
作表语,表示“毫无意义”应用形容词 meaningless。故填 meaningless。
8(. 2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese officials didn’t agree with the (decide).
【答案】decision
【解析】考查名词。句意:当时,中国官员并不同意这一决定。作宾语,应用名词 decision,此处为单数含
义。故填 decision。
9(. 2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟)The West Lake is (definite) a place people can never miss when visiting
Hangzhou.
【答案】definitely
【解析】考查副词。句意:西湖绝对是每个来杭州的人都不能错过的地方。分析句子,设空处使用副词作
状语。definitely 意为“绝对地”。故填 definitely。
10. (2024·湖南一模) Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed from the
moment
【答案】specially
【解析】.考查副词。句意:从您踏进博物馆的那一刻起,一直到您离开,都有特别设计的有趣、有意义、
有特色的活动。分析句子可知,空处修饰动词 designed,用副词作状语。故填 specially。