第16讲 动词时态之完成时(讲义)(含答案) 2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)

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名称 第16讲 动词时态之完成时(讲义)(含答案) 2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)
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第 16 讲 动词时态之完成时
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 2
02 知识导图·思维引航 3
03 考点突破·考法探究 4
基础详单
知识点 1 时态概述 4
知识点 2 解题策略 4
考点一 现在完成时
知识点 1 现在完成时的构成及规则动词过去式和过去分词变化规则 5
知识点 2 现在完成时的具体用法 5
知识点 3 现在完成时特殊句式 6
考点二 过去完成时
知识点 1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法 7
知识点 2 过去完成时特殊句式 8
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成时的构成及具体用法 9
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点 1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 10
知识点 2 现在完成时与一般过去时 11
知识点 3 过去完成时与一般过去时 11
知识点 4 过去完成时与现在完成时 11
考点五 时态的一致性三原则
知识点 1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则 12
知识点 2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则 12
知识点 3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则 13
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 13
2.命题演练 14
年份 卷别 现在时 过去时 将来时(含被动)
新高考 I 卷 walks
新高考 II 卷 were
2024
全国甲卷 were
浙江卷 1 月 have started
北京卷 gives was named; jogged
新高考 II 卷 wished
全国甲卷 become 改为 becomes make → made (can) be employed
2023 全国乙卷 was amazed
浙江卷 1 月 featured
北京卷 has established had arrived would throw
新高考 I 卷 is designed were
新高考 II 卷 were fixing; threw
has walked was-were; 全国甲卷
2022 become-became
全国乙卷 lives-live; 去掉 have 后的 been addressed
北京卷 has; has increased
is viewed/has been viewed
浙江卷 1 月
are;have promised
新高考 I 卷 was
新高考 II 卷 was
2021 全国甲卷 are 改为 is was built; hired
全国乙卷 删去 are
北京卷 connects
全国 I 卷 means; is constructed touched
2020 全国 II 卷 carries start 改为 started
全国 III 卷 had 改成 have pointed (would) be chosen
新高考卷 are called; is formed
全国 I 卷 has reported;are
全国 II 卷 have made declared
2019
全国 III 卷 required 改为 requires recommended;were invited
北京卷 voiced
分析近年高考真题可知,高考对谓语动词的考查是结合时态、语态和主谓一致综合进行的考查。
近年对时态的考查命题较稳,对时态、语态和主谓一致的考查比较稳定,但又稳中求变,长句有
增加的趋势。
考情 【复习目标】
分析 1. 系统复习并掌握时态的基本知识
2. 熟练运用各种时态尤其是一般现在时、一般过去式和现在完成时。
3. 掌握几种易混时态的区别。
4. 强化在复杂语境中辨别时态的能力。
时态 主动 被动 标志词
一般现在时 do/does; am/is/are am/is/are done usually, often, always,
frequently, rarely,
occasionally;
一般过去时 did; was/were was/were done yesterday, last week, the other
day, then, previous 等
一般将来时 will/shall do will/shall be done in the future, in 5 days
would/should do would/should be done
过去将来时 was/were going to do was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to do was/were(about)to be done
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done now, at this time, look, listen
过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done at this time yesterday
将来进行时 will/shall be doing
现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done so far, since, up to now, in the
past days
过去完成时 had done had been done by the end of last month
将来完成时 will have done will have been done
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing
过去完成进行时 had been doing
将来完成进行时 will/shall have been doing
过去将来完成进 would/should have been
行时 doing
【基础详单】
知识点 1 时态概述
时态:英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发
生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。在英语中,根据动作发生的时间和动作的种类,动词又分为十六
种时态。高中一般掌握下列时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过
去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时)。
高频考点:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时;
中频考点:过去进行时
知识点 2 解题策略
解题依据 具体方法
在题干中,yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, by+时
根据“标志性状语”
间, so far 等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语,做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语来
判定时态。
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关
根据“并列谓语”
系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并
列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过“语境暗示”,正确分析语境
根据“语境暗示”
也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
根据“时态定义” 准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
根据“固定句式” 掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法。
考点一 现在完成时
知识点 1 现在完成构成、规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则
have
谓语动词的构成: has }+done
动词变过去分词规则
情况 规则 例词
一般情况 加-ed play→ played→played ; discuss→discussed→discussed
以不发音的-e 结尾的动词 加-d like→ liked→ liked; live →lived→ lived
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词 变 y 为-ied carry→carried; try→tried
以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有 双写词尾辅音字 stop→ stopped →stopped; plan →planned →planned;
一个辅音字母 母,再加-ed skip →skipped→ skipped; occur→ occurred →occurred;
知识点 2 现在完成时的具体用法
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语:already,so far,
never,just,before,recently,for a long time,in the past/last few years 等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的 10 年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
【2024 年北京卷】Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I
have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink.
虽然我喜欢打破几十年来使用油画颜料的禁忌,但我发现我现在更喜欢粉笔和墨水。
2. 表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”或“for
+时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他 2019 年搬到这里,自那之后他一直住在这里。
【2024 年新高考 I 卷】It's been popular for almost two decades.
它已经流行了近二十年。
3. 现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。
知识点 3 现在完成时的特殊句式
用于现在完成时的固定句型:
1. 在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third ... time+that 从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们第一次作为一家人在电影院看电影。
2.在“It/This is the best/worst/most+adj.+名词+从句”中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
3.It is/has been+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
名师提醒:1.注意避免思维定式:一看到 for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是
“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。 2.非延续性
动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时,在肯定句中不能
与 for 引出的时间段,since+时间点或 how long 等状语连用,要转化为相应的延续性动词才能与一段时间
连用。
[误]I have bought the car for a year.
[正]I have kept the car for a year.
这辆车我买了有一年了。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。
典例 1.(2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测)Over the past several months, the company (conduct) a deeper
study.
【解析】考查时态、主谓一致。句意:在过去几个月里,该公司进行了更深入的研究。conduct“实施”。根
据时间状语 Over the past several months 可知,此处应用现在完成时,主语 the company 为第三人称单数,助
动词用 has。故填 has conducted。
【答案】has conducted
典例 2.(2024 年湖北省高三二模)Over the years, the architect (help) renovate around 20 households
in Mutianyu, most of which now operate as hotels or restaurants, while doing his best to preserve the original
structures as much as possible.
【解析】考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。句意:多年来,这位建筑师帮助改造了慕田峪的大约 20 户人家,
其中大多数现在都是酒店或餐馆,同时尽可能地保留了原有的结构。根据 over the years 可知,此处应使用
现在完成时,主语为 the architect,助动词用 has。故填 has helped。
【答案】has helped
变式训练 1.(2024 年湖北高三三模)So far, Shoushan Stone, officially named “China National Stone”, ________
(become) a symbol of elegance, dignity and wisdom, which is worthy of collection.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:至此,寿山石,正式命名为“中国国石”,已成为优雅、尊贵、智慧的
象征,值得收藏。根据句中的“So far”可知,become 使用现在完成时,主语 Shoushan Stone 为单数意义,故
填 has become。
【答案】has become
变式训练 2.(2024 年湖年长沙三模)All in all, it is a day dedicated to poetry: an art form that
(exist) for centuries and continues to enrich our understanding of the human condition to this day.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:总而言之,这是一个献给诗歌的日子:诗歌这种艺术形式已经存在
了几个世纪,直到今天还在继续丰富我们对人类状况的理解。根据时间状语 for centuries 提示本句时态为现
在完成时,主语为单数概念,助动词用 has。故填 has existed。
【答案】has existed
考点二 过去完成时
知识点 1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法
谓语动词的构成:had+done
1. 表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”,常见的时间状语有 by...,by the end
of,until...,when...,before...等。
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
易错提醒:在复杂语境中,过去完成时的运用可能没有出现较为明显的时间状语,需要仔细观察上下文进
行合理推断。
【2020 江苏卷】Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when
they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.
最明显的是,这些人在锻炼初期,他们不吃早餐时的血糖水平要比吃早餐时低。
2. 表示意向的动词,如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原
本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
3.表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
知识点 2 过去完成时的特殊句式
常用于过去完成时的固定句型:
1. 在 hardly/scarcely ... when ...,no sooner ... than ... 句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过
去时。意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家就开始下雨。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
2. It was+一段时间+since 从句。since 从句用过去完成时。
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有三个月了。
3. It was the first/second/ ... time+(that)从句。从句用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
4. By the time ...起连词的功能,引导从句, (表示过去时间的句子)+主句(过去完成时)。
By the time he was ten, Tom had built a chemistry lab himself.
到十岁的时候,汤姆已经自己建了一个化学实验室。
典例 1.(2024 年重庆高三三模) By the end of last year, 97 percent of primary and secondary schools in Zibo
(complete) the digital transformation, with 295 schools establishing smart campuses equipped with multimedia
classrooms.
【解析】考查时态。句意:截至去年年底,淄博市 97%的中小学完成了数字化转型,295 所学校建立了配备
多媒体教室的智能校园。根据上文 By the end of last year 可知发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。故填 had
completed。
【答案】had completed
典例 2.(2024 年湖北襄阳三模)However, in 2017, the park made history with its removal from the list. a
significant and remarkable achievement of the Government of Ethiopia. By then various efforts (devote)
to achieving this.
【解析】考查时态和被动语态。句意:到那时为止,已经为实现这一目标作出了各种努力。be devoted to doing
是固定短语,意为“致力于做某事”,由 By then 可知,句子表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,时态
用过去完成时,因此空格处是 had been devoted。故填 had been devoted。
【答案】had been devoted
变式训练 1.It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours.
【解析】考查时态。句意:这是她第四次在网上连续购物数小时了。在“It/That was the first/second/third…time
that…”句型中,that 引导的从句要用过去完成时。故填 had shopped。
【答案】had shopped
变式训练 2.Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no
other guest (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:多年以后,搬到法国后,我在约定的时间赴宴,却发现没有其他客人到场,
女主人还穿着睡衣。此处表示的动作发生在主句动词 turned up 之前,属于“过去的过去”,应用过去完成时。
故填 had arrived。
【答案】had arrived
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成的构成及具体用法
构成: will have+过去分词
用法:将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。经常与 before+将来时
间或 by+将来时间连用,也可与 before 或 by the time 引导的现在时的从句连用。
We will have finished our project by the end of this month.
本月底我们会完成我们的工程。
By the end of this month, we will have finished the project.
到这个月底为止,我们就能完成这项工程了。
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点 1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
区别 现在完成 现在完成 示例
进行时 时
表示动作 一 般 不 表 Have you been meeting him recently 你最近常和他见面吗?
一 的重复 示重复性 Have you met him recently 你最近见到过他吗?
一 般 是 平 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(表示
二 含有感情 铺直叙 不满)
色彩 I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明事实)
强调事情 强 调 事 情 We have been cleaning the classroom.(强调过程)
三 的过程 结果 We have cleaned the classroom.(强调结果)
1. 现在完成时表示动作已经完成,强调事情的结果,现在完成进行时表示动作未完成,强调动作的过程;
现在完成时表示动作过程的持续性,现在完成进行时强调动作持续的长久性。
例1. I have watered the flowers this morning. (动作已经完成)
今天早晨我已经浇过花了。
例2. I have been watering the flowering this morning. (动作一直在持续)
今天早晨我一直在浇花。
例3. Who has been eating the oranges
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀?(强调动作的过程)
例4. Who has eaten the oranges
谁把桔子吃光了?(强调事情的结果)
易错提醒:状态动词、情感动词和知觉动词,如 see,feel,know, love 等,不能用于现在完成进行时,但可以
用于现在完成时。
(错误)I have been knowing her for a long time.
(正确)I have known her for a long time.
【2020 年海南卷阅读理解】Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long you’ve felt that way.
一定要诚实地说出你的感受以及你有这种感觉多久了。
2. 现在完成时同某些频度副词或数词连用时,表示反复的但可能有间断的动作;现在完成进行时可以表示
反复的、不间断的动作,不能同具体数词或表示具体词数的词连用。
(错误)I have been reading this book three times.
(正确)I have read this book three times.
知识点 2 现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
一般过去时侧重说明在过去某个时间发生的事情、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,不强调对现在产生的影
响,常与确定的过去时间状语连用。
例1. He cleaned the room an hour ago, but it’s dirty now.
他一小时前打扫过房间,可是现在房间又脏了。
例2. He has cleaned the room. 他已经打扫房间了。
知识点 3 过去完成时与一般过去时
过去完成时必须又一个过去的时间来衬托,必须是“过去的过去”才可以用过去完成时。
一般过去时是相对现在而言的,过去完成时是相对于过去某一时刻而言的,两种时态建立的时间参照不同。
例1. Last week they learned Lesson 6.上周他们学了第六课。
例2. By the end of last week they had learned 3 units.
到上周末为止,他们已经学习了 3 个单元。
知识点 4 过去完成时与现在完成时
二者所表示的动作均始于过去。现在完成时以现在的时间为基点,侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响。
过去完成时以过去的时间为基点,强调“过去的过去”。若动作截至到现在,用现在完成时;若截至到过
去某时,则用过去完成时。
例1. Up to now he has been to the Great Wall three times.迄今为止,他去过长城 3 次了。
例2. He said he had been to the Great Wall three times.他说他已经去过长城 3 次了。
典例 1.(2024 年湖南长沙模拟预测)A total of 19 awards in different categories (announce) at the
2023 Chengdu World Science Fiction Convention.
【解析】考查时态语态。句意:在 2023 年成都世界科幻大会上,共宣布了 19 个不同类别的奖项。根据
时间状语 on Saturday 可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,需用一般过去时,主语 awards 和谓语动词 announce
为被动关系,需用一般过去时的被动语态。故填 were announced。
【答案】were announced
典例 2.(2024 年广东梅州高三二模)Many key breakthroughs (make) in recent years at the Yinxu
site and its surrounding areas.
【解析】考查被动语态。句意:近年来,殷墟及其周边地区取得了许多重大突破。空白处在句子中作谓语,
因与主语之间为被动关系,使用被动语态,根据时间状语 in recent years 可知句子表示的是一个过去发生的
动作对现在的影响,谓语动词使用现在完成时的被动语态,故填 have been made。
【答案】have been made
变式训练 1.If they don’t stop in time, they are likely to fall off the cliff. No wonder it (recognize) as
one of the steepest cliffs in China.
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:难怪它被认为是中国最陡峭的悬崖之一。主语 it 和动词 recognize 之
间是被动关系,此处可表示一个事实,用一般现在时的被动语态,也可看作过去发生的事情对现在造成的
影响,用现在完成时的被动语态,主语表示单数意义,故填 is/ has been recognized。
【答案】is/ has been recognized
变式训练 2.By the end of he was 14 years old, he (learn) advanced mathematics by himself.
【解析】考查时态。句意:到 14 岁的时候,他已经自学了高等数学。根据上文 By the end of he was 14 years
old 可知为过去的过去,用过去完成时。故填 had learnt/learned。
【答案】had learnt/had learned
变式训练 3.You have to hurry up, or the train (leave) by the time you reach the station.
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:你得快点,否则你到站的时候火车已经开走了。根据句意及 by the time you
reach the station 可知,此处描述截止到将来某一时刻完成的动作,应用将来完成时。故填 will have left。
【答案】will have left
考点五 时态一致三原则
知识点 1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则
定语从句的动词应根据动词本身所涉及的时间运用恰当的时态。如:
That is the person who will give us a lecture tomorrow.
那就是明天要给我们做报告的那个人。
That was the person who would give us a lecture the next day.
那就是第二天要给我们做报告的那个人。
知识点 2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则
1.主句是现在时或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。如:
The woman tells me that she is/was/will be a nurse.
2.主句是过去时态时,从句的时态有下面几种情况:
(1)从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。如:
I thought he worked very hard.我认为他工作很努力。
The actor said he was living in Beijing.
这位男演员说他住在北京。
(2)如果从句有具体的过去时间点,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。如:
She told me her brother died in 1960.
她告诉我她哥哥是 1960 年去世的。
(3)从句说的是一般真理或客观事实时,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。如:
The teacher told us that the earth is round.
老师告诉我们地球是圆的。
(4)从句动作发生在主句动作之后时,从句须用过去将来时。如:
I knew where Tom would celebrate his birthday.
我知道汤姆将在哪里庆祝生日。
(5)从句动作发生在主句动作之前时,从句须用过去完成时。
知识点 3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则
在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句往往用一般现在时表将来;若主句为过去时,
则从句也用相对应的过去时。如:
You’ll make progress if you keep working hard.
如果你继续努力,你就会取得进步。
He told us that he wouldn’t give up until he succeeded.
他告诉我们在成功之前他决不放弃。
一、 真题实战
1.(2024 年浙江卷 1 月语法填空)Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken or
salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
【答案】have started
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意:在过去的两年里,一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装,设计成两半,拆
分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知,此处应用现在完成时。动词 start 意为“开始”。故填 have
started。
2.(2022 北京卷)The use of those plastics (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won’t survive if
this situation continues.
【答案】has increased
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意:自从 2019 年,那些塑料的使用已经增加了 300%。根据句中 since 2019,
可知此处用现在完成时。主语 The use of those plastics 为单数含义,助动词用 has。故填 has increased。
3.(2022 年全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao _________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in
2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
【答案】has walked
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:在过去的五年中,曹操穿越了六大洲的 34 个国家,2016 年,他到达了乞力
马扎罗山顶,这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语 in the last five years 可知,此处应用现在完成时,主语
Cao 为第三人称单数,助动词用 has。故填 has walked。
4. (2019 年江苏) The musician along with his band members ______________(give) ten performances in the last
three months.
【答案】has given
【解析】考查动词时态及语态。in the last three months 常与现在完成时连用;along with his band members 是
介词短语,真正主语是 The musician。故答案是 has given。
二、 命题演练
1.(辽宁省六校 2023-2024 学年高三联考试卷)On the basis of research that he (do) for the past six
years, Dr. Zimbardo estimates that about 40 percent of all Americans, around 84 million people, consider
themselves shy.
【答案】has done/has been doing
【解析】考查时态。句意:根据他过去六年所做的研究,津巴多博士估计,大约 40%的美国人,大约 8400
万人,认为自己害羞。分析句子结构可知,根据 for the past six years 可知,该句可使用现在完成时,主语
he 为单数,因此可填 has done。同时,此处也可表示这项研究在过去六年中一直进行,因此可使用现在完
成进行时。故填 has done/has been doing。
2. ( 河 北 省 任 丘 市 第 一 中 学 2023 年 高 三 试 题 ) Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist
ideology__________(create) by one of the most famous Taoists, named Zhang Sanfeng in the early years of the
Ming Dynasty.
【答案】were created
【解析】考查时态语态。句意:以道家思想为基础的武当武术,是明初著名的道士张三丰所创。根据时间
状语 in the early years of the Ming Dynasty 可知用一般过去时,句中主语 Wudang martial arts 是复数,和动词
create 是被动关系,指武当功夫被创造,在句中作谓语用被动语态。故填一般过去时的被动语态 were
created。
3(. 江苏省常熟市 2023-2024学年高三 10月抽测试题) It was a big day for Liu Jing, an overseas Chinese student
in Paris. She (work) with her friends for three months on an exhibition.
【答案】had worked/had been working
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:她和朋友们合作了三个月为了一个在周四开幕的展览,目的是推广汉服——
中国传统服装,作为他们提高世界公众对中国文化认识的最新努力。空格处作谓语,根据时间状语 for three
months 及动作发生在定语从句的谓语 opened 之前,应用过去完成时或过去完成进行时。故填 had worked/had
been working。
4.(江苏省前黄高级中学 2023-2024 学年高三学情检测)The center (launch) in June on Zhenxing
Road to help relieve the pressure on many of those running its 435 street stalls, many of whom are migrant workers
from around the country without local relatives to help take care of their children.
【答案】was launched
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意:该中心于 6 月在振兴路上启动,以帮助减轻 435 个街头摊位经营者的压力,
其中许多人是来自全国各地的外来务工人员,没有当地亲戚帮助照顾他们的孩子。分析句子成分可知,空
处应为主句的谓语动词。根据时间状语“in June”,应为一般过去时;且照应主语“The center”和提示词之间为
被动关系,故用被动语态;且应为单数。故填 was launched。
5.(江苏省镇江第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三学情检测)According to a recent report archaeologists______
(restore) more than 140 Terracotta Warriors.
【答案】have restored
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:根据最近的一份报告,考古学家已经修复了 140 多个兵马俑。分析句子结
构可知,本句缺少谓语动词,所以 restore 作本句谓语,根据标志词 recent 可知,用现在完成时,主语是
archaeologists,为复数。故填 have restored。
6.(湖南省岳阳市湘阴校联考 2023-2024 学年试题)Since the Chinese highly qualified silk (make) its
fame to the western countries, the merchants sought the opportunity of trading Chinese silk along this route and
gained a great fortune.
【答案】had made
【解析】考查时态。句意:由于中国高品质的丝绸在西方国家名声大噪,商人们就沿着这条路线寻找交易
中国丝绸的机会,并获得了巨大的财富。此处从句表示过去的过去,用过去完成时。故填 had made。
7(. 湖南省益阳市南县第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题)As we know, China’s Belt and Road Initiative______
(motivate) more countries to cooperate more closely so far.
【答案】has motivated
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意:我们知道,到目前为止,中国的“一带一路”倡议已经激励了更多的国家进行
更密切的合作。句子有 so far 作时间状语,谓语用现在完成时,主语是 China’s Belt and Road Initiative,谓
语用第三人称单数形式,助动词用 has。故填 has motivated。
8.(湖南省邵东市第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题)Nang cultural industrial parks (build) so far in
many cities.
【答案】have been built
【解析】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:迄今为止,许多城市都建起了馕文化产业园。空格处是
句中谓语动词,与主语 Nang cultural industrial parks 之间是被动关系。由时间状语 so far 可知,应使用现在
完成时态。又因主语是复数名词,助动词用 have。故填 have been built。
9.(湖南省衡阳市衡阳县 2023-2024 年高三试题)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example,roughly
200 academics - many of them climate scientists (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort
started two years ago.
【答案】have promised
【解析】考查时态。句意:例如,在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上,自从两年前成立以来,大约有 200 个
学者,他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时,故填
have promised。
10.(湖南省部分校 2023-2024 学年高三试题)The couple just gets registered at the government office. Marriage
________ (regard) as a cardinal issue since ancient times.
【答案】has been regarded
【解析】考查动词时态和语态及主谓一致。句意:自古以来,婚姻就被视为头等大事。marriage 与 regard 之
间是动宾关系,根据 since ancient times 要用现在完成时的被动语态,主语 marriage 是不可数名词,助动词
用 has。故填 has been regarded。第 16 讲 动词时态之完成时
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 2
02 知识导图·思维引航 3
03 考点突破·考法探究 4
基础详单
知识点 1 时态概述 4
知识点 2 解题策略 4
考点一 现在完成时
知识点 1 现在完成时的构成及规则动词过去式和过去分词变化规则 5
知识点 2 现在完成时的具体用法 5
知识点 3 现在完成时特殊句式 6
考点二 过去完成时
知识点 1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法 7
知识点 2 过去完成时特殊句式 7
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成时的构成及具体用法 8
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点 1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 10
知识点 2 现在完成时与一般过去时 10
知识点 3 过去完成时与一般过去时 10
知识点 4 过去完成时与现在完成时 10
考点五 时态的一致性三原则
知识点 1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则 11
知识点 2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则 11
知识点 3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则 10
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 12
2.命题演练 12
年份 卷别 现在时 过去时 将来时(含被动)
新高考 I 卷 walks
新高考 II 卷 were
2024
全国甲卷 were
浙江卷 1 月 have started
北京卷 gives was named; jogged
新高考 II 卷 wished
全国甲卷 become 改为 becomes make → made (can) be employed
2023 全国乙卷 was amazed
浙江卷 1 月 featured
北京卷 has established had arrived would throw
新高考 I 卷 is designed were
新高考 II 卷 were fixing; threw
has walked was-were; 全国甲卷
2022 become-became
全国乙卷 lives-live; 去掉 have 后的 been addressed
北京卷 has; has increased
is viewed/has been viewed
浙江卷 1 月
are;have promised
新高考 I 卷 was
新高考 II 卷 was
2021 全国甲卷 are 改为 is was built; hired
全国乙卷 删去 are
北京卷 connects
全国 I 卷 means; is constructed touched
2020 全国 II 卷 carries start 改为 started
全国 III 卷 had 改成 have pointed (would) be chosen
新高考卷 are called; is formed
全国 I 卷 has reported;are
全国 II 卷 have made declared
2019
全国 III 卷 required 改为 requires recommended;were invited
北京卷 voiced
分析近年高考真题可知,高考对谓语动词的考查是结合时态、语态和主谓一致综合进行的考查。
近年对时态的考查命题较稳,对时态、语态和主谓一致的考查比较稳定,但又稳中求变,长句有
增加的趋势。
考情 【复习目标】
分析 1. 系统复习并掌握时态的基本知识
2. 熟练运用各种时态尤其是一般现在时、一般过去式和现在完成时。
3. 掌握几种易混时态的区别。
4. 强化在复杂语境中辨别时态的能力。
时态 主动 被动 标志词
一般现在时 do/does; am/is/are am/is/are done usually, often, always,
frequently, rarely,
occasionally;
一般过去时 did; was/were was/were done yesterday, last week, the other
day, then, previous 等
一般将来时 will/shall do will/shall be done in the future, in 5 days
would/should do would/should be done
过去将来时 was/were going to do was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to do was/were(about)to be done
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done now, at this time, look, listen
过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done at this time yesterday
将来进行时 will/shall be doing
现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done so far, since, up to now, in the
past days
过去完成时 had done had been done by the end of last month
将来完成时 will have done will have been done
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing
过去完成进行时 had been doing
将来完成进行时 will/shall have been doing
过去将来完成进 would/should have been
行时 doing
【基础详单】
知识点 1 时态概述
时态:英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发
生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。在英语中,根据动作发生的时间和动作的种类,动词又分为十六
种时态。高中一般掌握下列时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过
去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时)。
高频考点:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时;
中频考点:过去进行时
知识点 2 解题策略
解题依据 具体方法
在题干中,yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, by+时
根据“标志性状语”
间, so far 等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语,做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语来
判定时态。
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关
根据“并列谓语”
系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并
列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过“语境暗示”,正确分析语境
根据“语境暗示”
也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
根据“时态定义” 准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
根据“固定句式” 掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法。
考点一 现在完成时
知识点 1 现在完成构成、规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则
have
谓语动词的构成: has }+done
动词变过去分词规则
情况 规则 例词
一般情况 加-ed play→ played→played ; discuss→discussed→discussed
以不发音的-e 结尾的动词 加-d like→ liked→ liked; live →lived→ lived
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词 变 y 为-ied carry→carried; try→tried
以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有 双写词尾辅音字 stop→ stopped →stopped; plan →planned →planned;
一个辅音字母 母,再加-ed skip →skipped→ skipped; occur→ occurred →occurred;
知识点 2 现在完成时的具体用法
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语:already,so far,
never,just,before,recently,for a long time,in the past/last few years 等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的 10 年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
【2024 年北京卷】Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I
have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink.
虽然我喜欢打破几十年来使用油画颜料的禁忌,但我发现我现在更喜欢粉笔和墨水。
2. 表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”或“for
+时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他 2019 年搬到这里,自那之后他一直住在这里。
【2024 年新高考 I 卷】It's been popular for almost two decades.
它已经流行了近二十年。
3. 现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。
知识点 3 现在完成时的特殊句式
用于现在完成时的固定句型:
1. 在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third ... time+that 从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们第一次作为一家人在电影院看电影。
2.在“It/This is the best/worst/most+adj.+名词+从句”中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
3.It is/has been+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
名师提醒:1.注意避免思维定式:一看到 for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是
“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。 2.非延续性
动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时,在肯定句中不能
与 for 引出的时间段,since+时间点或 how long 等状语连用,要转化为相应的延续性动词才能与一段时间
连用。
[误]I have bought the car for a year.
[正]I have kept the car for a year.
这辆车我买了有一年了。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。
典例 1.(2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测)Over the past several months, the company (conduct) a deeper
study.
典例 2.(2024 年湖北省高三二模)Over the years, the architect (help) renovate around 20 households
in Mutianyu, most of which now operate as hotels or restaurants, while doing his best to preserve the original
structures as much as possible.
变式训练 1.(2024 年湖北高三三模)So far, Shoushan Stone, officially named “China National Stone”, ________
(become) a symbol of elegance, dignity and wisdom, which is worthy of collection.
变式训练 2.(2024 年湖年长沙三模)All in all, it is a day dedicated to poetry: an art form that
(exist) for centuries and continues to enrich our understanding of the human condition to this day.
考点二 过去完成时
知识点 1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法
谓语动词的构成:had+done
1. 表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”,常见的时间状语有 by...,by the end
of,until...,when...,before...等。
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
易错提醒:在复杂语境中,过去完成时的运用可能没有出现较为明显的时间状语,需要仔细观察上下文进
行合理推断。
【2020 江苏卷】Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when
they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.
最明显的是,这些人在锻炼初期,他们不吃早餐时的血糖水平要比吃早餐时低。
2. 表示意向的动词,如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原
本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
3.表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
知识点 2 过去完成时的特殊句式
常用于过去完成时的固定句型:
1. 在 hardly/scarcely ... when ...,no sooner ... than ... 句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过
去时。意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家就开始下雨。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
2. It was+一段时间+since 从句。since 从句用过去完成时。
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有三个月了。
3. It was the first/second/ ... time+(that)从句。从句用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
4. By the time ...起连词的功能,引导从句, (表示过去时间的句子)+主句(过去完成时)。
By the time he was ten, Tom had built a chemistry lab himself.
到十岁的时候,汤姆已经自己建了一个化学实验室。
典例 1.(2024 年重庆高三三模) By the end of last year, 97 percent of primary and secondary schools in Zibo
(complete) the digital transformation, with 295 schools establishing smart campuses equipped with multimedia
classrooms.
典例 2.(2024 年湖北襄阳三模)However, in 2017, the park made history with its removal from the list. a
significant and remarkable achievement of the Government of Ethiopia. By then various efforts (devote)
to achieving this.
变式训练 1.It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours.
变式训练 2.Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no
other guest (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成的构成及具体用法
构成: will have+过去分词
用法:将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。经常与 before+将来时
间或 by+将来时间连用,也可与 before 或 by the time 引导的现在时的从句连用。
We will have finished our project by the end of this month.
本月底我们会完成我们的工程。
By the end of this month, we will have finished the project.
到这个月底为止,我们就能完成这项工程了。
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点 1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
区别 现在完成 现在完成 示例
进行时 时
表示动作 一 般 不 表 Have you been meeting him recently 你最近常和他见面吗?
一 的重复 示重复性 Have you met him recently 你最近见到过他吗?
一 般 是 平 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(表示
二 含有感情 铺直叙 不满)
色彩 I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明事实)
强调事情 强 调 事 情 We have been cleaning the classroom.(强调过程)
三 的过程 结果 We have cleaned the classroom.(强调结果)
1. 现在完成时表示动作已经完成,强调事情的结果,现在完成进行时表示动作未完成,强调动作的过程;
现在完成时表示动作过程的持续性,现在完成进行时强调动作持续的长久性。
例1. I have watered the flowers this morning. (动作已经完成)
今天早晨我已经浇过花了。
例2. I have been watering the flowering this morning. (动作一直在持续)
今天早晨我一直在浇花。
例3. Who has been eating the oranges
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀?(强调动作的过程)
例4. Who has eaten the oranges
谁把桔子吃光了?(强调事情的结果)
易错提醒:状态动词、情感动词和知觉动词,如 see,feel,know, love 等,不能用于现在完成进行时,但可以
用于现在完成时。
(错误)I have been knowing her for a long time.
(正确)I have known her for a long time.
【2020 年海南卷阅读理解】Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long you’ve felt that way.
一定要诚实地说出你的感受以及你有这种感觉多久了。
2. 现在完成时同某些频度副词或数词连用时,表示反复的但可能有间断的动作;现在完成进行时可以表示
反复的、不间断的动作,不能同具体数词或表示具体词数的词连用。
(错误)I have been reading this book three times.
(正确)I have read this book three times.
知识点 2 现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
一般过去时侧重说明在过去某个时间发生的事情、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,不强调对现在产生的影
响,常与确定的过去时间状语连用。
例1. He cleaned the room an hour ago, but it’s dirty now.
他一小时前打扫过房间,可是现在房间又脏了。
例2. He has cleaned the room. 他已经打扫房间了。
知识点 3 过去完成时与一般过去时
过去完成时必须又一个过去的时间来衬托,必须是“过去的过去”才可以用过去完成时。
一般过去时是相对现在而言的,过去完成时是相对于过去某一时刻而言的,两种时态建立的时间参照不同。
例1. Last week they learned Lesson 6.上周他们学了第六课。
例2. By the end of last week they had learned 3 units.
到上周末为止,他们已经学习了 3 个单元。
知识点 4 过去完成时与现在完成时
二者所表示的动作均始于过去。现在完成时以现在的时间为基点,侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响。
过去完成时以过去的时间为基点,强调“过去的过去”。若动作截至到现在,用现在完成时;若截至到过
去某时,则用过去完成时。
例1. Up to now he has been to the Great Wall three times.迄今为止,他去过长城 3 次了。
例2. He said he had been to the Great Wall three times.他说他已经去过长城 3 次了。
典例 1.(2024 年湖南长沙模拟预测)A total of 19 awards in different categories (announce) at the
2023 Chengdu World Science Fiction Convention.
典例 2.(2024 年广东梅州高三二模)Many key breakthroughs (make) in recent years at the Yinxu
site and its surrounding areas.
变式训练 1.If they don’t stop in time, they are likely to fall off the cliff. No wonder it (recognize) as
one of the steepest cliffs in China.
变式训练 2.By the end of he was 14 years old, he (learn) advanced mathematics by himself.
变式训练 3.You have to hurry up, or the train (leave) by the time you reach the station.
考点五 时态一致三原则
知识点 1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则
定语从句的动词应根据动词本身所涉及的时间运用恰当的时态。如:
That is the person who will give us a lecture tomorrow.
那就是明天要给我们做报告的那个人。
That was the person who would give us a lecture the next day.
那就是第二天要给我们做报告的那个人。
知识点 2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则
1.主句是现在时或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。如:
The woman tells me that she is/was/will be a nurse.
2.主句是过去时态时,从句的时态有下面几种情况:
(1)从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。如:
I thought he worked very hard.我认为他工作很努力。
The actor said he was living in Beijing.
这位男演员说他住在北京。
(2)如果从句有具体的过去时间点,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。如:
She told me her brother died in 1960.
她告诉我她哥哥是 1960 年去世的。
(3)从句说的是一般真理或客观事实时,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。如:
The teacher told us that the earth is round.
老师告诉我们地球是圆的。
(4)从句动作发生在主句动作之后时,从句须用过去将来时。如:
I knew where Tom would celebrate his birthday.
我知道汤姆将在哪里庆祝生日。
(5)从句动作发生在主句动作之前时,从句须用过去完成时。
知识点 3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则
在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句往往用一般现在时表将来;若主句为过去时,
则从句也用相对应的过去时。如:
You’ll make progress if you keep working hard.
如果你继续努力,你就会取得进步。
He told us that he wouldn’t give up until he succeeded.
他告诉我们在成功之前他决不放弃。
一、 真题实战
1.(2024 年浙江卷 1 月语法填空)Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken or
salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2.(2022 北京卷)The use of those plastics (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won’t survive if
this situation continues.
3.(2022 年全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao _________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in
2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
4. (2019 年江苏) The musician along with his band members ______________(give) ten performances in the last
three months.
二、 命题演练
1.(辽宁省六校 2023-2024 学年高三联考试卷)On the basis of research that he (do) for the past six
years, Dr. Zimbardo estimates that about 40 percent of all Americans, around 84 million people, consider
themselves shy.
2. ( 河 北 省 任 丘 市 第 一 中 学 2023 年 高 三 试 题 ) Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist
ideology__________(create) by one of the most famous Taoists, named Zhang Sanfeng in the early years of the
Ming Dynasty.
3(. 江苏省常熟市 2023-2024学年高三 10月抽测试题) It was a big day for Liu Jing, an overseas Chinese student
in Paris. She (work) with her friends for three months on an exhibition.
4.(江苏省前黄高级中学 2023-2024 学年高三学情检测)The center (launch) in June on Zhenxing
Road to help relieve the pressure on many of those running its 435 street stalls, many of whom are migrant workers
from around the country without local relatives to help take care of their children.
5.(江苏省镇江第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三学情检测)According to a recent report archaeologists______
(restore) more than 140 Terracotta Warriors.
6.(湖南省岳阳市湘阴校联考 2023-2024 学年试题)Since the Chinese highly qualified silk (make) its
fame to the western countries, the merchants sought the opportunity of trading Chinese silk along this route and
gained a great fortune.
7(. 湖南省益阳市南县第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题)As we know, China’s Belt and Road Initiative______
(motivate) more countries to cooperate more closely so far.
8.(湖南省邵东市第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题)Nang cultural industrial parks (build) so far in
many cities.
9.(湖南省衡阳市衡阳县 2023-2024 年高三试题)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example,roughly
200 academics - many of them climate scientists (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort
started two years ago.
10.(湖南省部分校 2023-2024 学年高三试题)The couple just gets registered at the government office. Marriage
________ (regard) as a cardinal issue since ancient times.
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