新概念英语第二册笔记、知识点整理（503页）

新概念英语第二册笔记
Lesson 1 A private conversation
★private adj.私人的
① adj. 私人的
private life 私生活
private school 私立学校
It's my private letter. （如果妈妈想看你的信）
It's my private house. （如果陌生人想进你的房子）
② adj. 普通的
private citizen 普通公民
I’m a private citizen. （citizen n. 公民）
private soldier 大兵
《Private Ryan》（《拯救大兵瑞恩》）
public adj. 公众的，公开的（private的反义词）
public school 公立学校
public letter 公开信
public place 公共场所
privacy n.隐私
It’s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的)
★conversation n.谈话
have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词
conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式
subject of conversation 话题
They are having a conversation.
talk 内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人
Let’s have a talk.
dialogue 对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈
China and Korea are having a dialogue.
chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的“侃”，说的是无关紧要的事。
gossip 嚼舌头, 说长道短
★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧
cinema n.电影院
★seat n.座位
have a good seat/place，这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair.
take a seat/take your seat 坐下来, 就坐
Is the seat taken 这个位置有人吗
请坐的3种说法 :
Sit down, please. (命令性)
Take your seat, please.
Be seated, please. (更礼貌)
作为动词的seat与sit的区别
sit（sat，sitten） vi. 就座
He is sitting there. 他坐在那儿。
seat vt.让某人就座
seat sb. 让某人就坐，后面会加人
Seat yourself.
You seat him.你给他找个位置.
When all those present(到场者)_D_ he began his lecture.
A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated
sit down 坐下；be seated=take a seat 就坐
★angry adj. 生气的
★angrily adv. 生气的
angry =cross
I was angry. /He was cross.
annoyed: 恼火的;
be blue in the face 脸上突然变色
程 I was annoyed.
度 I was angry/cross.
加 I was very angry.
深 I am blue in the face. (脸色都青了, 相当生气了)
★attention n. 注意
Attention ,please. 请注意(口语)
pay attention 注意
pay attention to … 对……注意
You must pay attention to that girl.
pay a little attention 稍加注意
pay much attention 多加注意
pay more attention 更多注意
pay no attention 不用注意
pay close attention 特别注意
★bear(bore, born) v. 容忍
① vt. 承受，支撑，承担，负担
Can the ice bear my weight
Who will bear the cost 谁来承担这笔费用？
② vt. 忍受（一般与can/could连用于疑问句及否定句中）
She eats too fast. I can’t bear to watch/watching her. 她吃得太快。我看着受不了。
How can you bear living in this place 你怎么能受得了住在这个地方？
bear =stand =put up with
I can't bear/stand you.
endure:忍受,容忍
put up with :忍受
I got divorced（离婚）.I could not put up with him
bear/stand/endure 忍受的极限在加大
bear n.熊 white bear 白熊
bear hug :热情(热烈)的拥抱
give sb. a bear hug
★business n. 事, 生意
① n. 生意
business man :生意人
do business: 做生意
go to some place on business:因公出差
I went to Tianjin on business.
② n. 某人自己的私人的事情
It's my business. (指私人的事, 自己处理的事)
It's none of your business. 不关你的事。
★rudely adv. 无礼地, 粗鲁地
rude adj. 粗鲁的，无礼的
★pay vt. &vi. 支付
① vt. &vi. 支付（价款等）
Have you paid the taxi-driver
You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds… 您可以先付30英镑的定金……
I’ll pay by installments.
I paid 50 dollars for this skirt. （pay…for sth. 花/支付……（钱）买……）
② vt. &vi. 给予（注意等）；去（访问）
They did not pay any attention.
We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday. 上星期天我们去拜访了老师。
③ n. 工资，报酬
I have not received my pay yet. 我还没有领到工资。
【课文讲解】
1、Last week I went to the theatre.
动词 go 的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词 to 连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的来代表主语的动作目的。
go to the +地点 表示去某地干嘛
go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play去剧场看戏
go to the cinema =see a film 去电影院看电影
go to the dairy 去牛奶店
go to the + 人 + 's 表示去这个人开的店
go to the doctor's 去看病；go to the butcher's 买肉
以下短语中名词前不加冠词：
go to school 去上学；go to church 去做礼拜；go to hospital(医院) 去看病；go to bed 上床，睡觉；go home（跟home相连一定表示没有事情可做,回家休息）
I am at home. 在家休息
2、I had a very good seat.
seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。
the front seat of a car 汽车的前座
Take a seat, please. 请坐。
3、I did not enjoy it.
enjoy vt. 欣赏，享受，喜爱
① enjoy +n. 喜欢,从当中得到一种享受（后面不能跟人）
I enjoy the music.
enjoy the dinner/film/program/game
② enjoy oneself/代词 玩的开心
We always enjoy ourselves.
③ enjoy +动名词
Jane doesn’t enjoy swimming. She enjoys going to the theatre.
4、I got very angry.
get 在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近 become，是个表示过程的动词，表示状态的变化。而I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气，并不暗示过程。
I am/was angry. 是一个事实
I got angry. 强调变化过程
It is hot.
It got hot.
got 取代be动词，got是一个半联系动词,可以直接加形容词。
5、I could not hear the actors. I turned round.
hear+人:听见某人的话
I could not hear you. Beg your pardon
I couldn't hear you./I couldn't hear a word./I couldn't catch your words.
I couldn't hear you clearly./I couldn't catch your words.
Beg your pardon /I couldn't catch your words.
turn round =turn around 转身
6、In the end, I could not bear it.
in the end 最后，终于，表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后
She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.
I could not bear it/you/the noise.
7、I can't hear a word!
I can't hear a word.
美音:肯定I can 否定,I can't, 它的/t/是吞进去的, 在读音上很难区别, 只能根据上下文来定
hear a word of sb. （a word 等于一句话）
He didn't say a word.
May I speak to Jim /May I have a word with Jim
8、It's none of your business.
one’s business 指某人（所关心的或份内）的事
It's none of your business./None of your business./It's my business. 不关你的事。
It is my business to look after your health. 我必须照顾你的身体健康。
none相当于not any或no one，但语气较强。
She kept none of his letters. 他的信件她一封也没有保留。
none of 这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气，尤其是在祈使句中：
None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了！
【Key structures】
简单陈述句的语序
陈述句一定是有主语,有动词,有宾语,有句号
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
when Who Action Who How Where When
Which Which
What What
1 ---主语，一般由名词、代词或名词短语构成，通常位于动词之前，动词必须与主语一致，即主语决定动词的单复数形式
2 ---谓语，由动词充当
3 ---宾语，一般为名词、代词或名词短语
4 ---副词或介词短语,对方式或状态提问,往往做状语 I like her very much
5 ---地点状语，一般在方式副词之后，时间副词之前
6 ---时间状语，可以放在句首或句末
简单陈述句一定不能少的是主语, 谓语.
如果问何时何地,是一个固定搭配 when and where
★Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch
★until prep.直到
until用于表示动作、状态等的持续，可译为“一直到……为止”或“在……以前”。在肯定句中，它与表示持续性状态的动词连用，表示持续到某一时刻：
I’ll wait here until 5. 我会在这里等到5点钟。
His father was alive until he came back. 直到他回来为止,他爸爸都是活着的.
在否定句中，它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用，表示“到……为止”、“直到……才”：
She cannot arrive until 6. 她到6点才能来。
His father didn't die until he came back. 直到他回来,他爸爸才死.
until（后的从句）的时间终止之前,这个动作做了还是没做？做了前面的主句用肯定；没做前面的主句用否定
For he ___A(C)___(wait) until it stopped raining.
A. waited B. didn't wait
A. leave B. left C. didn't leave
I stay in bed until twelve o'clock.
I didn't get up until 12 o'clock.
★outside adv. 外面（作状语）
He is waiting for me outside.
It is cold outside.
★ring(rang. rung) v.(铃、电话等)响
① vt. 鸣，(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)
Every morning the clock rings at 6.
The telephone(door bell) is ringing.
而风铃等响要用jingle，jingle (bell) (铃儿) 响叮当
② vt. 打电话给（美语中用 call）
ring sb. 给某人打电话
Tomorrow I'll ring you.
③ n. （打）电话
give sb. a ring
Remember to give me a ring. /Remember to ring me.
④ n. 戒指
★aunt n. 姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼)
男性则是uncle: 叔叔
他们的孩子：cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)
cousin的孩子：nephew 外甥；niece 外甥女
★repeat v. 重复
① vt. 重复
Will you repeat the last word
They are repeating that wonderful paly.
② vi. 重做，重说
Please repeat after me.
Don’t repeat.
【课文讲解】
1、It was Sunday.
it指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”（empty subject）。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人：
It is a lovely baby.
2、I never get up early on Sundays.
on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用，表示经常性的行为。
介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中：on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day
当使用last，next，this，that 时，介词（以及定冠词）必须省略：
I’ll see you next/this Friday.
never 从来不 (可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not (变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)
I don't like her.=I never like her.
3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.
在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词：
It’s time for bed now.
You must stay/remain in bed for another two days. 你必须再卧床两天。
4、Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.
just then: 就在那时
如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it取代
Who are you /Who is it
5、I've just arrived by train,
by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数)；如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on
I go out by bus.
I go out in/on two buses. （指具体的两辆车介词用 in/on）
Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea.
如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词：
My aunt left by the 9:15 train.
by air 乘飞机 by bicycle/bike 骑自行车
by boat 乘船 by bus 乘公共汽车
by car 乘小汽车 by land 由陆路
by plane 乘飞机 by sea 由海路
by ship 乘船 by train 乘火车
6、I'm coming to see you. 我将要来看你.
用 come 的现在进行时态 be coming 表示一般将来，表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join…
7、Dear me!
天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!
美国人说 : My god! 注意美英的发音不同.
【Key structures】
现在进行时和一般现在时
现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进行时常与now，just，still等副词连用：
I am working as a teacher. "现阶段"
He is still sleeping. （现在还在睡觉）
Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。
一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副 词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever等连用。
Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him.
频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not必须放在always 之前，而且也出现在 generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not必须出现在sometimes和 frequently之后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可用于句首。
I get paid on Friday usually.
Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.
非实义动词 :
① 系动词(be)
② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has)
③ 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此之外都是实义动词.
I frequently go to bed hungry. （形容词作状语）
He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.
You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.
【Special Difficulties】
以what开头的感叹句：
在英语中可用what引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语序。
What 对名词感叹，感叹句的结构为：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!
What a good girl (she is)! （主、谓可省）
有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省略形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。
What a thing to say! 多么难听的话啊！
What (a lot of) trouble( he is causing)!
★Lesson 3 Please Send Me a Card
★send v. 寄, 送
send a letter 寄信
send sth. to sb. /send sb. sth. 给某人送（寄）什么东西
send/take children to school：take强调某人亲自送；send则是通过第三人去送, 如美国的校车
take flowers to his wife 自己送
send flowers to his wife 叫店里的人送
★postcard n. 明信片
两个爆破音在一起，前者失去爆破音。这里/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音
name card /visiting card 名片
Here is my name card. (口语常用, 同时伴随着递出的动作)
ID card 身份证 （ID 身份）
credit card 信用卡
cash card 现金卡, 储蓄卡, 工资卡(不能透支的那种)
★spoil(spoiled，spoilt) v. 使索然无味, 损坏
① vt. 弄坏，损坏，糟蹋
The sad news spoiled our weekend. 这不幸的消息使我们没能过好周末。
The rain spoiled the school sports. 这场雨把学校运动会弄得一团糟。
This spoiled my day.
What you said spoiled me.
His arrival spoiled my holiday.
② vt. 宠坏，惯坏，溺爱
Don’t spoil your children. 不能太惯孩子。
His parents spoiled the boy.
spoil: 把东西的质量变得不好; 生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱
break: 打破; break the windows 打破玻璃
damage: 破坏, 程度不一定很重
destroy : 破坏, 彻底摧毁
以上三个是指物理上的破坏, 而spoil主要指精神上的
★museum n. 博物馆
Palace Museum 故宫
★public adj. 公共的
① adj. 公共的，公众的，社会的
There is a public library in this town.
I always sit in public gardens on Sundays.
② adj. 公开的，众人皆知的
Their secret meeting was made public 20 years later. 他们的秘密会晤20年以后才被公开。
public house（酒吧）简称pub
public place 公共场所
in public 公开的；in private 私下里的
Let’s have a conversation in private. 让我们私下谈谈
Why not have a conversation in public 为什么不公开谈呢 (当面说呢 )
③ n. 公众，群众，大众
The public is/are pleased with his explanation. 公众对他的解释很满意。
The museum is open to the public on Sunday.
★friendly adj. 友好的
friendly是形容词，单独使用时一般做定语；作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way
He is not very friendly to John.
She gave me a friendly greeting.
He always greets me in a friendly way.
以-ly结尾的形容词还有lovely，brotherly，fatherly，manly，motherly
★waiter n. 服务员, 招待员
waiter(男服务员), waitress(女服务员), 只出现在餐馆里
chief waiter 领班
I want to see the chief waiter. 我要见你们的领班。
shop assistant 商店里的店员
attendant n. （其他公共场所的）服务员
★lend v. 借给
lend to（借出）：lend sth. to sb/lend sb. sth.
Can you lend me $20 please I’ll pay/give it back tomorrow.
borrow from（借进）：borrow sth. from sb./borrow sth. （borrow不能用 borrow sb sth.）
He borrowed my pen yesterday. He hasn’t given me it yet.
★decision n. 决定
make /take a decision作出决定
It was not easy for me to make/take this decision.
Are you made/taken a decision
make a big/great decision (big：重大；great：伟大, 更重大)
decide v. 决定
★whole adj. 整个的
a whole bottle of milk 一整瓶牛奶
the whole…，the whole day 整天 ，two whole weeks 整整两星期
all th…，all the day (the可省略) 整天
all of后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the
all of us；all of the students
★single adj. 唯一的, 单一的
反义词 : double 双倍的
【课文讲解】
1、Last summer, I went to Italy.
last：
① adj. 上一个
last summer里的last表示 “上一个”
② adj. 最后一个，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the
the last day 最后一天 （具体到一天及一天的早中晚都要用on）
2、A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.
Italian于Italy : 注意重读音的位置不同
teach sb. sth. 教某人做某事
He teaches our English.(错)
He teaches us English.(对)
语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian
I can speak a little English/a few words of English.
a few可与复数可数名词连用，表示肯定，含有 some，a small number of（一些，少数几个）的意思。
The police would like to ask him a few questions. 警察要问他一些问题。
3、Everyday I thought about postcards.
think about/of 考虑, 思考，指某一段时间一直在想/考虑某事, think of还可指想到
What do you think of
What do you think of TV program last night
What do you think of the weather today 你觉得天气怎么样
think over 仔细考虑，反复思考
What’s the weather like today
cold, chilly（非常非常冷）, freeze
I'll freeze.我要冻僵了
4、I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!
spend与表示时间的词或短语连和时，意思为“花（时间）”、“ 度 过 ”
spend+时间+地点 : 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间
I spend three hours in the sea.
I spend my weekend at my mother's.
I spend three hours in the classroom everyday.
I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞)
spend还可以表示“花钱”
If we spend all the money, we’ll be poor again.
I can’t spend any more on this car.
【Key structures】
一般过去时
一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。
Do you ever catch a cold in the winter
Yes, I caught a cold last winter.
【Special Difficulties】
直接宾语与间接宾语
双宾语：直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to”（表示动作对什么人做）或“for”（表示动作为什么人而做）。
give sb. sth./give sth to sb
间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加to(对……而言)或 for(为……而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、 “为”的，就用for；如果只能翻译为“给”的, 就用to
与to相连的give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe
take flowers to my wife.
与for 相连的 buy, order, make, find
I buy a book for you .
make a cake for you
find sth. for sb.
do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙
Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me 帮我一个忙
I do something for you.
Can I order something for you
Can I buy you a bottle of beer 意为我请你喝杯酒的意思
★Lesson 4 An exciting trip
★exciting adj. 令人兴奋的
exciting adj. 令人兴奋的；excited adj. 兴奋的
-ed: 自己感到 / -ing:令人感到
The news exciting.
exciting boy 令人兴奋的男孩
I am excited.
excite v. 激动 （这类动词的宾语一定是人，让后面的人感到……）
The news excited me.
interesting adj. 令人感到有趣的；interested adj. 感到有意思的
interesting man
The man is interesting.
interest v. 对……感兴趣
The book interests me. 那本书让我感到很有趣
★receive v. 接受, 收到
① vt. 接到，收到，得到
When did you receive that letter
② vt. 招待，接待
You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests.
receive 是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上接受与否不清楚。
receive/have a letter from sb.
accept 同意接收
This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.
take则是主动的“拿”、“取”
I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.
take 也可以作收到
take the exam 接受考试； take advice 接受建议
★firm n. 商行, 公司
company n. 公司
★different adj. 不同的
① adj. 不同的，相异的（经常与 from连用）
We are planning something different this year. 我们今年有不同的打算。
My room is different from yours.
② adj. 各种各样的，不同的
This department store sells a large number of different things.
这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的东西。
He has visited many different places in China. 他去过中国的不少地方。
★abroad adv. 在国外（副词, 直接和动词连用）
go abroad 去国外
live abroad 国外定居
study abroad 国外学习
【课文讲解】
1、I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
同位语：一个名词（或短语等）与另一个名词（或短语）并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。 在译成汉语时，同位语或者插入主句中，或者另译为一句，很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。
This is John, one of my best friends.
这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。
Mrs. Smith, my neighbor, has never been abroad.
我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。
2、He has been there for six months.
one month；two months 注意读音
I have arrived in Beijing. （arrive 是瞬间动词不能和段时间连用）
has been + in 地点
He has been in Beijing for one year.
He has been in America for tow years.
3、He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in
Australia.
work for 在……上班/任职，强调work
I am working for a school.
work in 强调地点（在哪个地方上班）
I am working in the New Oriental school.
work at 上班
She works at a department store.
a number of后面一定要加可数名词复数；通常 number前有great，large，good，small，certain等形容词，数量大小也随之改变。a great number of 类似于, 约等于a lot of；
A large/great number of our students are Danish.
There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.
a lot of 可加可数名词也可加不可数名词
I have a lot of friends
I have a great number of friends.
4、He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.
has gone to 去了某地没回来
has been to 曾经去过某地, 现在不在那个地方
Have you been to Paris
5、From there, he will fly to Perth.
from there:从那地方起
from 即可以加时间又可以加地点
from half past 8 to half past 11
from Beijing to Tianjing
fly to Perth = go to Perth by air
6、My brother has never been abroad before, so he is fending this trip very exciting.
before在句子后是副词, 译为“在此之前”，是现在完成时态的标志
find作“发现”、“ 发 觉 ” 讲时宾语往往带补足语（一般为形容词），说明宾语的状况、性质等。
find +宾语+形容词做宾补
find the room clean
find her happy
be finding在口语中经常使用
I'm finding... . . We’re finding... ...
下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时：believe，doubt，see，hear，know，understand，belong，think，consider，feel，look，seem，show，mind，have，sound，taste，require，possess，care，like，hate，love，detest，desire
【Key structures】
现在完成
现在完成时表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。常与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before (now)（以前）；it’s the first tiem（第一次）；so for（到目前为止）；so far this morning（到上午为止）；up to now（直到现在）；up to the present（直到目前）；just（刚刚）；recently（最近）；already（已经）；lately（最近）；now（现在）；for 一段时间；since+时间；still（还；仍）；at last（终于）；finally（最终）；疑问句和否定句中常用ever，yet，never，not…ever等。
I’ve planted fourteen rose bushes so far this morning.
I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here.
现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如 often（经常），frequently（屡次），three times（三次）等。
I’ve watched him on TV several times.
★Lesson 5 No wrong numbers
★pigeon n. 鸽子
It's not my pigeon. ＝None of my business. 不关我的事。
★message n. （口头或书面的）信息
Here is a message for you from your sister.
an oral/written message 口信/便条
leave sb. a message 给……留便条
I'll leave you a message.
take a message for sb. 替某人捎口信
Can I take a message for you 我能替你捎个口信吗
Can you take a message for me 你能替我捎个口信吗
take a message to sb. 给某人口信
打电话 :
Hello!-- May I have a word with Tom /May I speak with/to Tom
-- Can you take a message for me
information n. 信息（不可数）
messenger n. 送信人，信使
★cover v. 越过；覆盖
① vt. 盖，覆盖
Snow covered the whole village.
She covered the child with a coat. 她给孩子盖了件外衣。
② vt. 行过（一段距离），走过（通常不用被动语态）
cover+距离 越过……
You can cover the distance to the museum in ten minutes.
③ n. 覆盖物，盖子，罩子，套子
Put a cover on the box!
★distance n. 距离
keep distance 保持距离
distant adj.远距离的
Can I share this table
Can I join you
importance n. 重要 important adj. 重要的
difference n. 不同 different adj. 不同的
★request n. 要求, 请求
① n.
request for 对……有请求, 有需求
I have a request for the cake.
He granted my request for more time. 他同意了我延长时间的请求。
She sent a request for help to Gary. 她向加里请求帮助。
② v. 要求, 请求
request sb.to do sth. ＝ask sb.to do sth. 要求某人做……
require sb.to do sth. 要求某人做……
You are required/asked to do sth. （对人要求习惯用被动语态）
★spare adj. 备用的
① vt. 抽出（时间等），让给
Have you got five minutes to spare
I cannot spare the time.
I have no time to spare.
② vt. 饶恕，赦免
The robbers spared his life.
‘Share me!’begged the prisoner.
③ adj. 多余的，空闲的，剩下的，备用的
You can sleep in the spare bedroom.
Where can I get spare parts for this machine
I have no spare time now.
‘Have you any old clothes that you do not want ’ he asked.
=‘Have you any old clothes to spare ’he asked.
★service n. 业务, 服务
service 作为不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务；作为可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作。
The service in that hotel is quite good.
You have done me a great service.
service既可以指公用事业的业务，如：the mail service（邮政业务）、the telephone service（电话业务）；也可指办这些业务的机构，如：a travel service（旅行社）、a news service（通讯社）。
At your service. = Glad to be at your service. = I am glad to be at your service.
我很乐意为您效劳.
serve v. 服务, 接待
——Thank you.
——You are welcome.(下次又需要再来找我)/Not at all.(根本完全不用谢)/That's (all)right./That's ok.(绝对正确, 绝对过时)/(It's) My pleasure.(我很高兴这么做, 把自己放得很低, 把对方抬得很高)
Thank you for your listening.在讲课, 演讲结束时说, 即感谢大家的合作的概念（应以鼓掌回应） 情急之下, 可用No thanks.回答
——Sorry. ——No sorry.
【课文讲解】
1、Mr.James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.
garage n. 车库, 车行（英美读音不同）
another(+单数名词) 其它的很多个中的一个，
Can you show me another
other(+名词) adj.其它的(可加单/复数名词)
the other 两个之中的另外一个
one…the other… 一个……另一个……
One is watering the flowers, and the other is reading.
others(不用再加名词)= other + 名词复数
Some boys are playing football, and others are rowing/(going boating).
2、Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has
just bought twelve pigeons.
介词from在这里表示距离上相隔，作“距……”、“ 离……”讲，常与away连用
It is far (away) from here.
Bus stop is only one mile from school/here.
Bus stop is only one mile (away).
She has been away from home for 5 days now.
How far... 多远（对距离提问）
How far(away) is the bus stop
How far is your home(from here)
My home is ten miles away from here.
get a telephone 得到电话, 安装电话
3、Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.
carry v. 带着, 携带（其强调所携带的东西不会着地）
I carried my son. （背或抱着）
I carry the bag.
take v. 带着
I take my sister to the cinema.
from…to…表示从一个地方到另一个地方
He looked at the girl from head to foot.
The news spread from house to house. 家家户户都得知了这条消息。
4、The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
cover the distance 飞过那段距离
5、Up to now, Mr.Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.
up to now =up till now 到目前为止，到现在为止(作时间状语，时态多用现在完成时，相当于until/till now)
Up to now, he has not been very hard-working.
request for 对……的需求
a great many(+可数名词复数) 许多……
a great many可以做形容词短语：
A great many trees were destroyed in the storm.
也可作代词短语：
He has read a great many of the books in this room.
a great number of(+可数名词复数) 许多……
urgent adj. 紧急的
something urgent 紧急的事情
【Key structures】
一般过去时与现在完成时
在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时，要用一般过去时。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作并且对现在有影响时，则要用现在完成时，时间状语可以是不特指的 now，just或者for 引导的一段时间，或者不加任何时间状语。 一般过去时与现在完成时的共同点：动作在过去都做过了；区别：过去式只能强调过去的事, 和现在没有任何关系.
I ate a piece of bread.
现在完成时, 强调过去的事情对现在产生的影响.
I have eaten a piece of bread this morning. I'm not hungry.
The clock stopped. 陈述事实
The clock has stopped. 过去的事实对现在造成影响
It snowed yesterday.
It has snowed yesterday. 强调对现在造成影响
【Special Difficulties】
带way的短语
in the way 按照，以……方式
Do your work in the way I have shown you. 按我给你示范的方法来做你的工作。
I do the work in the way you showed me.
I fly the kite in the way you showed me.
in the/one’s way 挡路；妨碍（某人）
Sorry, you are in the way.(在口语中很少用, 一般直接用Excuse me.就可以了)
Don’t stand in the way. I can’t see the blackboard.
in this way 这样,以这种方式
He saves old envelopes. In this way, he has collected a great many stamps.
in a way 从某种意义上来说，在某种程度上
In a way, you are kind.
in a friendly way 用友好的方式
in the family way 怀孕了, 快有小孩了(have a baby)
The woman is in the family way.
by the way 随便说一声, 随便问一下(插入语，改变话题时用)
By the way, have you seen Harry recently
on the/one’s way(to) 在去……的途中(陈述句) :
on the way to school/the office；on the way home
out of the way 让路
Get out of the way! 你给我滚出去!
get one's own way 随心所欲 (at one’s pleasure)
Children get their own way during the holidays.
关于系动词 : 一般来说, 如 be become 一定不单独使用, 往往要在后面加上表语, 我们称它为系动词. 但另外还有一些系动词同时又是不及物的实义动词, 常见的有 : seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel, smell, stay, remain, keep, grow, turn, go, run, get, prove, stand等, 这些词有的语法书上称为半联系动词.
★Lesson 6 Percy Buttons
★beggar n. 乞丐
beg v.乞求
I beg your pardon
beg for 乞求得到
ask for 请求得到（ask sb. for sth. 向某人索要某物）
★food n. 食物（不可数）
a lot of food
★pocket n. 衣服口袋
inner pocket 内口袋；jacket pocket 夹克的口袋；coat pocket 大衣口袋
pocket book 袖珍书；pocket dictionary 袖珍词典
pocket pick 车上的小偷
pocket money (小孩的)零花钱
change 零钱
get exact change 准备好正确的零花钱
beer money (男人的)零花钱
★call v. 拜访, 光顾
① vt.&vi. 叫，喊
I heard someone calling.
call out =shout 大声喊
② vt. 呼唤，召唤
Lucy is sick. Please call a doctor.
③ vi. 访问，拜访；（车、船等）停靠
Amy called (at our house) yesterday.
The train calls at large stations only. 这列火车只停大站。
call on sb. 拜访某人
I will call on you. 我要去你家。
call at+地点＝visit someplace 拜访某地
I will call at your home. 我要去你家。
④ vt.&vi. 打电话
call sb =call up sb. 给某人打电话
call back 回某人电话
Can you take a message for me =Can you tell him to call back
call in sb. 招集和邀请某人
For the project, the government called in a lot of experts.
【课文讲解】
1、Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.
★knock v. 敲门
① vi. 敲门
I knocked, but no one answered.
knock at 敲（门、窗等）
knock at the door；knock at the window
② vt.&vi. 碰撞
You always knock things off the table. 你总是碰掉桌上的东西。
Jim was knocked over by a bus this morning. 今天上午吉姆被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。
She has knocked a cup over again. 她又碰倒了一个杯子。
③ vt. 把（某人）打成……状态
He knocked Tom out yesterday. 他昨天把汤姆打昏过去了。
④ 与off连用时有一些特殊含义，一般用于口语
vt. （价格上）减去，除去，打折扣
They knocked five dollars off the price of the coat.
The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.（He reduced the price by 10%.）
vi. 下班，停止，中断（工作等）
When do you usually knock off 你一般什么时候下班？
He knocked off for lunch at half past eleven. 他十一点半休息吃中午饭。
2、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.
ask (sb.) for sth =request for sth. 问某人要什么东西
（for 为了这个目的去请求某人, sb.更多的时候不出现, ask for sth.）
The boy asked (his parents)for money again/once more.
3、In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.
in return for this 作为对……的回报，作为交换（this 在代词当中常常指代上文的一件事情）
I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality. （hospitality adj. 热情）
in return 作为回报
You lent me this interesting book last month. In return (for it), I’ll show you some picture books.
In return for your help, I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.
He doesn't want anything in return. 他不想得到任何回报
stood on his head 倒立
stand on one's hands 用手着地(hand单数就是一只手, 双手复数)
stand on one's knees 跪着, 膝盖
lie on one's back 仰面躺着
lie on one's side 侧躺
lie on one's stomach 趴着
4、Later a neighbour told me about him.
介词about可以和一些动词连用，以表示“关于……（的）”、“ 涉 及……（的）”
Please tell me about the accident.
tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事（about关于, 通过其他事自己得出的结论）
tell you about him
tell you about the word 解释这个单词的意思
tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某件事(把事情直接告诉)
tell you the news
tell you the word 直接告诉这个单词
5、Everybody knows him.
everybody作为主语一定作单数看待, 属于不定代词
所有的不定代词作为主语一律为单数看待 : somebody，anybody，everything等
6、He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.
calls at 光顾，拜访
in the street（英国）/on the street（美国）
once a month 一个月一次, 单位表达方式
once adj. 表示每……一次（表示频率时后面直接加表示时间的名词）, 计量单位 “/” （每……）
five kilometers an hour
He goes back to the South once a year.
【Key structures】
A, The and Some
当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词a/an（单数, 可数名词）；当表示不可数的名词时，则需要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。
在表示一种笼统概念（某某一类/一种东西）的陈述句中可以省略a和some
A tiger is a dangerous animal.
Tigers are dangerous.
Salt is necessary for/to us all.
表示某个确定的人或事物或者上文已提到过的人或事物，则要用定冠词 the（有时相当于
this/that/these/those）,可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。
在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。
a和the的区别：a是泛指, a man；特指, the man
在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用a和an修饰, 第二次出现的时候用the
A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat.
I have just drunk a glass of milk. Milk is very refreshing.
I ate an apple. Apples are delicious.
She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's.
一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个”，加不定冠词 a
a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人
【Special Difficulties】
短语动词
某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词
put v. 放
put on 穿上，戴上
tak v. 拿走
take off 脱掉，摘掉
look v. 看
look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看
call
call at；call on；call in；call back；
call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要
The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动
knock v. 敲
knock at 敲门
knock off 下班
He knocked off earlier.
knock off 打折
Knock 10% off the price.
把……撞倒，如果有地点，用介词 off；无地点，用介词over
knock sth. off+地点
knock the vase off the table
I knocked the boy off the bicycle.
knock over
A car knocked the boy over.
knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫knock out(专用术语)
He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out.
★Lesson 7 Too late
★detective n. 侦探
detective story 侦探小说
★airport n. 机场
★airfield n. 飞机起落的场地
port 港口；airport 航空港
at the airport 在机场
field 田野；airfield 停机坪
on the airfield 在停机坪上
★expect v. 期待, 等待
① vt.&vi. 预计，预料
Jim has failed in mathematics as his teacher expected.
正如他老师所预料的那样，吉姆数学考试没及格。
② vt. 等待，期待，盼望（心理上的等待）
They are expecting guests tonight. 今晚有人要去他们那里作客。
expect所表示的等待一般暗含着根据某些信息或规律而作出相应反应的意思，而wait for主要接续“等待”这个动作本身。
expect sth.
I expect a letter from Jimmy.
expect sb.to do sth. 期待某人做某事
I expect you to write back.
I expect my mother to come back.
wait for sth./sb. 动作上的等待
I wait for my mother.
③ vt. 认为，猜想（一般用于口语）
I expect so./I think so. 我希望如此［口语］
I expect you’ve heard the news. 我想你已经听到这个消息了。
★valuable adj. 贵重的
★precious adj. 珍贵的
value n.&v. 价值；valuable adj.有价值的
sth.is valuable/sth.is precious
precious adj. 珍贵的（带有一定的感彩）
precious photo 珍贵的照片
-less 表否定;
priceless adj. 没有价格的, 无价的
valueless adj. 没有价值, 不足道的
worthless adj. 无价值的
★diamond n. 钻石
diamond ring 钻石戒指
precious stone 宝石；crystal 水晶；jade 玉
★steal（stole，stolen） v. 偷
① vt.&vi. 偷盗，行窃
英语中“偷”用 steal和rob来表达，宾语是物，用 steal；宾语是人，用 rob；跟地点相连，也用rob
steal sth. 偷(某物)
My wallet was stolen.
John never steals. 约翰从不偷东西。
rob sb. 抢(某人)
I was robbed.
rob the bank
② vt. 巧妙地占用，偷偷地弄到手
He has stolen away Mary’s heart. 他已赢得玛丽的芳心。
③ vi. 偷偷地行动，悄悄靠近
He stole into the room. 他悄悄地进了房间。
★main adj. 主要的
main building；main street；main sentence；main idea
main不能与人连用
★guard n. 警戒, 守卫
life guard 救生员
body guard 保镖
keep guard 守望，警戒
They kept a close guard over the thieves. 他们对小偷们严加看管。
stand guard 站岗，放哨
【课文讲解】
1、The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.
all一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：all day，all night，all week，all winter，all year等。但不说all hour。
whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如 a whole day/year，two whole weeks。
all morning=all the morning
The plane was late 飞机晚(点)了
The bus was late./The train was late.
detectives 没有强调一些侦探或者那些侦探, 强调侦探这种人，笼统感念, 可不加some, the
2、They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.
a valuable parcel of diamonds
a cup of tea 强调的是茶
South Africa 南非
3、A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.
a few hours earlier 几个小时以前
= a few hours before/a few hours ago
would +do 过去将来时,间接方式, 转述, 站在过去看未来
4、When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while
others were waiting on the airfield.
代词others常常和some连用，表示“有些（人）……，也有些（人）……”或“有的……，其余的……”
one…the other… 一个……另一个……
some…others… 一些……另一些……
Some students are very hard-working, others are not.
others=other+名词复数
5、Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.
take sth. off…=take sth. away from…
and carried it into…carried 表示看得很重
Customs House 海关
6、While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the
precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
…were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
表面上是分工, 两个动作同时发生, 不是同时开始同时结束, 延续时间不一致, 长一点时间的动作用进行时态, 短时间的动作用过去时.
When someone knocked at the door, I was having dinner.
keep guard 守卫
They kept a close guard over the thieves.
at the door 在门边(固定搭配)
two others=two other detectives
to one's surprise,让某人惊讶的是
To my surprise, the teacher was late.
To one’s +表达人情绪的名词
to one's joy
To my joy, my mother came here yesterday.
to one's excitement
To our excitement, our team wins.
be full of ...装满
My bag was full of books.
The cup is full of water.
【Key structures】
过去进行时
过去进行时的构成：be的过去式+现在分词
过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词 when，while，as，just as等引导。
when，while 当……时候（强调动作同时发生）
while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词
when+延续性动词/瞬间动词
while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替。while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而 when和as一般不这么用。
John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.
Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.
when也可以引导比较短暂的动作，while和 as则一般不行。
We were having supper when the lights went out.
过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如 all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。
What were you doing all evening I couldn’t find you anywhere.
过去动作同时发生的时态
① 过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时;
I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.
When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV.
② 两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时.
When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门
When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响
③ 瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态.
When he arrived, I was having dinner.
I am arriving 进行时态表示将要
Exercises D
1 As my father ______ (leave) the house, the postman ______ (arrive).
was leaving；arrived(两个瞬间动词同时发生可能性很小, 应具体分析, 故用进行时态表将来)
5 While mother ______ (prepare) lunch, Janet ______ (set) the table.
set the table摆桌子
was preparing；set
【Special Difficulties】
短语动词中的小品词
许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。
有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。
① vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.)
She is walking up the hill.
② vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv.
take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off
put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on
I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱
Exercise
11 They have pulled down the old building.
pull down… （pull；down）
pull one's leg 开玩笑
You are pulling my leg.你开我玩笑
12 Make up your mind.
make up…--->make up one's mind 习惯用法不换,语法上可换
13 He asked for permission to leave.
ask for…-->ask (sb.) for sth. 其实是省略sb.故不可换
★Lesson 8 The best and the worst
★competition n. 比赛，竞赛（暗地里的竞争）
race n. 比赛，竞赛
car race
match n. 比赛
football match
contest n. 比赛（更广泛）
baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美
game : 游戏, 运动
★neat adj. 整齐的, 整洁的，井井有条
clean adj. 干净的
neat=tidy
tidy (up) the room 整理房间
★pool n. 水池(人工的)
swimming pool 游泳池
pond 池塘（天然的）
《golden pond》—金色池塘
【课文讲解】
1、Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.
Joe's garden is the most beautiful.
Bill's garden is the largest.
Bill’s garden is larger than Joe’s.
（比较的东西都是同类的事物 joe’s 的“’s”不能省略）
2、Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time.
nearly和almost意义相似，表示“几乎”、“ 差不多”、“ 差 点儿”的意思。
I have nearly forgotten his name. 我差点把他的名字忘了。
I’m nearly/almost ready. 我快准备好了。
enter for 报名参加（各种竞赛，考试等活动）
win（won，won） v. 赢
① vi. 赢
I win.
I lose. (输了)
② vt. 赢得……
win something 后面往往是奖品,不能接对手
I win the book.
I win the gold cup.
win a prize 赢得了一个奖
win a prize for… 因为……而获奖
defeat+对手
I defeat you.
3、Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.
名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。
4、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.
make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make 的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而 build主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等”
Have you made the skirt by yourself
They have made a road along the river.
【Key structures】
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级相当于汉语中“比……更……”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最……”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词 the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。
1、比较级和最高级的构成：
① 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est
② 以-e结尾的词加-r，-st
③ 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est
④ 三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节）
比较级的构成 : more+原级
最高级的构成 : the most+原级
有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与 more/less 和 most/least连用，如 narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。
clever— cleverer— more clever
fun adj. 快乐
more fun （美国人用）
⑤ 有些构成是不规则的：
good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；
far(farther further , farthest furthest) （farther:距离上的远和更远，further:程度上的更进一步）
further more(更有甚者)
old(older elder, oldest eldest)
older 比……大
She is older than somebody
elder 做定语修饰其他名词
elder sister (年长的)姐姐
2、比较级和最高级的用法
在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than：
My room is cleaner than the one next door.
如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：
Which house do you prefer
I prefer the older one.
最高级的限定范围一般用 of，among，in 等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则可以省略。
John is the tallest of the three brother.
This is the coldest day in ten years.
Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.
【Special Difficulties】
every构成的合成词
every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，everybody，everything。Everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用，后面的代词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，但它们本身均被视为单数。
Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.
=Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。
Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。
each 和 every均可译为“每一个”，两者常可互换。every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数
Every/Each time I wash the car it rains.
Enter and Enter for
enter
① vt.&vi. 进入
enter+地点名词
Always knock on the door before you enter.
② vt.&vi. 参加，加入
We’ve entered into an agreement. 我们已达成一项协议。
He soon entered their conversation.
enter for+表示比赛、竞赛、考试的名词 报名参加, 强调报名
enter for the exam
She entered (her name/herself) for the mathematics competition. 她报名参加数学竞赛。
take part in 真正的参加
2 Will you enter ___for___ this week's crossword competition
crossward 文字游戏
3 Many athletes have entered ___for___ the Olympic Games this year.
athletes = sportsman 运动员, 体育家
★Lesson 9 A cold welcome
★welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎
① n. 欢迎
a cold welcome 冷遇
② v. 欢迎
welcome to+地点
welcome to China；welcome to my home；welcome home；welcome back
③ adj. 受欢迎的
You are welcome.
You are welcome to+地点
★crowd n. 人群
① n. 人群
in the crowd 在人群中
I spotted him in the crowd. 我在人群中一眼就认出了他
a crowd of people 一群人，没有次序的人群, 拥挤的人群
a group of people 一群人，有次序的人群
② v.拥挤, 挤满
a large crowd of people 一大群人
crowds of people 许多人, 人山人海
★gather v. 聚集
① vt. 使集拢，集合，召集
He gathered a large crowd of people round him.
②vt 收集，采集，收（庄稼等）
The children are out in the field gathering flowers. 孩子们在外面地里采花。
It has taken me a lifetime to gather all these books.
收集所有这些书花了我一辈子的时间。
③ vi. 集拢，聚集，集合
They gathered under the Town Hall clock.
people gathered 人们聚集在一起, 尤指自发性的聚集
★hand n. (表或机器的)指针；手
minute hand；second hand；hour hand
second hand 二手的，旧的，秒针
wait me a moment/wait me a few seconds(for a few secs.) （secs.是seconds 的缩写）
★refuse v. 拒绝
① vt. 拒绝（接受、服从等）
She refused the gift.
② vt. 拒不，不肯，不愿
John refused to change his mind. 约翰拒不改变主意。
③ vi. 拒绝，不接受
I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.
对于他的帮助我提出给他报酬，但他拒绝了。
★shout v. 喊叫
call out 大声喊叫
cry out 大声哭喊
scream 尖叫
【课文讲解】
1、A cold welcome 冷遇
cold adj. 冷的, 寒冷的, 冷淡的
cold fish 冷漠的人
My brother is a cold fish.
lucky dog 幸运的人
What does "a cold welcome" refer to （refer to 指……）
2、On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.
morning，afternoon，evening前如果加修饰词则用介词on，否则用in
Town Hall 市政厅
3、It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock.
the last day of the year 一年中的最后一天
a large crowd of the people 一大群人
4、It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.
★strike v. 打，击；敲，弹（钟，乐器等）
① v. 打，击
She struck the man in the face.
② v. 敲，弹（钟，乐器等）
strike the clock （人）敲钟
clock strike 钟自己响
Listen, the clock is striking.
strike twelve 数字表示敲击的次数
minutes'名词所有格，用来表达时间
名词所有格表示时间或距离
It will leave in five minutes'time.
in twenty(minutes'time)名词所有格可省略
an hour's time
How far is the school from here
3 minutes' walk. 三分钟路程。
5、Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped.
… minutes pass … 几点过几分（前半小时，pass过了）
25 minutes passed eight
… minutes to … 几点过几分（后半小时，to还没到）
a quarter to nine/15 minutes to nine
时刻指点时间, 时间指段时间。时刻前的介词用at
…(some time) passed and then, sth. happened ……时间过去了，……
An hour passed and then, he arrived. 一个小时过去了，他终于来了。
…minutes later几分钟以后
6、We waited and waited, but nothing happened.
waited and waited 等啊等啊, 强调动作的重复（walked and walked；run and run）
happen vi.事情做主语, 事情发生
What happened
Nothing happened.
7、It was true.
It was true that+从句 ……是一个事实
8、The big clock refused to welcome the New Year.
refuse to do sth. 拒绝去做某事
I refuse to leave. 我拒绝离开
I refuse to move. 我拒绝移动
9、At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.
at that moment = just then 就在那时
at the moment = now 现在, 此刻, 在此时
【Key structures】
引导时间状语的介词in/on/at/during/till与until
1、用in的时间短语有：
① 表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning；in the afternoon；in the evening
② 表示周、月份、年份：in a week；in January；in Feb；in 1992
③ 表示季节：in summer；in spring；in autumn；in winter
in+表示时间长度的短语可以表示“在某段时间之内”，这时可以与现在时、过去时或将来时连用，一般与完成某动作有关；还可译为“……时间之后”，一般与将来时连用。根据时态判别in 表示的含义
in twenty minutes' time 20分钟之后
We will finish class in half an hour.
2、用on的时间短语有：
① 表示星期：on Monday；on Friday
② 表示日期：on June 1st；on 23rd March（在书写日期时没有冠词，但在口语中则分别读为：on June the
first；on the 23rd of March）
③ 表示星期+日期：on Monday, June 1st
④ 表示具体时间：on Wednesday evening；on fine afternoon；on that day
3、用 at 的时间短语有：
① 表示确切的时间：at five to twelve；at ten o'clock
② 表示用餐时间：at lunch/dinner time；at teatime
③ 表示其他时刻：at night；at noon；at midnight；at that time
4、during在……期间，后必须跟一个名词，可以指整个一段时间，有时可以用 in替代
He has phoned four times during the last half hour.
I met him sometime during the week.（不能用in代替） 我是在这一周的某天遇到他的。
during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾
He enjoyed himself during his holiday.
in the holiday 强调这段时间其中某一点时间, 并不表示自始至终
I was caught in an accident in the holiday.
5、from…till… 指一段明确的时间：
The tourist season runs from June till October.
6、until prep.&coin. 直到……时候，直到什么时候为止, 直到什么时候才
until主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对(最习惯的一种用法), 主句和从句任何一个用过去完成是也对
I can't enter for the sports meeting until tomorrow.
I had not understood the problem until he explained it.
We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work.
We didn't disturb him until he had finished work.
We didn't disturb him until he finished work.(更习惯于这种用法)
7、from…to…
Everyday we have English class from 8:30 to 11:30
关于时间表示方法 : What’s the time /What time is it
A整点 : A o’clock
A点 B 分（B<30）: A B / B past A
A点15分 : A fifteen / fifteen past A / a quarter past A
A点30分 : A thirty / half past A
A点B分(B>30) : A B / (60-B) to (A+1)
A点45分 : A forty-five / a quarter to (A+1) / fifteen to (A+1)
【Special Difficulties】
Any，Not...Any and No
any 用于否定句和疑问句中, some用于肯定句(或要求得到肯定回答的疑问句)
Do you have any friends
I don't have any friends.
not 用在非实义动词后面, 实义动词前面.
not any=no 用在名词前面，no比not any的语气要强，但这两种否定的意义是相同的。
I have no friends.
no可构成复合词nobody，none，nothing，nowhere；any可构成复合词anybody，anything和anywhere。 在一个句子中通常只能有一个否定词（包括never，hardly等词）
★Lesson 10 Not for jazz
★jazz n. 爵士音乐
a kind of music
★musical adj. 音乐的
musical student 有音乐天赋的人
music student 学音乐的人（the student who learned music）
★instrument n. 乐器
instrument=musical instrument
instrument 常用的意思是“器械”、“ 器 具 ”， 尤 指 医 疗 、 机 器 等 方 面 的 。 也可用来泛指各种乐器。
★clavichord n. 古钢琴, 不是现代的piano
a kind of instrument
★recently adv. 最近
recently=lately
★damage v. 损坏
① n. 损害，损失，伤害
The storm has done a lot of damage to the village.
② vt. 损害，毁坏，损坏
The car was badly damaged in the accident.
★key n. 琴键
① n. 琴键
② n. 钥匙，答案
key to the door 门钥匙
Do you know the key to the question
③ adj. 关键的
key structure
★shock v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊
① v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊
跟人的情绪有关的动词的宾语往往是 “人” (以sth.为主语)
The news shocks me. 这个消息使我震惊
② adj. 令人震惊的
It is shocking.
③ adj. 感到震惊
凡是能够用 “人” 做宾语, 又是表示人的情绪活动的动词, 有两个形容词形成：令人……（V+ing）；感
到……（V+ed）
I'm shocked.
④ n. 震惊
get a shock
sb. get a shock 某人很吃惊
shock 必指坏事, 令人不悦, 生气的
surprise 好事坏事都可以, 只要你没有料到的
I want to give you surprise.
★allow v. 允许, 让
allow doing sth.
Smoking is allowed.＝people allow smoking
allow sb. to do sth. / sb.be allowed to do sth.
allow常用于被动语态
You are allowed to smoke(被动语态)
You are not allowed to enter the room if you don't take the card with you
★touch v. 触摸
① vt.&vi. 触摸，碰
You are not allowed to touch the vase.
② vt. 谈及，涉及，关系到
A rise in the cost of living touches everyone. 生活费用的增加与每个人都有关系。
【课文讲解】
1、It is called a clavichord.
call在这里的意思是“把……称为”、“ 称 呼 ”， 既 可 用 于 主 动 态 ， 也可用于被动语态。
call sb.sth./sb.be called 称某人为……，什么被称为……
What do you call this 你们把这称为什么？
2、It has belonged to our family for a long time.
belong 是一个表示状态的动词，而不是行为动词，所以不能用于进行时，常用的时态是一般现在时和现在过去时。
This farm belongs to me and it belonged to my father before me.
3、She tried to play jazz on it!
play n. 玩，演奏（乐器等）
① 跟球类连用, 直接+球类;
② 跟乐器连用, +the+乐器, 演奏乐器而非音乐
③ play music on + 乐器 , 一定要用 “on”
【Key structures】
被动语态
主动语态与被动语态皆指动词的形式而言。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物；在被动句中，动作是对主语执行的。 被动语态由be的一种形式和过去分词构成。主动语态的时态用法规则也适用于被动语态。动词作及物动词用时才能构成被动语态。如果要说明是什么人或什么东西做了某事，则用“by+行为主体”结构。“行为主体”也可以不表示出来。
【Special Difficulties】
与被动语态的made连用的几个介词
made in表示产地或时间
It was made in Germany.
made of表示用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不改变该材料原来的性质或形状）
The tea pot is made of silver.
made from表示用数种材料制成，或者是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状
Paper can be made from wood.
made by表示由谁制造
This cake was made by my sister.
be made into 被制成……
The gold is made into a ring.
双重所有格
双重所有格/双重属格 : 名词+of+名词所有格(名词性的物主代词)
英语中通常用-’s和of结构来表示所有格。-’s结构通常用在人名和表示人称的名词的末尾，而of结构则常与无生命的名词连用。
-’s结构的所有格可用于of结构之后，称为双重所有格。在 名 词 前面，可以用 a，this，that，these，some，any，no等，但不用the。
He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一个特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。
He is no friend of mine. 含义是“我根本不认识他”或“他是我的敌人”
强调很多当中的一个或几个的时候, 选用双重属格结构
a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 只有一个朋友
a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一个
It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一个
★Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another
★turn n. 行为, 举止
turn n.（帮助或损害他人的）举动、行为
Yesterday George did me a good/an ill turn. 乔治昨天做了一件对我有利/不利的事。
He is always ready to do a turn for others. 他总是乐于为他人做好事。
behavior n. 行为, 举止
Pay attention to your behavior.
★deserve v. 应得到, 值得
① deserve + n. 应该得到……，值得……，应得（奖赏、惩罚等）
He deserves praise. 他应该得到表扬
Yor deserve the best. 你应该得到最好的
He deserved a promotion. （promotion n. 提升）
② deserve sth./to do sth. 应该……
She deserved to be punished.
Good work deserves good pay. 多劳多得
His words deserve attention. 他的话值得注意。
★lawyer n. 律师
lawyer's office 律师事务所
★bank n. 银行
rob the bank 抢银行
★salary n. 工资
pay n. 工资(salary+wage，通用)
salary n. 薪金，薪水(月薪, 年薪，通常指职员、脑力劳动者（如律师、教师、医生等）有固定工作或管理阶层的收入，数额比较固定，一般按月支付)
My salary is paid on the 28Th of the month.
wage n. 工资，工钱(按小时, 周计算的，通常指技工或一般体力劳动者，不稳定的工作人的收入，按周或天支付。一般用复数形式wages)。
When I worked as a waiter, the wages were low, but the tips were good.
我当侍者时工资不高，但小费可观。
bonus n. 奖金, 分红
collet v. 搜集, 领取
collect salary/wage 领工资
★immediately adv. 立刻
right away =at once =immediately 立刻, 马上
right now 现在
【课文讲解】
1、One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来, 善有善报
one bad turn deserves another 恶有恶报
2、Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.
work for… 强调工作
work in… 强调in后面的地点
working at a bank
(some/several) years ago 名词-s,前面省略了some
3、He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
The teachers in the New Oriental school can get a good salary.
borrow sth. from sb. 从……借……
never=not 前面不需要加助动词
pay 在这里的意思是“偿还（债务等）”，还可解释为“付，支付（价款、账单）等”。Pay 既是及物动词也可以是不及物动词。
How much did you pay for that dress
I paid the bill.
pay back 还钱
never pays it back 从不归还
4、Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.
and连接三个并列的动词
at the same table 坐在同一张桌子旁边
at table 吃饭
at the table 坐在桌子旁边
Would you like to join us
5、'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'
pay for 为……而付钱
I have paid for you a dinner.
I have paid 20 dollars for the book.
ask (sb.) for sth. 问……要……
It's my treat. 我请客
This time is your treat. Next time is my turn.
Let's go dutch. AA制
【Key structures】
复习动词时态：
The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in the seventeenth century for the emperor Shah Jehan. A few years after he ______ (become) ruler, his wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, ______ (die). The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in her honour. Experts ______ (call) in from many parts of the world to construct the domes and to decorate the walls. The Taj Mahal which ______ (begin) in 1632 and ______ (complete) in 1654 ______ (cost) a fortune. Up to the present day, it ______ (visit) by millions of people.
The Taj Mahal 泰姬陵
in one's honour 为了纪念某人
up to the present day=up to now
was built；became；died；was built；were called (call in:召集)；was begun；was completed；costhas been visited
【Special Difficulties】
动词+名词/代词+带 to的不定式
某些动词之后的带to的不定式之前可以有一个名词或代词。有些动词后的名词/代词可有可无，但有和没有经常影响影响整个句子的意义。
I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.
I want to speak to John.
I want you to speak to John.
Would you like to do sth.
I’d like sb. to do sth.
I’d like to do sth.
还有一些动词后面用不定式作宾语时，其后通常必须有一名词或代词。这类动词有allow，advise，help，teach，tell，request等，这类动词不但可用于主动语态，也可用于被动语态：
We were not allowed to see the picture.
hope一定不能说hope sb. to do sth.，正确用法是hope to do (希望自己)或hope that(希望别人)
★Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck
【New words and expressions】生词和短语（6）
luck n. 运气，幸运
captain n. 船长
sail v. 航行
harbour n. 港口
proud adj. 自豪
important adj. 重要的
★luck n. 运气, 幸运
good luck =break your leg 祝你好运
bless you 保重（比如在别人打喷嚏时说的话）
lucky adj. 幸运的
lucky dog 幸运儿
lucky day 幸运日
It’s my lucky day. 今天我真幸运
luckily adv. 幸运地
unlucky adj. 不幸的
★sail v. 航行
① vi. （船）航行，扬帆行驶
The ship is sailing for New York.
② vi. （人）乘船航行
I want to sail around the world.
③ n. 帆，篷
This boat has white salis.
★harbour n. 港口
port n. 港口
air port 航空港
★proud adj. 自豪，自满
be proud of 以……为自豪，为（某人）感到自豪
Parents are proud of their children.
pride n. 自豪
take pride in 以……为自豪
★important adj. 重要的
importance n. 重大
【课文讲解】
1、We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning.
在表示时间的短语in the morning，in the afternoon等前面可以再加上early，late等副词，以便确切地表示时间
early in the morning 一大早
late in the afternoon 傍晚
2、It has sailed across the Atlantic many times.
across是对某个细长物“横切、横断、横渡”等，尤指河流、马路、海洋等；过桥用over
the Atlantic =the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
once，twice，three times…
表示次数的时候, for 一定不能加
I do something twice.
3、Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock, so we'll have plenty of time.
set out/set off/begin something 出发，动身
plenty =enough 相对多，充足的，足够的
plenty of 足够多的……
I have plenty of money.
a lot of 指客观上的多
4、We'll see his boat and then we'll say goodbye to him.
see = visit 参观
Can I see it
say goodbye (to sb.)；say hello to (to sb.)；say sorry to (to sb.)
I said hello to him this morning.
You must say sorry to somebody.
5、He will be away for two months.
瞬间动词不是不能用完成时态, 而是指不能与段时间连用, 一旦要用段时间就要将其变为 “系表结构” 即 “be + 形容词或介词短语构成”
He has been away for two hours.
=He left two hours ago.点时间
有的动词可用be+形容词系表结构表状态来代替
arrive= be here/there ；leave= be away ；die = be dead ；
join(也是瞬间动词) = be a soldier/in the army
6、He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
take part (in) 参加，参与（某项活动）
enter for 报名参加
I have entered for the meeting,but now I don't want to take part in the meeting.
an important race across the Atlantic 横渡大西洋的比赛（介词短语做定语放在被修饰词的后面）
the person at the door
be in the race = take part in the race 参加比赛
at the race 在比赛场地观看比赛
【Key structures】
一般将来时
１、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
２、将来时的结构
① 基本结构: shall/will + 动词原形
shall常用在第一人称I或we的后面，而will可用于所有人称，缩略为’ll，否定式中，will not可缩略为’ll not或won’t，shall not缩略shan’t（在美语中很少用shall）
② be going to do sth./ be gonna do sth.（美语） 打算做某事;
be going to 与will一般可以互换，但与打算无关含义的句子, will与be going to do 不能互换
I’ll miss you. （不能用be going to）
He'll lose. 他要输了。（ 不 能 用 be going to）
I'll be sixteen years old next year. （不能用be going to）
③ be + to do sth. 表示计划安排在某事或用来征求意见
I am to have a holiday.
④ be about to do sth. 即将做某事.
⑤ will be doing 表示将要做某事
⑥ be doing （瞬间动词） 用现在进行时表示将来时态
用现在进行时表示将来的动词有：go，come，arrive，leave，die，land，join
⑦ be 一般现在时表示将要发生
If it rains, …
【Special Difficulties】
be+副词构成的表语
动词be如与不同的副词连用意义不同，意思主要由副词的意义决定：
be in 在家；be out 出去；be away 离开；be on 上映；be back 回来；be over 结束；be up to sth.胜任某件事情, 能够做某件事
set+副词构成的短语动词
set out 出发，动身
When’ll you set out for London
set off 出发，启程
I’ll set off for home the day after tomorrow.
set up 创立，建立；（a record）创造……记录
Mr. Jackson has set up a school in the village.
Has Tom set up a new world record
★Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys
【New words and expressions】生词和短语（5）
group n. 小组，团体
pop singer 流行歌手
club n. 俱乐部
performance n. 演出
occasion n. 场合
★group n. 小组, 团体
a group of 表示一群或一个团体
You can see a group of islands in the middle of the lake.
group n. 组合，指合唱团（如 Back Street 后街男孩）
band n.乐队（如零点乐队, 只有一个主唱）
★pop singer 流行歌手
pop adj. 受欢迎的，通俗的，流行的，大众的（popular的缩写）
pop song(music)流行音乐
pop star : 歌星
★club n. 俱乐部
night club 夜总会
★performance n. 演出
① n. 执行，完成，履行
He is praised for the excellent performance of his duties.
② n. 表现，工作情况
His performance in the mathematics exam is not very good.
③ n. 演出，表演
The pop singers will give five performances.
-mance 名词后缀
perform v. 演出
★occasion n. 场合
中文 : 在某种场合, 某种条件下, 某种环境中
英文 : occasion = time 某个时候
this occasion；on the(this) occasion 在这种时候
occasionally ＝sometimes 有时候, 偶尔
【课文讲解】
1、At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
at present =now 目前，现在
The doctor is very busy at present.
nowadays adv. 目前
up to now =so far 到现在为止
visit v.拜访、参观；(歌