2025届高考英语二轮复习之语篇衔接理论在应用文写作教学中的运用课件(共40张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2025届高考英语二轮复习之语篇衔接理论在应用文写作教学中的运用课件(共40张PPT) |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 46.2MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-09-19 10:45:48 | ||
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文档简介
(共40张PPT)
语篇衔接理论在应用文写作教学中的运用
问题发现
1.盲目堆砌
2.随意拼凑
3.过度发散（书面表达要求“可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”）
理论指导
能在书面表达中有条理地描述自己或他人的经历，阐述观点，表达情感态度；能在表达中有目的地选择词汇和语法结构，确切表达意思，体现意义的逻辑关联性。
《普通高中课程标准》
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
应用文评分原则第四条明确规定：“评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的丰富性和准确性及上下文的连贯性”。
第五档（很好）(13～15分)：完全完成了试题规定的任务。
(1)覆盖所有内容要点，表达清楚、合理；
(2)应用了较多复杂、高级的语法结构和词汇；
(3)语法结构或词汇方面使用准确，即使有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；表现了较强的语言运用能力；
(4)自然流畅地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。整体而言，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
【分档划分标准】
运用语篇衔接理论指导高三英语应用文写作，能帮助学生利用各种语篇衔接手段将写作任务中情景中的各个要点进行有条理的描述，体现意义的逻辑关联性，进而达到行文连贯的效果。
英语写作是为了培养学生使用英语以书面形式表达意义的能力，而使用一定的衔接机制达到连贯是表达意义的关键。因此在写作教学中应该树立以意义表达为主的写作指导思想，系统地学习语篇连贯知识；根据连贯理论分析写作样本。
（程晓棠，2009）
照 应
替 代
省 略
连 接
重 复
同/反义
上/下义
搭 配
（Halliday、Hasan，2001）
（朱永生等，2001）
衔 接
cohesion
连 贯coherence
语法衔接
词汇衔接
语篇衔接理论
理论指导下的教学实践
教学实践
Book6 Unit2 Habits for a healthy lifestyle
教材文本
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential. They must learn to recognize bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this:
Firstly, there is a “cue”, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
Secondly, there is a “routine”, the regular action you take in response to the cue.
Thirdly, there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes
us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
Draw a conclusion
Find out the problem
Analyze the problem
Solve the problem
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential. They must learn to recognize bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this:
Firstly, there is a “cue”, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
Secondly, there is a “routine”, the regular action you take in response to the cue.
Thirdly, there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes
us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
Change!
重 复
重复是指下文重复出现上文中的词汇。
Habits for a healthy lifestyle
good habits
bad habits
上/下义
上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明。
照 应
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
照应表示某个项目自己不能解释自己，必须到其他地方寻求其解释的现象，主要分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。
替 代
These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
省 略
These bad habits, if （they were）left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
替代主要由语法手段来体现，主要分为名词性替代、动词替代和小句替代。
某个同类语言项目出现时不是被替代，而是被省略。
连 接
For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
连接用于两个语段之间，表示顺序、附加、相反、原因、和例证等关系，主要由连词、连接副词和介词短语体现。
同/反义
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive.
为了避免词汇的重复使用，使用与上文出现的词具有相同意义或相反意义的词表示衔接。
搭 配
habit
good
bad
…
form
change
create
…
…
同一语篇中的词汇有些看起来既不重复又不是近义词，但是彼此之间依然有一定的联系。
Adaptations are currently popular in the movie industry. We’re all familiar with film adaptations of books. 36 Book adaptations of films aren’t that common, but it’s a medium that certainly takes skills to master.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
Book adaptations of films obviously won’t ever replace cinema, and there’s no need to choose one or the other. 40
语篇衔接理论指导下的七选五
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
1.标记表示逻辑关系的副词及连词2.标记代词3.标记核心主题词汇
Adaptations are currently popular in the movie industry. We’re all familiar with film adaptations of books. 36 Book adaptations of films aren’t that common, but it’s a medium that certainly takes skills to master.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
Book adaptations of films obviously won’t ever replace cinema, and there’s no need to choose one or the other. 40
电影改编为文学作品
1：
2：
读小说与看影视作品相比优势所在
语篇衔接理论指导下的七选五
总
分
总
二者相互独立和补充
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
段中设空，转折及因果关系。
逻辑关系：E选项说他们无法搜到或者买到，与前句构成转折关系
与空后句小说化是个很好的解决方法构成因果关系。
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
段中设空，例证关系。
本段主要讲给电影写续篇，选项中be expanded 与本段中心及例子相一致，选项中this medium与空前a sequel idea为指代关系
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
段中设空，递进关系。
本段主要论述了读小说与看影视作品相比的好处，空前是好处之一，选项递进说明其他好处，且段后是对选项B的进一步解释
假定你是李华，在外刊阅读中遇到了困难，尝试一些方法后仍未达到预期效果。请你给外教Marcus写一封邮件寻求帮助，内容包括:
1.尝试方法；
2.请求指导。
Dear Marcus,
Yours sincerely
Li Hua
要点：
①写作目的
②外刊阅读中遇到了困难
③尝试方法未达预期
④请求指导
⑤表达谢意，期盼回复
Para 1:
Para 2:
Para 3:
1. 背景：外刊阅读中遇到了困难
2. 目的：写一封邮件，向你求助
3.尝试方法未达预期
4.请求指导
5表达谢意，期盼回复
Dear Marcus,
Reading English journals has been a big headache for me recently, so I'm writing to seek your guidance.
Three months ago, I began my journey with the Economist but I soon felt overwhelmed when exposed to so many unknown words. Hard as I tried to look up the words in dictionaries, sometimes I still couldn't make sense of the whole sentence, let alone the whole passage. Meanwhile, I have worked hard to enlarge my vocabulary and even referred to some background information, but those English journals still defeat me and I am now still a slow reader.
I would appreciate it if you could put me on the right track. Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
教学反馈
语篇衔接手段偏误分析
整段连接词缺失
例：I am convinced that with my adequate experience I am ideally suited for this significant position. I think my optimal skill of speaking English could help me face major situations. I enjoy the work and I am willing to devote myself to an excellent company. I would be grateful if you could consider my application.
改：I am convinced that with my adequate experience I am ideally suited forthis significantposition. Besides,my optimal skill of speaking English could help me face major situations.More importantly,I enjoy the work and I am willing to devote myself to an excellent company. Thus,I would be grateful if you could consider my application.
连接词滥用
例: First ,scheduled to take place at 2:00 p.m. next Friday in our meeting room, the competition aims to interact with foreign students and enhance our friendship. Besides, the topic is your comprehension of traditional Chinese culture. From my perspective, adept at Chinese speaking, you can certainly win the competition. What's more,if you're interested, please complete the chant attached or call me at xxx.
改：Scheduled to take place at 2:00 p.m. next Friday in our meeting room, the competition aims to interact with foreign students and enhance our friendship. The topic is your comprehension of traditional Chinese culture. From my perspective, adept at Chinese speaking, you can certainly win the competition. If you're interested, please complete the chant attached or call me at xxx.
语篇衔接手段偏误分析
指示代词、人称代词误用
例：The curriculum I learnt was “the skill of communication". It was the advantageous class that enhanced my linguistic capabilities. What satisfied me very much was my teacher's brilliant teaching method. I am beyond euphoria to gain those useful skills they taught.
改：The curriculum I learnt was“the skill of communication". It was the advantageous class that enhanced my linguistic capabilities. What satisfied me very much was my teacher's brilliant teaching method. I am beyond euphoria to gain useful skills he taught.
代词误用
例：Chinese calligraphy has a long history，it's about thousand years.
改：Chinese calligraphy has a long history that/which is about thousand years.
词汇复现偏误
例1: During the learning time, I learned how to get along with my classmates and how to overcome the fear of speaking. Learning new speaking skill is what I satisfied most. But there also some problems like the lesson was too short and there are too much students in one classroom.
改：During the learning time, I acquired how to get along with my classmates and how to overcome the fear of speaking. Gaining new communicating skill is what I satisfied most. But there also some problems like the lesson was too short and there are too much students in one classroom.
词汇复现偏误
例2: In Chinese Calligraphy club , you can learn everything about Chinese Calligraphy. Then, you will fall in love with Chinese Calligraphy. Also, we usually have some games for Chinese Calligraphy. They are very interesting.In this club, you can make friends who love Chinese Calligraphy.I hope you can join the Chinese Calligraphy.
改：In the club, you can learn everything about Chinese Calligraphy.Then, you will fall in love with it . Also, we usually hold some calligraphic games which are very interesting .You can make friends who have the same interest with you after joining us. I hope you can be our member !
总结
学生虽然具备了一定的语篇衔接知识, 但是在实际写作中仍存在很多衔接方面的问题,尤其是英语基础薄弱的学生。为了帮助这些学生进一步提高作文的连贯性, 可以采取面批的方式, 指出学生习作中的衔接问题,尽可能地引导他们运用衔接理论分析并提出修改建议。
应用文写作教学不仅是教学生用丰富的词汇和语法结构表达,更重要的是要引导他们树立以意义表达为主的写作指导思想, 运用讲解、示例和作文分析等方法系统地学习语篇衔接知识, 通过分析习作内化有关衔接知识,并将其运用到自己的写作中，最终提高应用文写作能力。
感谢聆听
欢迎批评指正！
语篇衔接理论在应用文写作教学中的运用
问题发现
1.盲目堆砌
2.随意拼凑
3.过度发散（书面表达要求“可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”）
理论指导
能在书面表达中有条理地描述自己或他人的经历，阐述观点，表达情感态度；能在表达中有目的地选择词汇和语法结构，确切表达意思，体现意义的逻辑关联性。
《普通高中课程标准》
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
应用文评分原则第四条明确规定：“评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的丰富性和准确性及上下文的连贯性”。
第五档（很好）(13～15分)：完全完成了试题规定的任务。
(1)覆盖所有内容要点，表达清楚、合理；
(2)应用了较多复杂、高级的语法结构和词汇；
(3)语法结构或词汇方面使用准确，即使有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；表现了较强的语言运用能力；
(4)自然流畅地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。整体而言，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
【分档划分标准】
运用语篇衔接理论指导高三英语应用文写作，能帮助学生利用各种语篇衔接手段将写作任务中情景中的各个要点进行有条理的描述，体现意义的逻辑关联性，进而达到行文连贯的效果。
英语写作是为了培养学生使用英语以书面形式表达意义的能力，而使用一定的衔接机制达到连贯是表达意义的关键。因此在写作教学中应该树立以意义表达为主的写作指导思想，系统地学习语篇连贯知识；根据连贯理论分析写作样本。
（程晓棠，2009）
照 应
替 代
省 略
连 接
重 复
同/反义
上/下义
搭 配
（Halliday、Hasan，2001）
（朱永生等，2001）
衔 接
cohesion
连 贯coherence
语法衔接
词汇衔接
语篇衔接理论
理论指导下的教学实践
教学实践
Book6 Unit2 Habits for a healthy lifestyle
教材文本
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential. They must learn to recognize bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this:
Firstly, there is a “cue”, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
Secondly, there is a “routine”, the regular action you take in response to the cue.
Thirdly, there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes
us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
Draw a conclusion
Find out the problem
Analyze the problem
Solve the problem
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential. They must learn to recognize bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this:
Firstly, there is a “cue”, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
Secondly, there is a “routine”, the regular action you take in response to the cue.
Thirdly, there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes
us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
Change!
重 复
重复是指下文重复出现上文中的词汇。
Habits for a healthy lifestyle
good habits
bad habits
上/下义
上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明。
照 应
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
照应表示某个项目自己不能解释自己，必须到其他地方寻求其解释的现象，主要分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。
替 代
These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
省 略
These bad habits, if （they were）left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.
替代主要由语法手段来体现，主要分为名词性替代、动词替代和小句替代。
某个同类语言项目出现时不是被替代，而是被省略。
连 接
For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favorite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
连接用于两个语段之间，表示顺序、附加、相反、原因、和例证等关系，主要由连词、连接副词和介词短语体现。
同/反义
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive.
为了避免词汇的重复使用，使用与上文出现的词具有相同意义或相反意义的词表示衔接。
搭 配
habit
good
bad
…
form
change
create
…
…
同一语篇中的词汇有些看起来既不重复又不是近义词，但是彼此之间依然有一定的联系。
Adaptations are currently popular in the movie industry. We’re all familiar with film adaptations of books. 36 Book adaptations of films aren’t that common, but it’s a medium that certainly takes skills to master.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
Book adaptations of films obviously won’t ever replace cinema, and there’s no need to choose one or the other. 40
语篇衔接理论指导下的七选五
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
1.标记表示逻辑关系的副词及连词2.标记代词3.标记核心主题词汇
Adaptations are currently popular in the movie industry. We’re all familiar with film adaptations of books. 36 Book adaptations of films aren’t that common, but it’s a medium that certainly takes skills to master.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
Book adaptations of films obviously won’t ever replace cinema, and there’s no need to choose one or the other. 40
电影改编为文学作品
1：
2：
读小说与看影视作品相比优势所在
语篇衔接理论指导下的七选五
总
分
总
二者相互独立和补充
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelisation (小说化). Movie novelisations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way. 37 Thus, the novelisation was a great solution.
段中设空，转折及因果关系。
逻辑关系：E选项说他们无法搜到或者买到，与前句构成转折关系
与空后句小说化是个很好的解决方法构成因果关系。
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel. 38 In recent years for example, the film Heat, released in 1995 has received its own novel. ET: The Book of the Green Planet continued the extra terrestrial’s journey after the completion of the film’s narrative.
段中设空，例证关系。
本段主要讲给电影写续篇，选项中be expanded 与本段中心及例子相一致，选项中this medium与空前a sequel idea为指代关系
A. But what about book adaptations of films
B. Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too.
C. For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers.
D. Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly.
E. But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape.
F. Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium.
G. Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way. 39 Although a film might characterize a fantastic scene or a specific costume choice, it doesn’t always tell why those things are important. Novelisations and sequels can take that extra step and shine a light on some of those movie-making choices.
段中设空，递进关系。
本段主要论述了读小说与看影视作品相比的好处，空前是好处之一，选项递进说明其他好处，且段后是对选项B的进一步解释
假定你是李华，在外刊阅读中遇到了困难，尝试一些方法后仍未达到预期效果。请你给外教Marcus写一封邮件寻求帮助，内容包括:
1.尝试方法；
2.请求指导。
Dear Marcus,
Yours sincerely
Li Hua
要点：
①写作目的
②外刊阅读中遇到了困难
③尝试方法未达预期
④请求指导
⑤表达谢意，期盼回复
Para 1:
Para 2:
Para 3:
1. 背景：外刊阅读中遇到了困难
2. 目的：写一封邮件，向你求助
3.尝试方法未达预期
4.请求指导
5表达谢意，期盼回复
Dear Marcus,
Reading English journals has been a big headache for me recently, so I'm writing to seek your guidance.
Three months ago, I began my journey with the Economist but I soon felt overwhelmed when exposed to so many unknown words. Hard as I tried to look up the words in dictionaries, sometimes I still couldn't make sense of the whole sentence, let alone the whole passage. Meanwhile, I have worked hard to enlarge my vocabulary and even referred to some background information, but those English journals still defeat me and I am now still a slow reader.
I would appreciate it if you could put me on the right track. Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
教学反馈
语篇衔接手段偏误分析
整段连接词缺失
例：I am convinced that with my adequate experience I am ideally suited for this significant position. I think my optimal skill of speaking English could help me face major situations. I enjoy the work and I am willing to devote myself to an excellent company. I would be grateful if you could consider my application.
改：I am convinced that with my adequate experience I am ideally suited forthis significantposition. Besides,my optimal skill of speaking English could help me face major situations.More importantly,I enjoy the work and I am willing to devote myself to an excellent company. Thus,I would be grateful if you could consider my application.
连接词滥用
例: First ,scheduled to take place at 2:00 p.m. next Friday in our meeting room, the competition aims to interact with foreign students and enhance our friendship. Besides, the topic is your comprehension of traditional Chinese culture. From my perspective, adept at Chinese speaking, you can certainly win the competition. What's more,if you're interested, please complete the chant attached or call me at xxx.
改：Scheduled to take place at 2:00 p.m. next Friday in our meeting room, the competition aims to interact with foreign students and enhance our friendship. The topic is your comprehension of traditional Chinese culture. From my perspective, adept at Chinese speaking, you can certainly win the competition. If you're interested, please complete the chant attached or call me at xxx.
语篇衔接手段偏误分析
指示代词、人称代词误用
例：The curriculum I learnt was “the skill of communication". It was the advantageous class that enhanced my linguistic capabilities. What satisfied me very much was my teacher's brilliant teaching method. I am beyond euphoria to gain those useful skills they taught.
改：The curriculum I learnt was“the skill of communication". It was the advantageous class that enhanced my linguistic capabilities. What satisfied me very much was my teacher's brilliant teaching method. I am beyond euphoria to gain useful skills he taught.
代词误用
例：Chinese calligraphy has a long history，it's about thousand years.
改：Chinese calligraphy has a long history that/which is about thousand years.
词汇复现偏误
例1: During the learning time, I learned how to get along with my classmates and how to overcome the fear of speaking. Learning new speaking skill is what I satisfied most. But there also some problems like the lesson was too short and there are too much students in one classroom.
改：During the learning time, I acquired how to get along with my classmates and how to overcome the fear of speaking. Gaining new communicating skill is what I satisfied most. But there also some problems like the lesson was too short and there are too much students in one classroom.
词汇复现偏误
例2: In Chinese Calligraphy club , you can learn everything about Chinese Calligraphy. Then, you will fall in love with Chinese Calligraphy. Also, we usually have some games for Chinese Calligraphy. They are very interesting.In this club, you can make friends who love Chinese Calligraphy.I hope you can join the Chinese Calligraphy.
改：In the club, you can learn everything about Chinese Calligraphy.Then, you will fall in love with it . Also, we usually hold some calligraphic games which are very interesting .You can make friends who have the same interest with you after joining us. I hope you can be our member !
总结
学生虽然具备了一定的语篇衔接知识, 但是在实际写作中仍存在很多衔接方面的问题,尤其是英语基础薄弱的学生。为了帮助这些学生进一步提高作文的连贯性, 可以采取面批的方式, 指出学生习作中的衔接问题,尽可能地引导他们运用衔接理论分析并提出修改建议。
应用文写作教学不仅是教学生用丰富的词汇和语法结构表达,更重要的是要引导他们树立以意义表达为主的写作指导思想, 运用讲解、示例和作文分析等方法系统地学习语篇衔接知识, 通过分析习作内化有关衔接知识,并将其运用到自己的写作中，最终提高应用文写作能力。
感谢聆听
欢迎批评指正！