(共19张PPT)
写作离不开句子, 要写好英语的句子, 首先要了解英语的句子由哪些成分构成, 能充当这些成分的是各是什么词。
句子的组成部分分为：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语, 其中主语与谓语是主要成分, 一般不可缺少。本单元复习主语、谓语和宾语。
一、主语
主话表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事。
练习: 请找出下列句子的主语。
The boy comes from America.
( ___________________ )
2. He usually went to school alone.
( ___________________ )
He代词作主语。
The boy名词作主语。
3. Studying English is very important.
( _______________________________ )
4. To teach him a lesson seems quite necessary.
( _______________________________ )
To teach him a lesson不定式短语作主语
Studying English动名词短语作主语。
5. That he won the prize excited everyone.
( ____________________________ )
6. It is important for us to have our dreams.
( ____________________________ )
it形式主语to have our dreams不定式短 语作真正的主语。
That he won the prize主语从句作主语。
7. It is obvious that he was wrong.
( _________________________________ )
8. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
( _________________________________ )
it形式主语, crying over spilt milk动名词短
语作真正的主语。
it形式主语, that he was wrong 主语从句作真正的主语。
主语一般由名词、_________________, 或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当(包括 ______、______ 还有 ________)。另外, 当句子的主语为 __________、__________或 _________时, 主语部分太长, 为使句子平衡, 避免头重脚轻, 常用it作形式主语。
主语从句
主格代词(I、she等)
不定式
动名词
主语从句
动名词短语
不定式短语
二、 谓语
谓语说明主语的动作 (即主语做了什么事)、状态或特征。谓语由动词或短语动词充当, 或者由“系动词+表语”构成。除了倒装等特殊情况外, 谓语总是位于主语的后面, 即“主语?>谓语”。
动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语, 连系动词与表语一起构成谓语, 情态动词与动词原形构成合成谓语, 助动词与动词的适当形式(如：原形、现在分词、过去分词)共同构成谓语部分。
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
练习：请找出下列句子的谓语并指出谓语的构成：实义动词、连系动词+表语、情态动词+动词的原形还是助动词+动词的适当形式
1. His parents are teachers.
( _______________________ )
2. The sun rises in the east.
( _______________________ )
rises 实义动词。
are teachers 系动词+表语。
3. We have finished reading the book.
( ______________________________ )
4. You ought to work harder.
( ______________________________ )
ought to work 情态动词+动词原形。
have finished 助动词+动词的过去分词。
5. I felt cold.
( ___________________________ )
6. He doesn’t like music.
( ___________________________ )
doesn’t like 助动词+动词原形。
felt cold 连系动词+表语。
三、宾语
宾语是动词的动作对象。一般由名词、宾格代词(me, her等), 或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当 (包括不定式、动名词还有宾语从句)。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语, 间接宾语说明动作是对谁或为谁而做, 直接宾语则是动作的承受者或结果。一般情况下, 宾语都在动词后面, 顺序是: 主语 → 谓语 → 宾语。
练习：请找出下列句子的宾语。
1. He has never met her in person.
( ____________________________ )
2. She handed him a book.
( ________________________________ )
3. He likes to play basketball.
( ________________________________ )
to play basketball 不定式短语作宾语。
her 宾格代词作宾语。
him宾格代词作间接宾语, a book 名词作
直接宾语。
4. We enjoy listening to the music.
( ________________________________ )
5. She said that she felt sick.
( _________________________________ )
that she felt sick 宾语从句作宾语。
listening to the music 动名词短语作宾语。
6. They sent the injured to hospital.
( ________________________________ )
7. I find it impossible to believe her any longer.
( _________________________________ )
it形式宾语, 不定式短语to believe her any longer 作真正的宾语。
the injured 名词化的形容词作宾语。
8. We consider it no good getting up late.
( ________________________________ )
9. They believed it strange that he should have done that.
( ________________________________ )
it形式宾语, 宾语从句that he should have
done that作真正的宾语。
it形式宾语, getting up late动名词短语作
真正宾语。
当句子的宾语为__________、
___________、或_________时, 常用形式宾语it, 以保持句子的平衡。
宾语从句
不定式短语
动名词短语(共21张PPT)
一、表语
系动词是表示人或事物状态、性质的动词, 如: be, get, sound, look, seem, feel等。系动词后 面的部分叫表语。作表语的典型词类是形容词, 也可以名词、数词、极少数副词(如here, there)、介词短语、不定式、分词、表语从句等。系动词与表语共同构成谓语, 说明主语的状态、性质等。
练习：请找出下列句子的表语并指出表语是由什么来充当的(名词、数词、形容词、介词, 不定式, 分词, 还是表语从句)。
1. My wallet is on the desk.
( _____________________ )
2. The book isn’t mine.
( _____________________ )
mine,名词。
on the desk, 介词短语。
3. The leaves turn yellow in fall.
( ______________________ )
4. He has become a police officer.
( ______________________ )
a police officer, 名词。
yellow ,形容词。
5. My suggestion is that we should start at once.
( _____________________________ )
6. My suggestion is to leave at once.
( _____________________________ )
to leave at once, 不定式短语。
that we should start at once. 表语从句。
7. His speech was boring.
( _________________ )
8. The whole class got excited at the good news.
( _________________ )
excited, 过去分词。
boring, 现在分词。
二、定语
定语用来修饰名词或代词, 起限定作用。作定语的典型词类是形容词和形容词性物主代词, 也可以是数词、名词、介词短语、分词、定语从句等。定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰复合不定代词(如something)时, 或者是短语或定语从句作定语, 则总是放在所修饰名词的后边。
练习：请找出下列句子的定语并指出定语是由什么充当(形容词、形容词性代词、数词、名词、介词短语、分词还是定语从句)
1. The beautiful sight attracts many tourists every year.
( __________________________ )
beautiful, 形容词; many, 数词。
2. The wallet on the desk is mine.
( ____________________ )
3. The demanding boss wasn’t satisfied with my work.
( _________________________________ )
demanding,现在分词; my,形容词性代词。
on the desk, 介词短语。
4. That building being repaired is our library.
( _____________________________ )
5. He is one of the students that have been late.
( _____________________________ )
being repaired, 现在分词短语; our, 形
容词性代词。
one, 数词; that have been late, 定语从句
6. The excited boys burst into cheers.
( _______________________ )
7. A woman police officer was praised for her good work.
( _______________________ )
woman, 名词; good, 形容词。
excited, 过去分词。
三、状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词, 或整个句子。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等, 作状语的典型词类是副词, 也可以是介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等。
练习：请找出下列句子的状语并指出状语是由什么充当(副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句)。
1. He did his homework carefully at home.
( ________________________________ )
carefully,副词; at home, 介词词组。
to do some shopping不定式作目的状语; on Sunday介词短语表时间。
2. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.
( ________________________________ )
3. When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.
( ______________________________ )
4. Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.
( ______________________________ )
Feeling tired, 现在分词短语表原因;
without supper, 介词短语表方式。
When I grow up, 时间状语从句。
5. He lost his job due to his lack of patience.
( ________________________________ )
6. Brought up in the country, he finds it hard to adjust himself to city life.
( ________________________________ )
Brought up in the country, 过去分词短
语表原因。
due to his lack of patience介词短语表
原因。
四、补足语
补充说明主语的称为主语补足语; 补充说明宾语的称为宾语补足语。作补足语的典型词类是形容词, 也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。
练习：请找出下列句子的宾语补足语并指出它是由什么充当的(名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词)。
1. They elected John monitor.
( __________________ )
2. He treated his mistake as a joke.
( __________________ )
as a joke, 介词词组。
monitor名词
3. We heard her singing a song.
( _________________________________ )
4. He told me to make my own decision.
( _________________________________ )
to make my own decision, 动词不定式
singing a song, 现在分词短语。
5. I think it wrong of him to decline my offer.
( ____________________________ )
6. He watched an insect caught by a bird.
( ____________________________ )
caught by a bird, 过去分词短语。
wrong, 形容词。
如果把主动语态改成被动语态, 宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。例如：
He was acknowledged to be the best player.
他被公认为是最佳选手。(不定式作主语补足语)(共12张PPT)
陈述句的五个基本句型是写作的基础,掌握了这五个基本句型,就具体初步的写作能力了。从广东省近几年的高考阅卷情况看,只要用能用简单句表述规定的内容要点,就可以拿到及格分数,能拿到及格分数,就意味着大大超过全省作文平均分了。
该句型中, 谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词有：
1. 系动词be。
2. 表感官的系动词。如look, sound， taste, smell, feel, seem, appear等
3. 表变化的系动词。如become, get, turn, grow, come, go, fall, run等。
4. 表持续的系动词。如remain, keep, stay, stand, rest, lie, hold等。
5. 可带名词作表语的系动词。如be, become, sound, prove, remain, turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如: He turned teacher.)等。
作表语的有名词、形容词、介词短语等。如：
He is a boy. 他是一个男孩。(名词)
The book is hers. 这本书是她的。(名词性物主代词)
He is tall. 他个子高。(形容词)
John is in good health. 他身体健康。(介词短语)
We were excited at the good news. 听到这个消息我们很兴奋。(过去分词)
The book is boring. 这本书很泛味。(现在分词)
Her dream is to become a teacher. 她的梦想是做教师。(不定式)
My hobby is collecting coins. 我的爱好是收集硬币。(动名词)
The reason for my failure was that I hadn’t put my heart into my study. 我失败的原因在于我没有全心全意学习。(表语从句)
即时练习：请用“主语+系动词+表语”
句型翻译下列句子。
1. 这台机器的情况良好。
This machine is in good condition.
2. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。
2. Silk feels soft and smooth.
3. 他突然病倒了。
3. He has suddenly fallen ill.
4. 他静静地站着。
4. He stood quite still.
5. 电梯坏了。
5. The lift is out of order/ has gone wrong.
6. 未来几天天气将持续寒冷。
6. It will stay/remain cold (for) several days.
7. 那个男人证明是个贼。
7. The man proved (to be) a thief.
8. 我希望你的梦想能成真。(come true)
8. I hope your dream can come true.
9. 那就是他居住的地方。(表语从句)
9. That is where he lives.
10. 她的工作是在幼儿园照看儿童。
10. Her job is to look after children in the kindergarten.(共7张PPT)
本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。如：
The machine works smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。(副词)
They stopped to take a short rest 他们停下来休息。(不定式)
He is standing by the window. 他站在窗户边。
即时练习：请用“主语+不及物动词”的句型
翻译下列句子。
1. 太阳在照耀着。
The sun was shining.
2. 我们勤奋学习。
2. We study hard.
3. 他们谈了半个小时。
3. They talked for half an hour.
4. 这支笔书写流利。
4. The pen writes smoothly.
5. 他们等了几个小时就是为了看见他们最喜爱的明星。
5. They waited several hours to see their favourite stars.
6. 他每年在外旅游好几个月。
6. He travels for several months every year.
7. 1919年, 北京爆发了“五四”运动。
7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
8. 五年前我住在北京。
8. I lived in Beijing five years ago.
9. 他昨晚很晚回家。
9. He returned home late last night.
10. 在过去的十年里, 我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
10. Great changes have taken place in
my hometown in the past ten years.(共10张PPT)
及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者(宾语), 才可以表达一个完整的意思。做宾语的可以是名词、代词、不定式等。如：
Mary enjoys music. 玛丽喜欢音乐。(名词)
He loves her. 他爱她。(代词)
I want to get your help. 我想得到您的帮助。(不定式短语)
I don’t know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。(疑问词＋不定式)
The old man enjoys living in the countryside. 那老人喜欢住在乡村。(动名词短语)
I don’t think he’s right.我认为他不对。(宾语从句)
1. 常要求接不定式作宾语的动词有attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
2. 常要求接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语的动词有ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, know, learn, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
3. 常要求接动名词作宾语的动词有admit, advise, avoid, ban, consider, delay, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can’t help, look forward to等。
4. 接不定式与接动名词意义差别很大的动词有forget, remember, regret, try, mean, stop, go on等。
即时练习：请用“主语+及物动词+宾语”句型翻译下列句子。
1. 她微笑着表示感谢。
1. She expressed her thanks with a smile.
2. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
2. He refused to help them.
3. 他承认犯了错误。
3. He admitted making a mistake. /that he had made a mistake.
4. 我想喝杯茶。
4. I would like a cup of tea.
5. 我们不否认态度决定一切。
5. We don’t deny that attitude decides everything.
6. 他不介意受到老师的责备。
6. He didn’t mind being blamed by the teacher.
7. 医生已决定什么时候给病人做手术。
7. The doctor has decided when to operate on the patient.
8. 永远不要冒险违背自然的法则。
8. Never risk going against the law of nature.
9. 当妈妈进来的时候, Tom假装正在阅读。
9. Tom pretended to be reading when his mother came in.
10. 我忘了要在哪儿接她了。
10. I forget where to pick her up.(共12张PPT)
该句型中的谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语; 一个是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面, 直接宾语在后面。如：
Tom left Mary a message. 汤姆给玛丽留下了口信。
This will save you much time. 这将为您节约大量的时间。
有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调, 这时, 间接宾语前应加上介词to, for或of。
1. 主+及物动词+物(直宾)+to+人(间宾)。如：
He offered a job to her. 他向她提供了一份工作。
I owe my success to you. 我的成功要归功于您。
间接宾语前要用to的常用动词有：give, tell, lend, sell, teach, send, write, show, return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand等。
※归纳:
2. 主+及物动词+ 物(直宾)+for+人(间宾)。如：
He ordered some food for the two of them. 他为他们俩点了一些食物。
Mother made a nice dress for the little girl. 妈妈给小女孩做了条美丽的裙子。
间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy， choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play, save等。
3. 主+及物动词+人(间宾)+of+物(直宾)。如：
They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。
He’s warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。
归纳：
直接宾语前加介词 of 的动词有：cure, convince (使信服), deprive (剥夺)inform, rob, rid (摆脱, 赶走, 清除), warn。
※归纳：
即时练习：请用“主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”的句型翻译下列句子。
1. 我想为他挑选一份合适的礼物。
1. I want to choose a suitable present for him.
2. 太阳给了我们光和热。
2. The sun gives us light and warmth.
3. Mr Smith教我们数学。
3. Mr Smith teaches us math.
4. 那个老人给我们指路。
4. The old man showed us the way.
5. 请在本周末把所借的书都还给图书。
5. Please return all the books to the library by this weekend.
6. 为了你, 我愿意做一切事情。
6. I’ll do everything for you.
7. 请借我些钱, 行吗
7. Please lend me some money, will you
8. Mary写了封信给Tom。
8. Mary wrote Tom a letter.
9. 医生治好了他的病。
9. The doctor has cured him of his disease.
10. Tom使Mary相信了他的诚实。
10. Tom convinced Mary of his honesty.
