2025届高三英语二轮复习专项 词不定式 课件（共42张PPT）

(共42张PPT)
高中英语语法--非谓语动词
不定式
目录
非谓语动词的定义与特征
动词不定式的形式与形态变化
动词不定式的句法功能
关注的重要问题
非谓语动词的定义、特征
01
“非”谓语即就是“不是”谓语，把不能、不必做谓语的动词，用另一种形式表现，
什么是非谓语动词呢？
分词（过去/现在分词）
动名词
动词不定式
英语句子只能有一个主谓结构
若出现更多动词，则：
加连词（and / but / so…）
放入从句中，做从句谓语
变为非谓语动词
doing/done
doing
to do
三种形式
就是非谓语的形式
“非”谓语动词，虽然不做谓语，但具备动词的特征，即：
时态变化与语态变化
形态变化
动作先后关系
主被动关系
形式 动作时间
doing 同时（进行）
to do 将要（将来）
done 已发生（完成）
语态
时态
特征与成分
分词（过去/现在分词）
动名词
动词不定式
具有形容词和副词的特征
具有名词的特征
具有名词、形容词和副词的特征
在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等
在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等
在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语
动词不定式的形式与形态变化
02
动词不定式
形式
to do
不带to的动词不定式
否定形式
not to do
时态语态
时态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
动词不定式不能在句中作谓语，尽管它本身有时态的变化，但是却不能靠自身的变化形式表示动作发生的具体时间。动词不定式发生的时间，一般只能根据谓语动词的时间，产生相对的先后时间关系。
时态
①不定式的一般式
He didn't know where to go.
②不定式的完成式
The rain seemed to have stopped.
通常表示动作发生在谓语动词之后。
He seems to have finished his homework.
I hope to see you again.
通常表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
③不定式的进行式
表示不定式的动作正在进行，持续之中。
The boys were discovered to be hiding there.
It's nice to be lying on the beach.
④不定式的完成进行式：
表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前就已经开始，到谓语动作发生时可能停止，也可能继续下去。
Tom seemed to have been reading a novel.
He is found to have been working for 4 hours.
The snow began to melt.
He seems to have missed the train.
不定式的逻辑主语：不定式不能作谓语，所以不可能有语法上的主语。
通常情况下，可以推断出句中的某个词实际上和不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即不定式的逻辑主语。
语态
用主动态还是被动态，取决于不定式和其逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。
①不定式作及物动词的宾语或状语时
其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语
To speak frankly, she doesn't work as hard as me.
To tell the truth, he is quite lazy.
She wanted me to buy some books.
A mother must teach her children not to tell lies.
②在“动词+宾语+不定式”中
逻辑主语通常是前面的宾语
③逻辑主语可能是作者或说话人
表示说话人对所谈内容的态度
若句中没有不定式的逻辑主语，又必须指明时，往往借助介词引出：
“for/of/with/without+名词/代词+动词不定式”
一般情况下，不定式的逻辑主语由介词for引出。
Is there anything for me to eat
He opened the gate for the car to enter
It's unusual for him to be late.
I am waiting for the shop to open.
这类形容词常常是用来说明或评价人的行为，表现，性格，特征，品质的形容词。
在“It is/was +形容词+of+名词/代词+不定式”结构中，不定式的逻辑主语则是由of引导。
It's very kind of you to help.
It was stupid of me to believe him.
如果逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动。
She asked the door to be closed.
He ordered the guns to be fired.
He ordered the soldiers to fire the guns.
主动表被动
too...to句型也常常用不定式主动代替被动。
The stone is too heavy to move (be moved).
和：The stone is too heavy for me to move.
在there be句型中，主语可用不定式修饰。如果句中主语是不定式的承受者，常常用不定式的主动表示被动。
There is still a lot of work to do(to be done).
在“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”结构中，如果表语形容词说明的是主语的内在特征，往往用主动表被动。
The pencil is easy to write with.
The coffee is bitter to taste.这咖啡真苦
The flower is awful to smell.这花真难闻。
如果不定式后面跟的是“动词+介词”短语动词，介词不可省略。
You are pleasant to talk with.和你交谈很令人愉快
The pen is hard to write with.这支笔很难用。
take作“花费”解时，其后的不定式总是用主动。
The book took me 2 years to write.
English takes time and energy to learn.
动词不定式的句法功能
03
1．To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2． His wish is to be a driver .
3．Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4．The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5．I have nothing to say .
6．They went to see their aunt .
7．It’s easy to see their aunt.
8．I don’t know what to do next .
9．I heard them make a noise .
判断不定式在句中的成分
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（1）作主语
*逻辑主语标记词
It is +adj.+ of/ for sb. to do sth.
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
与of 连用的形容词：
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
当adj是修饰sb时用of
当adj是修饰do sth时用for
of与for区别：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（2）作表语
如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（3）作宾语
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词：
want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与复合宾语连用
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（4）作宾语补足语
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。
A）动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式
Have you got anything to sent
Have you got anything to be sent
（5）作定语
B）说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
A）表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意，不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
（6）作状语
×

To save money, every means has been tried.
To save money, he has tried every means.
To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
×

D）表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
B）表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
C）表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
其他
掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题
04
下面的几组动词词组to都是担任的介词 object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
（1）“to” 是不定式符号还是介词
小技巧
但凡to做介词时后面接doing，可以把doing换成it或其他名词，看能否成立，如果成立的话，则to就是介词
不定式动词在连词than、 as，介词but、except、besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前有实义动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to
She could do nothing but cry．她只会哭了。
I have no choice but to go． 我不得不走。
（2） 带to 还是不带to ，不定式的省略
let him go. 让他走吧
I should like to have you meet Mr．Davis．我想让你和戴维斯先生认识一下。
I saw her work in the garden this morning.上午我看见他在花园里干活了。
注：这些省略to的结构在被动语态中，要将to还原。
使役动词have, let, make和感官动词后接不定式作宾补
(一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；三让：make，let，have；四看：see，notice，watch，observe；半帮助：help)
不定式作表语省略to
当不定式作表语，用于解释前面动词do的内容时，常用省略to的不定式做表语
What he wants to do is become a doctor.他想做的事就是变成一名医生。
省略to常用句型
别无选择只好做某事can do nothing but/except/other than do sth.;
There be nothing to do but do sth.; cannot help/ choose but do sth.
最好做（不做）某事had better (not) do
宁愿做某事而不愿做另一件事would rather do sth. than do sth. else
请你做某事好吗？Will you please do sth
为什么不做某事呢？Why not do sth.
a.后接不定式时，表示具体的某次动作，尤其是将来的动作；
b.接动名词时， 表示习惯、经验、体会。
I prefer being alone.我比较喜欢自己一个人。（这是一种习惯）
I prefer to stay at home today.我今天比较想住在家里（就是这一次我有这样的想法）
（3）有些动词既可接to do又可接doing，但意义不同
like、love、hate、prefer等词
a.后接不定式时，表示未发生的动作，忘记（记得）要去做某事、后悔,遗憾要做什么事、停下来去做某事，但是这些事情都没有做。
b.接动名词时，表示已经发生了的动作或这在发生的动作，忘记（记得）做过某事，后悔,遗憾做过什么事、停下来正在做的事情。
remember、forget、regret、stop、go on等词
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，但我实在没有办法。
I don‘t regret telling her what I thought.　
我不后悔没把我的想法告诉她。
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
He stopped to talk with her.
他停止原来做的事，跟她说话。
He stopped talking with her.
他停止了和她的讲话。
a.-ing 主动, 正在做...（强调连续性，进行性）
b. do 主动, 动作过程(强调完整性，真实性)
c. done 被动（表示宾语与过去分词是被动关系）
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
I saw him beaten in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见在花园里有人揍他。 （表示他是被揍的那个）
see, watch, hear, feel, notice
a. mean to do打算做
b. mean doing意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
mean
但下列情况只可接不定式。
1.主语是物不是人。
2.本身是进行时.
3.其后的动词是表示心理状况的understand, realize, know, see etc.
1.The ice began to melt when the sun comes out .
2.I was beginning to be angry.
3.I began to understand what he said .
start, begin:可接不定式可接动名词，意义相等。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
3）I’ve heard him _ _ _ about you often.
A. talk B. talks C. talked D. to talk
A
B
A