2025届高考英语专项复习 非谓语动词 课件（共157页）

(共157张PPT)
非谓语动词
CONTENTS
不定式
01
动名词
02
现在分词
03
过去分词
习题训练
04
独立主格
05
06
01
不定式
判断下面句子哪些是正确的？
Tom was lost in thought, Tom almost ran into the car in front of him.
Tom was lost in thought. Tom almost ran into the car in front of him.
Tom was lost in thought, so Tom almost ran into the car in front of him.
Being lost in thought, Tom almost ran into the car in front of him.
×
√
逗号不能连接两个句子
√
连词可以连接两个句子
√
一个句子有且只能有一个谓语动词，如果出现多个动词，第二个动词起需要变成非谓语动词
What is 非谓语动词？
在句子中不能单独做谓语的动词。
包括哪些基本形式？
不定式
动名词
现在分词
过去分词
doing
to do
done
各自功能是什么？
表目的，表将来
表主动，表进行
表被动，表完成
一、不定式的构成和特征
1.构成：to do
2. 否定形式：not to do
Man is to live a better life in the next century.
I prefer not to finish the homework in a different way.
二、不定式句法功能
1.作主语
To get there by car will take a whole day.
=It will take a whole day to get there by car.
To get enough money is impossible.
=It is impossible to get enough money.
不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
有时候为了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，放到句首，而将作真实主语的动词不定式放到句末。
2.作表语
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）
Note:主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，表语用不定式说明其内容。
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
2.作表语
Note:在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”。（前有do,后无to）
All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
be to blame=should be blamed for “对某事负有责任”
She is to blame for the accident.
=She should be blamed for the accident.
3.作宾语
（1）动词不定式作宾语常用于下列动词后：
want, agree, decide, manage, wish, hope, ask, like, love , choose, promise, continue, plan, learn, expect, offer, prepare, refuse, pretend, attempt, intend, threaten, seek, hesitate, long, desire, fail等。
Tom want to move to another city to live a better life.
The couple desire to marry this summer.
3.作宾语
Note: 有些动词后跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语意义截然不同:
try, go on, stop, mean, regret, remember, forget等
try to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try doing sth. 试一试，试试看
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
Try to get there on time.
一般来讲，to do表示未做，doing表示做过
3.作宾语
Note: 有几组动词to do和doing意思区别较大：
mean to do sth 打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着某事
I mean to finish my homework before dinner.
The red light means stopping.
can’t help doing sth 情不自禁做某事 can’t help to do sth 不能帮忙做某事
I can't help laughing every time I think about the joke.
Unfortunately, I can't help to write your essay, but I can guide you on how to do it.
3.作宾语
Note: 有几组动词to do和doing意思区别较大：
used to do sth 过去常常做某事 used to doing sth习惯于做某事
be used to do被用来做某事
He used to smoke a lot, but he quit last year.
She is used to working long hours.
The old boxes in the garage are used to store gardening tools.
Note: help sb do sth=help sb to do sth
She helped her mom (to) prepare dinner for the guests.
3.作宾语
（2）当不定式短语在believe,find, consider, make, think, feel等动词后做宾语时候，一般用it做形式宾语，把不定式放到句末。
I feel it my duty to help you.
I once thought it impossible for us to finish the job in such a limited time.
Note:prefer的常见用法：
（1）prefer to do sth=prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事
He prefers to focus on the positive side.
=He prefers focusing on the positive side.
（2）prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事
He prefers his daughter to read more books in Sunday.
（3）prefer to do A rather than do B/prefer doing A to doing B
宁愿做A不愿做B
Many young people prefer to spend money rather than use it.
=Many young people prefer spending money to using it.
Note:疑问词/whether+不定式
（1）作主语
When to start has not been decided.
（2）作表语
The question is how to carry out the plan.
（3）作宾语。
Traffic lights show when to cross the road.
Their discussion is about whether to keep pets at home.
4.作定语
动词不定式作定语，它与所修饰的名词或代词可能是主谓关系，也可能是动宾关系。如果是动宾关系，不定式主动表示被动。
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.
He left school
We have much homework to do everyday.
do homework
主谓关系
动宾关系
Note:there be句型，如果不定式与主语是逻辑上动宾关系，既可以用主动形式，也可以用被动形式
There are many problems to handle/to be handled.
什么时候可以用不定式做后置定语？
（1）动作未完成
They're practising the play to be put next week.
（2）修饰抽象名词，并解释其内容
抽象名词：ability, chance, desire, effort, opportunity, plan, promise, way, wish, right, time, need
There's no need to go there.
（3）the+序数词/最高级/only/next
I am the first one to come here.
5.作状语
（1）表示目的：
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
=They ran over in order to/so as to welcome the delegates.
He stood up to be seen better.
=He stood up in order to/so as to be seen better.
①可以位于句首、句中、句末，to=in order to=so as to, so as to不能位于句首
②否定形式用in order not to/so as not to
5.作状语
（2）表示结果：
What have I said to make you so angry
He came round to find himself in hospital.
①too … to …，adj./adv.+enough to do，so/such...as to do...
He is too busy to go on a trip.
She is old enough to decide herself.
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
②only to do表示出乎意料的结果
We went to the train station only to find that the train had left.
5.作状语
（3）表示原因：
常常与情感类形容词连用：afraid，disappointed，happy，kind...
He will be happy to accept your invitation.
Note:如果不定式的动词和句子的主语之间是逻辑上动宾关系时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is very difficult to understand.
6.作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语用来表达宾语所发出的动作，结构为：v.+宾语+宾补
（1）在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有：feel, see, listen to, hear, look at, watch, notice,observe等。
We saw the car stop.
=The car was seen to stop.
Note:转为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。
（2）在使役动词和help后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。这类动词有：make,let,have等。
What would you have me do？
（3）动词advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command,challenge, direct, enable, expect, encourage, forbid, force, oblige, get, help,inform, invite, order, oblige, persuade, permit, prepare, recommend, remind,request, require, send, teach, tell, urge, warn等后面。
We don't allow such things to happen again.
Note:后接不带to的不定式情况：
（1）在do nothing but, have nothing to do but do等结构中，前有do后无to，前无to后有do。
I have nothing to do but wait.
（2） 在had better, would rather, cannot help but, may/might just as well之后省略to。
He had better track this wolf and see where it lived.
（3）Why not do sth =Why don’t you do sth “为什么不做某事？”
Why not/don’t you seize the precious opportunity
三、不定式的时态和语态
I opened the door to enter the room.
I saw her enter the room.
Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。
一般式：主动：to do;被动：to be done
三、不定式的时态和语态
I am very glad to be working with you.
He pretended to be reading when his mother came into his room.
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的动作,和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。
进行式：主动：to be doing
三、不定式的时态和语态
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.
不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
完成式：主动：to have done
被动：to have been done
1. Several of these washes and dryers are out of order and______.
A. need to be repairing
B. repairing is required of them
C. require that they be repaired
D. need to be repaired
2.— I wish you had brought your family with you.
— I’ll get them _______ next time.
A. coming B. to come
C. come D. have come
D
B
3. We climbed to the top of the tower ________a better view of the area.
A.getting B. got
C. having got D. to get
4. What is the way Smith thought of _________ enough money to buy the new house.
A. getting B. having got
C. being got D. to get
D
D
5. The young assistant was noticed ______ the bank alone last night.
A. entering B. enter C. to enter D. entered
6. Wang Dong wanted to surf the Internet, but his father told him __________.
A. not to do B. not do it C. do not to D. not to
7. The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not _________ you.
A. invite B. to invite C. inviting D. to have invited
C
D
D
02
动名词
一、动名词的构成和特征
1.构成：doing
2.否定形式：not doing
He suggested going to Huangshan Mountain.
Her job is not helping the disabled.
二、动名词的句法功能
1.作主语
（1）动名词位于句首，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Seeing is believing.
Talking mends no hole.
Refusing invitations is not always easy.
Jogging is considered a good sport.
To jog in the morning is a good sport for you.
有区别吗？
动名词作主语，表示抽象的、一般的、习惯性的动作。
不定式作主语，表示具体的、个别的、某次的动作。
Note:不定式作主语，常常有一次性的时间状语提示
（2）动名词作主语常用固定句型：
It is no use doing sth做某事没用=It is useless doing sth
It is no good doing sth做某事没好处
It is a waste of time doing sth做某事浪费时间
It is worthwhile doing sth做某事值得的
It作形式主语，真正主语在动名词
It is no use crying beside a dead man.
It is no good making a friend with such a man.
It is a waste of time asking him for help.
（3）There is no doing...=It is impossible to do... 做......没有可能
There is no denying that “不可否认”=There is no doubt that
There is no denying that this is a risky strategy.
=There is no doubt that this is a risky strategy.
2.作表语
Seeing is believing.
His job is keeping the hall as clean as possible.
The real challenge is speaking loudly in the front of the meeting room.
表语补充说明主语信息
3.作定语
动名词做定语表示“功能”或“用途”，修饰词和被修饰词之间，逻辑上没有主谓关系，也没有动作正在进行的意思。
a sleeping car 一节卧车车厢
a washing machine 洗衣机
a reading room 阅览室
a parking lot 停车场
a swimming pool 游泳池
a teaching method 教学方法
4.作宾语
（1）以下及物动词和动词短语常用动名词（短语）作宾语，而不能用不定式（短语）作宾语，如 admit, advise, advocate（提倡）, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice/practise, prevent, quit, recall, resent（愤恨）, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, can't help（禁不住）等。
She always avoids giving us a direct answer.
He considered going to Huangshan Mountain.
The thief risked having stolen my wallet.
4.作宾语
（2）有些动词后既可以用不定式作宾语，又可以用动名词作宾语，意义差别不大：like, love, hate, prefer. continue, bother, intend, begin, start, propose。
He proposed changing the name of the company.
She hates doing the dishes.
4.作宾语
（3）动名词可以作介词的宾语，常用在某些短语后面。这类短语主要有：succeed in, insist on, feel like, apologize for, give up, keep on, put off, attach importance to, be accustomed to, devote to, confess to, in addition to, lead to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, be opposed to, stick to, take to, the approach/ solution/ key to等。
We look forward to seeing him right now.
They object to giving him another chance.
Note: allow用法
allow sb to do sth
allow doing sth
be allowed to do sth
允许（某人）做某事
We don’t allow parking there.
Her parents won’t allow her to stay alone at home.
She is not allowed to go shopping this evening.
（4）在下列结构中应使用动名词（短语）作宾语：have(no) difficulty/(no) trouble/fun/pleasure/a hard time/a good time(in) doing sth., spend some time(in) doing sth., when it comes to doing sth., have no problem doing sth., stop/prevent/protect sb from doing sth., there is no point (in) doing sth, spend some time (in) doing sth., be busy doing sth.等。
There is no point in taking part in these non-sense activities.
She spends her spare time in reading relevant articles.
The teacher thought that students have no problem in understanding his lessons.
三、动名词的复合结构：
① 名词’s + doing;
I insist on Mary’s going there.
② 形容词性物主代词+ doing
I had not heard of your being ill.
③人称代词宾格+动名词
In fact, I think it’s very much nicer without him, if you don’t mind me saying so.
四、动名词的时态和语态
He suggests going there on Sunday.
She loves eating fish.
This car can drive itself without being controlled by the man.
动名词一般式的动作和谓语动作“同时”或“以后”发生。
一般式：主动：doing
被动：being done
四、动名词的时态和语态
I apologized for having done harm to her.
I am sorry for having taken your bike away.
I feel miserable for having been maltreated like that.
She is congratulated on having been awarded a medal.
动名词完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词发生的动作之前发生。
完成式：主动：having done
被动：having been done
四、动名词的时态和语态
主动表被动：need, want, require “需要”, deserve，前面的主语是指物的名词或代词时，其后应用动名词的主动形式作宾语，表示被动意义，也可以用不定式的被动式作宾语。
The student deserved punishing.
=The student deserved to be punished.
We require treating fairly.
= We require to be treated fairly.
四、动名词的时态和语态
主动表被动：be worth doing sth “值得做某事”
A lot of small towns in the area are worth visiting.
Note:在stop, leave off（停止）和 go on（继续）等动词之后，若接动名词，则为“宾语”；若接不定式，则为“目的状语”。“to”相当于“so as to或in order to”的意思。
We left off working at four.
We left off to have a rest.
I must go on working now.
I must go on to finish it on time.
宾语
目的状语
宾语
目的状语
1. After for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A. being interviewed B. being interviewing
C. interviewing D. having interviewed
2. I am looking forward to from you as soon as possible.
A. hear B. be hearing C. hearing D. have heard
3. It cost her a lot of money, but she doesn’t regret a year traveling around the world.
A. to have spent B. to spend C. spent D. spending
A
C
D
4. Jane always enjoys to popular music at home on Friday evenings.
A. listening B. being listening
C. to be listening D. to listen
5. Mr. Black is looking forward to his Chinese partner soon.
A. seeing B. see C. be seeing D. have seen
6. Please forgive me for your permission to use your typewriter.
A. not asking B. not ask C. asking not D. ask not
A
A
A
7. Price is not the only thing customers consider before what to buy.
A. deciding B. decided C. to decide D. having decided
8. It is no use me not to worry.
A. you tell B. your telling
C. for you to have told D. having told
9. Sometimes, very young children have trouble facts from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.
A. for separating B. to separate
C. having separated D. separating
A
B
D
10. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied in the area on the night of the fire.
A. to be B. to have been C. having been D. be
11. John regretted to the meeting last week.
A. not going B. not to go
C. not have been going D. not to be going
12. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night, because she was busy for her examination.
A. to prepare B. to be prepared
C. preparing D. being prepared
C
A
C
13. The teacher doesn’t permit in class.
A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. to have a smoke
14. She was so angry that she felt like something at me.
A. to throw B. to have thrown
C. throwing D. having thrown
15. Your hair wants . You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
16. The man in corner confessed to a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
C
C
C
D
17. It was impossible to avoid by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected B. were affected to have
C. to be much affected D. to have been much affected
18. The match was cancelled because most of the members a match without a standard court.
A. objected to having B. were objected to have
C. objected to have D. were objected to having
19. I appreciated to your home.
A. to be invited B. to have invited
C. having invited D. being invited
A
A
D
20. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate from you sometime.
A. to have heard B. to hear C. having heard D. hearing
21. Building that railway was very difficult and involved ten tunnels.
A. dig B. having dug C. to have dug D. digging
22. Mark often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined B. to be fined
C. to have been fined D. being fined
D
B
D
23. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested at the next town.
A. to stop B. stopping C. stop D. having stopped
B
03
现在分词
一、现在分词的构成和特征
1.构成：doing
2.否定形式：not doing
Did you see the girl dancing with her brother
The factory not making this pens is the smallest one.
二、现在分词的句法功能
1.作定语
They acted just like a conquering army.
The following man was obviously in a hurry.
Last night, we caught a thief stealing John’s bike.
Do you know the man standing over there by the door
单个现在分词作定语放在修饰词前，现在分词短语作定语放在修饰词后。
What’s the difference
现在分词作定语：
A diet lacking nutritional value won’t keep a person healthy.
=A diet which lacks nutritional value won’t keep a person healthy.
动名词作定语：
The workers in the company bury themselves in a new working method.
现在分词是说明被修饰名词的动作或状态，动名词是说明被修饰名词的性质或用途。
相当于一个定语从句
2.作表语
现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征，相当于形容词，主语通常是物。
This story is quite interesting.
The journey without you will be boring.
The game is very exciting.
What he said was very touching.
3.作状语
现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。
（1）作伴随状语
表示两个动作同时发生。
We sat there talking to each other.
The poor man sat by the road, begging.
She sat at a window，reading a book．
=She sat at a window and read a book．
（2）作方式状语
Americans like travelling, driving their cars.
They often communicate with each other, using English.
（3）作条件状语
相当于条件状语从句。
Working hard, you will succeed one day.
=If you work hard, you will succeed one day.
Putting more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.
=If you put more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.
（4）作时间状语
现在分词可表示动作同时发生或进行，而现在分词的完成时可表示动作的先后顺序，表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Seeing the big snake, the girl was almost frightened to death.
=When she saw the big snake, the girl was almost frightened to death.
Having waited in the line for half an hour, he suddenly realized that he left his wallet at home.
=After he waited in the line for half an hour, he suddenly realized that he left his wallet at home.
相当于时间状语从句。
（5）作原因状语
Being a student, I must work hard.
=Because I am a student, I must work hard.
Not knowing what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help.
=Because he didn’t know what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help.
Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars．
=Because he had won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars．
相当于原因状语从句。
（6）作结果状语
相当于thus引导并列句
The road is under construction，thus causing the delay．
= The road is under construction，and thus caused the delay.
现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果，通常位于句末，用逗号与前面的句子隔开。
The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.
Both his parents died in the war, leaving him alone in the world.
不定式做结果状语：
He hurried to the station, only to find that the bus had left.
现在分词做结果状语：
Winter in India sets in November and continues until February,permitting the cultivation of wheat.
有什么区别？
自然而然的结果
出乎意料的结果
（7）作让步状语
相当于 although,though, even if, even though引导的让步状语从句
Even if taking a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．
= Even if I take a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．
Having known all this, they made me pay for the damage.
=Although they had known all this, they made me pay for the damage.
Note:当现在分词作让步状语时，一般放在句首，常常由although，though，even if, unless等连词引入；作结果状语时，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，thus，hence，thereby等副词。
现在分词作独立成分: Considering (that)…考虑到……
generally speaking 一般说来 Judging from… 从……判断
Concerning… 关于…… Coming to… 谈到 ……
Proving(that)…假定 …… supposing (that)… 如果……
frankly speaking 坦白说 talking of… 说到……
allowing for... 考虑到……
Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.
Supposing he is ill, who will do the work
1. ______ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语）
Practice
2．The manager, _______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语）
A．who has made B．having made
C．made D．making
3．The storm left , ______a lot of damage to this area . （结果状语）
A．caused B．to have caused
C．to cause D．having caused
4．______from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语）
A．Being separated
B．Having separated
C．Having been separated
D．To be separated
5. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _____ out of the window.
looking B. to look C. looked
D. having looked
6. Finding her car stolen, _____.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. It was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
7. The building _____ will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building.
A. to paint B. being painted C. to have painted D. painting
4.作宾语补足语
（1）表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear，feel，find，listen to，look at，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting.
I can smell turkey roasting, and it's making me hungry.
有什么区别？
I saw the child enter the room.
I saw the child entering the room.
see sb do sth 看到某人做某事（全过程）
see sb doing sth 看到某人做某事（正在进行）
看到动作的全过程
看到动作的正在进行
4.作宾语补足语
（2）表示“致使”等意义的动词，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside．
Please don't keep the machine running while you are away．
三、现在分词的时态和语态
Walking in the street the other day, I came across an old friend.
The woman planting trees in front of the teaching building is our principal.
The measures being taken now are aimed at increasing production.
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作几乎同时发生或表示正在发生。
一般式：主动：doing
被动:being done
三、现在分词的时态和语态
Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.
Having been given such a good book, we should read it carefully.
现在分词的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的执行者，用主动形式；如果主语是动作的承受者，用被动形式。
完成式：主动：having done
被动:having been done
语法专练
1.No one enjoys____________(laugh) at.
2.—Where is my passport I remember
_________(put) it here.
—You shouldn’t have left it here.Remember _________(take) it with you all the time.
being laughed
putting
to take
3.It’s no good ________(cry) over spilt milk.
4.She was praised for________ (save) the life of the child.
5.He came to the party without_________ (invite).
crying
saving
being invited
MH370, ________(fly) from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, lost contact with air traffic control on 8 March 2014 at 01:20 MYT, less than an hour after takeoff. At 07:24, Malaysia Airlines reported the flight missing. The aircraft, a Boeing 777- 200ER, _______(carry) 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 14 nations, found no crash site .
Grammatical Blank Filling
Three days later, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority began ________(search) the southern part of the Indian Ocean. But there is no result. ________(do) the same thing over and over again and _______(hope) for a different result seems meaningless . However, we still hope people who lost their ________ (love) families will live a good life.
Grammatical Blank Filling
MH370,________(fly) from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing,lost contact with air traffic control on 8 March 2014 at 01:20 MYT, less than an hour after takeoff. At 07:24, Malaysia Airlines reported the flight missing. The aircraft, a Boeing 777- 200ER, _______(carry) 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 14 nations, found no crash site .
flying
carrying
Grammatical Blank Filling
Three days later, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority began ________(search) the southern part of the Indian Ocean. But there is no result. ________(do) the same thing over and over again and_______(hope) for a different result seems meaningless . Howerer, we still hope people who lost their________(love) families will live a good life.
Grammatical Blank Filling
searching
Doing
hoping
loving
04
过去分词
一、过去分词的构成和特征
1.构成：done
2.否定：not done
Given more support, he threw himself into his work.
Not grown in rich soil, these seeds cannot grow fast.
二、过去分词的句法功能
1.作定语
English is a widely used language.
All the broken furniture has been repaired up to now.
This is one of the schools built in 1980s.
The suggestion presented to the committee was adopted.
单个过去分词作定语，常放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语，常放在被修饰词的后面。
2.作表语
过去分词作表语，常常表示主语状态，主语通常是人、人的表情。
How did the audience receive the new play They got very excited.
How did Bob do in the exams this time Well, his father seems pleased with his results.
She was very disappointed to hear the result.
What he has done is really ________________（disappoint）.Now his parents are _________________（disappoint） him.
Note：done主语是人、人的表情，doing主语是物
disappointing
disappointed
判断下面句子是过去分词做表语还是被动语态？
The glass is broken.
I am pleased with the result of the experiment.
The window is closed by Tom.
He seemed quite excited at the good news.
The meeting was held at 8 a.m.
They were bitterly annoyed at the result of the game.
被动语态
过去分词做表语
被动语态
过去分词做表语
被动语态
过去分词做表语
3.作状语
（1）作时间状语
可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等来强调过去分词所表示的动作与主句谓语动词所表示动作的时间关系。
Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate shape.
=When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate shape.
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks like a big garden.
=When it is seen from the top of the hill, the city looks like a big garden.
（2）作原因状语
表示原因，相当于由as, since, 或because 引导的原因状语从句.
Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
=As they were exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.
=Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.
（3）作条件状语
表示条件,相当于if, unless引导的条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam.
=If it is heated，water changes into steam.
Given another chance, he will do better.
=If he is given another chance，he will do better.
（4）作让步状语
表示让步，相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
=Though he was laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
Badly wounded, he continued to fight.
=Though he was badly wounded, he continued to fight.
（5）作方式或伴随状语
相当于一个并列句。
The old man entered the meeting room, supported by a young fellow.
=The old man entered the meeting room and was supported by a young fellow.
She was in tears as if deeply moved by the moving film.
=She was in tears as if she was deeply moved by the moving film.
The film star appeared, surrounded by a group of fans.
=The film star appeared and was surrounded by a group of fans.
有些过去分词已形容词化，来源于系表结构，作状语时已看不出被动或完成意义。
(be) lost in 沉湎于
(be) seated 坐
(be) born 出身于
(be) dressed in 穿着
(be) interested in 感兴趣
(be) tired of 厌烦
(be) worried about 担心
Dressed in white, the bride looks more beautiful.
4.作宾补
（1） 表示感觉或心理状态的动词：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English.
（2）表示“致使”意义的动词：have, make, get, keep, leave等。
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
Note: make oneself done 看成是固定用法，“使自己被别人.......”
She couldn’t make herself heard with the loud noise.
Note：have用法
have sb do sth 让某人做某事
have sth to do 有某事要做
have sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事
have sb done 让某人被别人.......
The teacher had his students write an essay.
We have a lot of clothes to wash on Sunday.
We had the campfire burning all night.
We had the machine mended just now.
将下面句子变成分词做状语：
1. I was frightened by the loud noise. I went to see what was happening.
Frightened by the loud noise, I went to see what was happening.
2. He was hit by the lack of fresh air. He got a bad headache.
Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache.
3. I felt very tired after the long journey. I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space station.
Tired after the long journey, I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space station.
4. The little girl was frightened by the noise outside. The little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.
Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.
5. The museum was built in 1910. The museum is almost 100 years old.
Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old.
6.The student was given some advice by the famous scientist. The student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more.
Given some advice by the famous scientist, the student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more.
1.________ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
C
2. Before _____, the machine must be checked.
being used B. using it
C. being used to D. using
A
3. ____ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and ____ them light.
A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving
D
4. Unless ___ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting
C. being invited D. having invited
A
5. ___ from heart trouble for years, professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. being suffered
C
6. ___ many times, the problems were settled at last.
A. Discussing B. Being discussed D. After discussing D. Discussed
D
7. Generally speaking, ___according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken
C. when to take D. when to be taken
B
8. ___ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the woods.
A To lose B. Losing
C. Lost D. Having lost
C
9. ___ in white, she looks much more beautiful.
Wearing B. Dressing
C. Dressed D. Having dressed
C
10. ___, the old man is living a happy life.
Taking good care B. Taken good care
C. Having taken good care D. Taken good care of
D
11. The old man walked in the street, ____.
followed by his son B. followed his son
C. and following his son D. and followed by his son
A
12. His glasses ___, he couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
A. break B. broke
C. breaking D. broken
D
13. With trees, flowers and grass ___ everywhere, my native town has taken on a new look.
A. planting B. planted
C. to plant D. to be planted
B
14. The key ___, I could’t enter the office.
losing B. being lost
C. to lose D. lost
D
05
独立主格
一、构成
独立主格（名词或代词）后接to do, doing, done, 形容词、副词或介词短语构成，
名词(代词) +现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词) +不定式；
名词(代词) +形容词；
名词(代词) +副词；
名词(代词) +介词短语
二、特点
（1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
（2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
（3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
（4）在句中作状语，并对主句进行补充说明。
（5）它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思
三、常见形式
1.名词/代词 + to do
We divide the work, he to clean windows and I to sweep the floor.
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
2.名词/代词 + doing
It being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.
There being no bus or taxi then, we had to walk home.
3.名词/代词 + done
His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
Her wallet stolen, she had no money to buy even a bus ticket.
4.名词/代词 + 介词短语
He came into the classroom, book in hand.
The men ran out of the burning house, many of them with their clothes on fire.
He went off, gun in hand.
5.名词/代词+adj. / adv.
The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.
Summer (being) over, students returned to school.
6.There being+n./pron.
There being no train, we had to wait till the next day.
There being nothing more for discussion, I declare the meeting closed.
His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that.
His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
When the test was finished, we began our holiday　　
The test finished, we began our holiday.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
　　 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
四、with复合结构：with+宾语+宾补
1.She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（作伴随状语）
2.With the meal over, we all went home.（作时间状语）
3.The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm.（作伴随状语）
4. She fell asleep with the light on.（作伴随状语）
五、句法功能
1.表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.
her work done相当于when her work was done
2.表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
the condition being favorable相当于If the condition is favorable
3.表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
there being no taxis相当于Since there was no taxis
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.
the night being dark and frosty相当于as the night was dark and frosty
4.表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)
Note:独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1.__ ten minutes __ before the last train
left, we arrived at the station.
A. There were; to go B. With; to go
C. I was; left D. It had; left
2.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the __.
A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain
C.remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars
3.__ the lights off, we could not go on with the
work.
A. Until B. As C. With D. Because
巩固练习
4.It was a pity that the great writer died
__ his work unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
5.The weather __ so bad, we had to put off the
football match.
A. was B. is C. were D. being
6. __, the runners raced on to the finishing line.
A. Stick in hand B. With a stick in his hand
C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands
7. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes __ and his
hands __.
A. being closed; trembling
B. closed; trembling
C. closed; trembled
D. closing; trembled
8.__,the work can be done much better.
A. Given more time
B. We had been given more time
C. More time given
D. If more time had given
9.Weather __, the sports meet will be held
as scheduled.
A. permits B. will permit
C. to permit D. permitting
10.__ a rainy day, he didn`t go out for a walk
as usual.
A. It was B. It is
C. It being D. Having been
Well done!
06
习题训练
语法填空
1. ________________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
2. ______________ (complete) in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
3. ____________________ (tend) for half a year, my granny became far better.
Having visited
Completed
Having been tended
语法填空
4. Earth Day, ________(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
5. I planned ______________ (study) hard, but I didn't.
6. ______________ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
marked
to have studied
Having worked
单句翻译
在家整整复习了一个周末，他满怀信心地期待即将到来的考试。_________________his lessons for a whole weekend at home, he expected the coming exam with confidence.
被门外的爆炸声惊醒，Lily立刻起床，自言自语到，‘真可怕’。_________by the explosive sound outside the door, Lily got up immediately, saying to herself, “How horrible!”
Having reviewed
Waken up
语法填空
1. Have a rest now. You seem _____________ (work) all the morning.
2. He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, _________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
to be working
planning
牛刀小试
__________the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
01
A. Enjoying
B. To enjoy
C. To have enjoyed
D. Enjoy
B
牛刀小试
A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ___________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
02
to journey
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only ________ (find) his plane high up in the sky.
03
to find
牛刀小试
One was that I was ________(amaze)at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor.
01
amazed
But that's how nature is — always leaving us ____________ (astonish).
02
astonished
I was so __________ (excite) when he wrote back to me.
excited
03
牛刀小试
Technological innovations, ___________(combine) with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
___________(cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
In the recent years, sea erosion has led to many turtles’ nest ______________ (damage) or destroyed.
01
combined
02
Covering
03
being damaged
牛刀小试
Shanghai may be the ____________(recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long bao’s birthplace.
Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ____________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of their contents.
04
recognized
05
to be lifted
牛刀小试
Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message __________ (intend) for everyone.
No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left _________ (want) more next time.
_______________ (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, ____________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
06
intended
07
wanting
08
To strengthen
inviting
牛刀小试
They represent the earth __________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim __________(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
09
coming
10
to have
牛刀小试
China's image is improving steadily, with more countries__________ its role in international affairs.
01
recognizing
being recognized
to be recognized
recognized
答案：A
解析：句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。
肥: -句中已经有了谓语is improving-考察非谓语
猪:-根据句意找到逻辑主语more countries
被:-判断more countries和recognize之间的主被动-主动
食:-时间，判读与谓语动词发生的时间先后-同时-选择doing-锁定A. recognizing
More
牛刀小试
__________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
02
To enjoy
Enjoying
To have enjoyed
Enjoy
答案：A
解析：句意：为了享受数字支付的方便，很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。
肥-句中已经有了谓语started-考察非谓语
猪-判断逻辑主语-many senior citizens
被-判断主被动-many senior citizens与enjoy的关系为主动
食-时间，判断和start的时间关系-表示为了享受便利,晚于start-to do-锁定A to enjoy
More
牛刀小试
答案：A
解析：如果正确使用的话，普通的肥皂可以有效地处理细菌。
肥-句中已经有了谓语can deal with-考察非谓语
猪-判断逻辑主语-ordinary soap
被-判断主被动-ordinary soap与use的关系为被动
食-时间，判断和谓语的时间关系-是假设，不强调先后-锁定done,即A. used
More
Ordinary soap, _________ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
used
to use
using
use
牛刀小试
Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
04
having exceeded
to exceed
exceeded
exceeding
答案：D
解析：句意：在这期间，大约创造13,500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12,000的预期数量。
肥-句中已经有了谓语were created-考察非谓语
猪-判断逻辑主语-13,500 new jobs
被-判断主被动-13,500 new jobs与exceed的关系为主动
食-时间，判断和谓语的时间关系-同时发生-锁定doing,即D. exceeding
More
牛刀小试
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____ more patients to be treated.
05
being allowed
allowing
having allowed
allowed
答案：B
解析：句意：近期这个医院购进了新的医疗设备，允许更多的病人被治疗。
More
牛刀小试
I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ______.
06
catching
caught
to catch
having caught
答案：C
解析：句意：在整个会议期间，我一直在看手表。
More
牛刀小试
Many Chinese brands, _______ their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
07
having developed
being developed
developed
developing
答案：A
解析：句意：许多中国品牌，享誉数百年，现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。
More
牛刀小试
Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ______ their valuable time.
08
save
saving
to save
saved
答案：C
解析：句意：许多航空公司现在允许乘客网上打印他们的登机牌来节省时间。
More
牛刀小试
The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _________ from butterflies to elephants.
09
ranging
range
to range
ranged
答案：A
解析：句意：国家公园有很多野生动物，包括从蝴蝶到大象等。
More
牛刀小试
Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time _______ with his students.
10
to spend
spend
spending
spent
答案：D
解析：Jim已经退休了，但是他依然记得和学生一起度过的快乐时光。
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牛刀小试
______ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
11
Ordering
To order
Having ordered
Ordered
答案：D
解析：（因为）那些书是一周多前订的，现在随时有可能送到。
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牛刀小试
Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, ________ the old town into a dreamland.
12
turn
turning
to turn
turned
答案：B
解析：新建的木屋竖立在街道两旁，使古镇变成了一个梦幻之地。
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牛刀小试
To return to the problem of water pollution , I'd like you to look at a study _______ in Australia in 2012.
13
having conducted
to be conducted
conducting
conducted
答案：D
解析：为了回到水污染的问题，我想要你研究一下2012年澳大利亚进行的研究
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牛刀小试
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do with students.
14
working
work
to work
worked
答案：A
解析：我在海上航行和现在和学生一起一样快乐。
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牛刀小试
_____the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
15
Catching
Caught
To catch
Catch
答案：C
解析：为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。
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牛刀小试
The park was full of people, ____ themselves in the sunshine.
16
having enjoyed
enjoyed
enjoying
to enjoy
答案：C
解析：这个公园充满了人，在阳光下他们玩的很尽兴。本题考查非谓语动词。
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牛刀小试
If ___for the job, you’ll be informed soon.
17
to accept
accept
accepting
accepted
答案：D
解析：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。
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牛刀小试
Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it live is quite another.
18
perform
performing
to perform
being performed
答案：D
解析：在家里面听音乐是一回事，去到现场听又是另一回事。
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Fill the blanks
There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
01
答案 to be solved
解析 考查非谓语动词。根据后面for a long stay on the Moon可知，我们有很多将要解决的问题，表示将来的动作用不定式作定语，又因为problems与solve之间为被动关系，所以用不定式的被动式。
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Fill the blanks
Clearly and thoughtfully (write)，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
02
答案 written
解析 考查非谓语动词。句意为：这本书写作思路清晰且富有思想，使那些希望寻求自己答案的学生树立起信心。write与其逻辑主语the book存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作状语。
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Fill the blanks
Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring ____________ (cook) a meal.
03
答案 :to cook
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Fill the blanks
People probably cooked their food in large pots, ____________ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
04
答案:using
解析 ：主语people与use之间为主动关系，与谓语同时发生。
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Fill the blanks
A sudden stop can be a very ____________ (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.
05
答案:frightening
解析：此处修饰名词experience，根据句意此处指“令人可怕的经历”，主动，选择doing.
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Thank you for
watching.