2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项：阅读理解之主旨大意题 课件(共27张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项：阅读理解之主旨大意题 课件(共27张PPT) |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-10-03 21:49:45 | ||
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(共27张PPT)
阅读理解之主旨大意题
Fight the Virus
Hello virus from Wuhan
Another problem is （1）again
Because you see the contagion creeping
And the （2）is indeed spreading
And the memory of SARS planted
in my brain
Still remains
We stand and （3）the virus
We hear of theories how it grew
From snakes and bats became a （4）
Passing the sickness from man to man
Now it’s growing,
Getting out of （5）
It’s a virus that has traveled near and far Corona
We have to fight the virus
And in the latest （6）I saw
Ten thousand people may be more
People falling sick with much （7）
People falling ill with much sneezing
People worried for their （8）and their ones so dear
Pneumonia
We keep the fight the virus
Keep your ( 9 ) clean always know
Hygiene will stop that virus grow
When you sneeze cover with a ( 10 )
Even coughing just let me teach you
Wear a ( 11 ) if you’re sick
So that others won’t get it too
We ( 12 ) on you
To help to fight the virus
Together we must ( 13 )
To beat the virus fight as one
For a life of health and ( 14 )
It’s in our hands it’s up to you and me
For the health of our ( 15 )
Of our friends and family
Humanity
We will win this
Fight the virus
答案Keys:
1-5: here; virus; fight; flu; hand;
6-10: news; coughing; health; hand; tissue
11-15: mask; count; overcome; harmony; land
主旨大意题
1
题型及简介
2
解题策略
3
4
课前例题回顾及典型例题分析
summary
1
2
3
段落大意
全文大意
最佳标题
题型
easy
difficult
What’s the main idea of the first paragraph
The first paragraph is mainly about_________________
The main idea of the last but one paragraph is___________________
What’s the main idea/theme/topic of the passage
What’s the passage mainly about
The general/main idea of the passage is___________________
What does the passage mainly focus on
Which is the best title for the text
Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage
What can be a suitable title for the text
What is the best title for the passage
新闻报道
导语提携全文
议论文
总--分--总
（论点－论据－结论）
说明文
主题句
（首－－中－－尾）
记叙文
记叙文六要素
文首
文末
例子/假设后进入主题 没有主题句：找反复出现的词语
5. 无法区分干扰项与正确选项
2. 只见树木不见森林---以偏概全
3. 主观意识主宰一切----“我思故我在”
4. 不关注重点句，关键词，执着于长难句
1. 词汇量
6. 过于笼统
易错原因
1
2
3
段落大意
全文大意
最佳标题
解题策略
依据段落结构，找出段落主题句；无主题句则关注与本段内容相关的关键词，进行归纳（ P15 ）
1.首尾法
2. 定位法
3. 无明显主题句时找高频词
4.同义概括法
5.排除法 （P14）
1.概括性（体现文章主旨）
2. 针对性 （标题不可过大或过小）
3. 醒目性（吸引注意力）
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle ---named the Transition ---has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reached around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. Its flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallon per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.(P15)
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
典型例题及解题方法
1
段落大意
Practice 1
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away, He can play, catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What’s the main idea of paragraph 1
People remember well what they learned in childhood.
Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
Stories for children are easy to remember.
Practice 2
Note： 主题总结以所在段落为主，关注主题句或者关键词，忽略无关信息或者其他段落，注意异形同义词
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46% of meals are eaten alone in American. More than half (53%) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46%) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74%, according to statistics from the report.
……
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep our company at the table. “ It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report. Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for
2
全文大意
Practice 3
What is the text mainly about
The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology.
Practice 4
“Basically, in life, rule of thumb: if you don’t absolutely have to clean anything, don’t clean it.” Fashion designer Stella McCartney said this in an interview with the Observer this weekend. Instead, she says, the “rule” is to “let the dirt dry and you brush it off”.
It may have been a throwaway comment at the end of the interview, but something about this line impressed readers----many of whom have been doing several loads of laundry a week. So does she have a point Is it better to avoid washing your clothes
……..
She advised against overloading washing machines for the same reason---fewer clothes in the drum means there’s less friction. But it’s not just about microfibres. Washing an item of clothing too often can largely shorten its lifespan, meaning that you’re more likely to throw it out and buy something new.(P16)
What is the main idea of the passage
Why we should stop washing clothes.
A practical rule of washing clothes.
Fashion designer’s recommendation.
How to lengthen clothes’ life span.
Note： 全文大意关注主题句，找不到主题句的找出关键词，合理归纳总结
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution（解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than
'Are you working towards your goal ' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product."
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
What is the best title for the text
A .NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B .Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C .Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D .HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
3
最佳标题
Practice 5
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
Practice 6
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
.
文章的主题句或者说“文眼”是贯穿全文的灵魂，找到了主题句，就找到了解题的思路。
(1)主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。
(2)找主题句的小窍门
1) 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。
2) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；
3) 段落中出现表转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；
推敲选项正误的小窍门：
1) 正确选项不出现细节信息。
2) 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。
3) 正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。
4) 四个选项中，内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。
5）注意积累一些常见的习语谚语等
5) 干扰项特点：
①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；
③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。
Practice More！
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
……
Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
……
The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.
A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.
B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.
C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.
D. Tom received an excellent education.
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
...
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
What is the main idea of the text？
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them arc still awake after the first 15 minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas (睡衣). Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.
All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警报) systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the "night owl" schedule of sleep.
This is opposed to the "early bird" schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.
Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as "night owls" and only 10 percent can be classified as "early birds" - the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.
What docs the text mainly talk about？
A．Functions of the body clock. B．The "night owl" phenomenon.
C．Human beings' sleep behaviour. D．The school schedule of "early birds".
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
…….
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
What can be a suitable title for the text
A .Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B .A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C .Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D .Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”
Which of the following might be the best
title of the passage
A. Father of Robotic Fly
B. Inspiration from Engineering Science
C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect
D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂）for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的）members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
What is the best title for the text
A. Conversation Counts
B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk
D. Uncomfortable Silence
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
……
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
Summary：
阅读理解主旨大意的提炼
快速找到文章的主题句
巧妙选择
文章的标题
1.开头、中间、结尾含有主题句
2.首段出现疑问句/具体例子
或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨
3.反复重复的观点/词
4.转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句
1. 概括性原则
2. 针对性原则
3. 醒目性原则
Put yourself in the writer’s shoes!
Thanks for Listening!
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
Practice 4
“Basically, in life, rule of thumb: if you don’t absolutely have to clean anything, don’t clean it.” Fashion designer Stella McCartney said this in an interview with the Observer this weekend. Instead, she says, the “rule” is to “let the dirt dry and you brush it off”.
It may have been a throwaway comment at the end of the interview, but something about this line impressed readers----many of whom have been doing several loads of laundry a week. So does she have a point Is it better to avoid washing your clothes
This isn’t the first time that McCartney has recommended not washing our clothes. In fact, she has long advocated avoiding the washing machine---both for the longevity of the clothes but also because of the effect washing them has on the environment.
Laura Diaz Sanchez, from the Soup Foundation advocacy group, agrees with this, particularly when it comes to high-street clothes, which contain more synthetic materials such as polyester and acrylic.
“Every time we wash our clothes an average of nine million [plastic] microfibres are released into the environment,” she tells BBC News. “The way we wash our clothes affects it, as well as the way our clothes are made--- but the more we wash our clothes, the more microfibres are released.”
When you do wash, she recommends setting the machine to a lower temperature and using liquid detergent: “Powder detergent creates more friction between the clothes [during washing], so more fibres are released, while liquid is smoother. The less friction there is in general, the fewer fibres are released.”
She advised against overloading washing machines for the same reason---fewer clothes in the drum means there’s less friction. But it’s not just about microfibres. Washing an item of clothing too often can largely shorten its lifespan, meaning that you’re more likely to throw it out and buy something new.(P16)
阅读理解之主旨大意题
Fight the Virus
Hello virus from Wuhan
Another problem is （1）again
Because you see the contagion creeping
And the （2）is indeed spreading
And the memory of SARS planted
in my brain
Still remains
We stand and （3）the virus
We hear of theories how it grew
From snakes and bats became a （4）
Passing the sickness from man to man
Now it’s growing,
Getting out of （5）
It’s a virus that has traveled near and far Corona
We have to fight the virus
And in the latest （6）I saw
Ten thousand people may be more
People falling sick with much （7）
People falling ill with much sneezing
People worried for their （8）and their ones so dear
Pneumonia
We keep the fight the virus
Keep your ( 9 ) clean always know
Hygiene will stop that virus grow
When you sneeze cover with a ( 10 )
Even coughing just let me teach you
Wear a ( 11 ) if you’re sick
So that others won’t get it too
We ( 12 ) on you
To help to fight the virus
Together we must ( 13 )
To beat the virus fight as one
For a life of health and ( 14 )
It’s in our hands it’s up to you and me
For the health of our ( 15 )
Of our friends and family
Humanity
We will win this
Fight the virus
答案Keys:
1-5: here; virus; fight; flu; hand;
6-10: news; coughing; health; hand; tissue
11-15: mask; count; overcome; harmony; land
主旨大意题
1
题型及简介
2
解题策略
3
4
课前例题回顾及典型例题分析
summary
1
2
3
段落大意
全文大意
最佳标题
题型
easy
difficult
What’s the main idea of the first paragraph
The first paragraph is mainly about_________________
The main idea of the last but one paragraph is___________________
What’s the main idea/theme/topic of the passage
What’s the passage mainly about
The general/main idea of the passage is___________________
What does the passage mainly focus on
Which is the best title for the text
Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage
What can be a suitable title for the text
What is the best title for the passage
新闻报道
导语提携全文
议论文
总--分--总
（论点－论据－结论）
说明文
主题句
（首－－中－－尾）
记叙文
记叙文六要素
文首
文末
例子/假设后进入主题 没有主题句：找反复出现的词语
5. 无法区分干扰项与正确选项
2. 只见树木不见森林---以偏概全
3. 主观意识主宰一切----“我思故我在”
4. 不关注重点句，关键词，执着于长难句
1. 词汇量
6. 过于笼统
易错原因
1
2
3
段落大意
全文大意
最佳标题
解题策略
依据段落结构，找出段落主题句；无主题句则关注与本段内容相关的关键词，进行归纳（ P15 ）
1.首尾法
2. 定位法
3. 无明显主题句时找高频词
4.同义概括法
5.排除法 （P14）
1.概括性（体现文章主旨）
2. 针对性 （标题不可过大或过小）
3. 醒目性（吸引注意力）
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle ---named the Transition ---has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reached around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. Its flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallon per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.(P15)
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
典型例题及解题方法
1
段落大意
Practice 1
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away, He can play, catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What’s the main idea of paragraph 1
People remember well what they learned in childhood.
Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
Stories for children are easy to remember.
Practice 2
Note： 主题总结以所在段落为主，关注主题句或者关键词，忽略无关信息或者其他段落，注意异形同义词
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46% of meals are eaten alone in American. More than half (53%) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46%) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74%, according to statistics from the report.
……
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep our company at the table. “ It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report. Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for
2
全文大意
Practice 3
What is the text mainly about
The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology.
Practice 4
“Basically, in life, rule of thumb: if you don’t absolutely have to clean anything, don’t clean it.” Fashion designer Stella McCartney said this in an interview with the Observer this weekend. Instead, she says, the “rule” is to “let the dirt dry and you brush it off”.
It may have been a throwaway comment at the end of the interview, but something about this line impressed readers----many of whom have been doing several loads of laundry a week. So does she have a point Is it better to avoid washing your clothes
……..
She advised against overloading washing machines for the same reason---fewer clothes in the drum means there’s less friction. But it’s not just about microfibres. Washing an item of clothing too often can largely shorten its lifespan, meaning that you’re more likely to throw it out and buy something new.(P16)
What is the main idea of the passage
Why we should stop washing clothes.
A practical rule of washing clothes.
Fashion designer’s recommendation.
How to lengthen clothes’ life span.
Note： 全文大意关注主题句，找不到主题句的找出关键词，合理归纳总结
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution（解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than
'Are you working towards your goal ' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product."
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
What is the best title for the text
A .NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B .Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C .Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D .HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
3
最佳标题
Practice 5
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
Practice 6
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
.
文章的主题句或者说“文眼”是贯穿全文的灵魂，找到了主题句，就找到了解题的思路。
(1)主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。
(2)找主题句的小窍门
1) 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。
2) 作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；
3) 段落中出现表转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；
推敲选项正误的小窍门：
1) 正确选项不出现细节信息。
2) 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。
3) 正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。
4) 四个选项中，内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。
5）注意积累一些常见的习语谚语等
5) 干扰项特点：
①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；
③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。
Practice More！
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
……
Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
……
The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.
A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.
B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.
C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.
D. Tom received an excellent education.
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
...
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
What is the main idea of the text？
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them arc still awake after the first 15 minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas (睡衣). Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.
All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警报) systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the "night owl" schedule of sleep.
This is opposed to the "early bird" schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.
Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as "night owls" and only 10 percent can be classified as "early birds" - the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.
What docs the text mainly talk about？
A．Functions of the body clock. B．The "night owl" phenomenon.
C．Human beings' sleep behaviour. D．The school schedule of "early birds".
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
…….
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
What can be a suitable title for the text
A .Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B .A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C .Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D .Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”
Which of the following might be the best
title of the passage
A. Father of Robotic Fly
B. Inspiration from Engineering Science
C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect
D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂）for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的）members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
What is the best title for the text
A. Conversation Counts
B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk
D. Uncomfortable Silence
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
……
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
Summary：
阅读理解主旨大意的提炼
快速找到文章的主题句
巧妙选择
文章的标题
1.开头、中间、结尾含有主题句
2.首段出现疑问句/具体例子
或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨
3.反复重复的观点/词
4.转折的词语（如however, thus, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句
1. 概括性原则
2. 针对性原则
3. 醒目性原则
Put yourself in the writer’s shoes!
Thanks for Listening!
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
Practice 4
“Basically, in life, rule of thumb: if you don’t absolutely have to clean anything, don’t clean it.” Fashion designer Stella McCartney said this in an interview with the Observer this weekend. Instead, she says, the “rule” is to “let the dirt dry and you brush it off”.
It may have been a throwaway comment at the end of the interview, but something about this line impressed readers----many of whom have been doing several loads of laundry a week. So does she have a point Is it better to avoid washing your clothes
This isn’t the first time that McCartney has recommended not washing our clothes. In fact, she has long advocated avoiding the washing machine---both for the longevity of the clothes but also because of the effect washing them has on the environment.
Laura Diaz Sanchez, from the Soup Foundation advocacy group, agrees with this, particularly when it comes to high-street clothes, which contain more synthetic materials such as polyester and acrylic.
“Every time we wash our clothes an average of nine million [plastic] microfibres are released into the environment,” she tells BBC News. “The way we wash our clothes affects it, as well as the way our clothes are made--- but the more we wash our clothes, the more microfibres are released.”
When you do wash, she recommends setting the machine to a lower temperature and using liquid detergent: “Powder detergent creates more friction between the clothes [during washing], so more fibres are released, while liquid is smoother. The less friction there is in general, the fewer fibres are released.”
She advised against overloading washing machines for the same reason---fewer clothes in the drum means there’s less friction. But it’s not just about microfibres. Washing an item of clothing too often can largely shorten its lifespan, meaning that you’re more likely to throw it out and buy something new.(P16)