中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2025届新高三英语提分培优通关练（高考真题+名校模拟）
第04辑一轮阅读 专题06
阅读理解难点分类突破（说明文选标题+细节理解题+心理效应题）原卷版
目录
说明文选标题1+3篇 P1
【名师点津】 P1
【高考真题】 P2
【名校模拟】 P3
细节理解题1+3篇 P6
【名师点津】 P7
【高考真题】 P7
【名校模拟】 P7
心理效应题1+3篇 P11
【名师点津】 P11
【高考真题】 P11
【名校模拟】 P12
说明文选标题1+3篇
【名师点津】
说明文标题错误三大特征
1. 范围太宽泛：选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。
2. 范围太具体：选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。
3. 范围太偏颇：选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。
说明文选标题三大方法
1.主题段法
标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。
2. 主题句法
解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
2. 关键词法
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
说明文选标题三大策略
1.正面肯定法
在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2.反面否定法
撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
3.排除干扰法
研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
【高考真题】
(2024全国甲卷第27题) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【名校模拟】
（2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it.
Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.
This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off.
If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain.
A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.
1. What does paragraph 2 imply
A. Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case.
B. MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition.
C. Minor injuries can lead to severe pain.
D. Bone problems begin to bother the young.
2. What can we learn from the author’s personal story
A. He found his back surgery medically justified.
B. The surgeon misled him about the back injury.
C. A surgery might do him more harm than good.
D. Being a physician helps him treat his back pain.
3. According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do
A. Consult professionals to receive surgeries.
B. Have painkillers as early as possible.
C. Take comprehensive MRI examinations.
D. Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain.
4. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Origins of pain. B. Killers of pain.
C. Victims of pain. D. Effects of pain.
（2024·河南·模拟预测）“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” could eventually become less of a baby lullaby and more of an elegy (挽歌).
Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year, according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers. That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists previously estimated looking at satellite data.
To illustrate the change, researchers gave this example: A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night. By the time that child turns 18, only 100 stars are still visible. “We are losing, year by year, the possibility to see the stars, which has been a universal human experience,” said Fabio Falchi, a physicist at Chile’s University of Santiago de Compostela. “If you can still see the dimmest stars, you are in a very dark place. But if you see only the brightest ones, you are in a very light-polluted place.”
“Prior studies of artificial lighting, which used satellite images of the Earth at night, had estimated the annual increase in sky brightness to be about 2% a year,” said Christopher Kyba, a physicist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.
But the satellites used weren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱) — including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs. More than half of the new outdoor lights installed in the United States in the past decade have been LED lights, according to the researchers. The satellites are also better at detecting light that scatters (散射) upward, like a spotlight, than light that scatters horizontally (水平地).
Georgetown University biologist Emily Williams, who was not part of the study, said, “Skyglow disturbs circadian rhythms in humans and other forms of life. Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to find out where they are in the sky at night. And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean — light pollution is a huge deal for them.”
5. What did the researchers, example indicate in paragraph 3
A. The rapid decrease in star visibility. B. The severity of outdoor air pollution.
C. Children’s fondness for a clear night sky. D. People’s regret for lost childhood activities.
6. Which of the following was a disadvantage of satellites used in previous studies
A. It couldn’t discover the blue color. B. It failed to detect the whole spectrum.
C. It was sensitive to light from LED bulbs. D. It couldn’t find horizontal light resources.
7. What is Emily Williams’ attitude to the effects of light pollution
A. Tolerant. B. Concerned. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful.
8. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Stars Are Disappearing from the Night Sky
B. The Meaning Behind a Traditional Baby Song
C. Light Pollution Harms Wildlife and Ecosystems
D. Satellites Used in Measuring Night Sky Brightness
（2024·北京昌平·二模）In 1992, Edward de Bono argued that “creativity is the most important human resource of all.” But might computers have the capacity to be creative Could artificial intelligence outperform us in even the most human of phenomena These questions have moved to the forefront of society with the launch of ChatGPT and DALL-E, two powerful deep learning models capable of creating art.
Where human creativity comes from is a complex and heavily-debated topic. One theory supposes that creativity emerges from solving problems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rosewater explains that “if you use the same neural pathways, you get to the same answers, and with creativity, that’s not your goal.” But studies from the University of Virginia suggest humans most default (默认) to solving problems by building on known solutions, restricting originality. Some neuroscientists propose another theory regarding creativity. Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving, implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process. According to this theory, the brain solves problems best when not directly focusing on them using the frontal lobe (前额叶) , instead letting the other parts of the brain take over.
A. I. cannot currently emulate (仿真) the full complexity of the human mind. Do these deep learning networks even have the required components that we use when we are creative Douglas Hofstadter explains how “emergent phenomena,” such as creativity, correspond to connections between levels within mental systems. Similar connections could exist in artificial neural networks, even if the mechanics differ. For example, modern artificial intelligence employs attention circuits that may cause it to behave similarly to the frontal lobe where most of the brain’s focusing tendencies come from.
The emergent nature of creativity opens the door for similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned so carefully to copy existing ideas that it may not be enough for true originality. Mr. Rosewater’s theory on creativity suggests that for A. I. to be creative, it should be able to solve problems in new ways, which is difficult because A. I. is based so heavily on already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an unconscious process as the University of Calgary research suggests, then it occurs mostly outside the frontal lobe and may not exist in machine learning networks. Either way, current A. I. probably lacks the capacity for genuine creativity and originality, but it can combine existing ideas in interesting ways.
The question of machine creativity has repercussions in many areas, such as developing copyright law regarding A. I. works, considering A. I. submissions in art contests, and determining the use of ChatGPT as a tool for school assignments. Creativity may be, at least for now, a unique human quality. Computers are not yet starting revolutionary artistic movements, but they are already combining what exists into something new, challenging us to look deeper into our own creativity.
9. About the source of human creativity, research from the University of Calgary discovers that ______.
A. human creativity heavily relies on the existing ideas
B. dealing with problems helps develop human creativity
C. being creative is closely related to certain brain regions
D. human creativity is a process that happens automatically
10. The author would probably agree that ______.
A. efforts should be put into the study of human creativity
B. creativity can be attained consciously on most occasions
C. A. I. creates better than humans in some areas at present
D. humans need machines to be more creative in various areas
11. What does the underlined word “repercussions” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Influences. B. Objections. C. Doubts. D. Causes.
12. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Computing Creativity: Is it a good thing
B. Computing Creativity: Can it be possible
C. Human Creativity: Why does human develop it
D. Human Creativity: How can A. I. help human create
细节理解题1+3篇
【名师点津】
“细节理解题”的最优处理方法：
第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。
第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。
第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。
【高考真题】
(2024新课标II卷第25-27题) Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
24. Why did BART start the kiosk program
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
26. What has Trost been doing recently
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
27. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
【名校模拟】
（24-25高三上·广西柳州·开学考试）Frank Herbert’s science fiction Dune was the first coming-of-age story that helped me survive me lonely junior high school. At age 12, my life was the liny, boring cycle of home, school and my parents store. Dune broke it all open and led me to a universe that made my little world a lot more bearable unlike Holden Caulfield who kept breaking windows in The Catcher in the Rvehy J. D. Sailingèr, Dune’s main character, Paul Atreides, equipped me with a junior-high survival guide.
Paul is not a classic underdog. He’s the son of a king. He’s been trained since birth in war arts, politics and critical survival skills by a group of smart and experienced men with impossible-to-pronounce names. But when his world is turned upside down — when he leaves his home, loses his father and enters a physically and politically hostile environment — he doesn’t complain and cry. He adapts.
To this day, I can still recite his words against fear: “I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer. Fear is the little-death that brings total destruction. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me. And when it has gone past, I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain.”
The steady diet of literary fiction assigned by my teachers was escapist (逃避现实的) and the very act of reading (whatever the content) usually took me out of a given moment, but didn’t provide much advice on how to face my daily conflicts and painful insecurity.
Dune was escapist, too. However, it was expansive and literally redefined possibility for me who had been struggling along with eyes on the ground, just trying to make it through another day of boredom and hardship of being a teenage girl. Paul lifted my eyes up so I could see the stars.
1. Who created the character Paul Atreides
A. The author of this passage. B. J. D. Sailinger.
C. Holden Caulfield. D. Frank Herbert.
2. Which can best explain the underlined word “hostile” in paragraph 2
A. Sensitive. B. Unfriendly.
C. Unbeneficial. D. Private.
3. What does Paul impress the author most
A. His survival skills. B. His noble birth.
C. His courage to face fear. D. His escapist attitude.
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. The plot of Dune was more complicated than other fictions.
B. The author learned much knowledge of stars room Dune.
C. Paul helped the author escape from the real world.
D. The author changed her attitude towards life owing to Paul.
（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）How often is your mind quiet If you’re a typical human being, the answer is probably very rarely. For most of our days, our attention is focused on external things—the tasks of our jobs, TV programs, or social media interactions. In the moments when our attention isn’t focused externally, it’s usually focused on what is called “thought-chatter”—a stream of mental associations consisting of expectations of the future, memories, daydreams, and so on.
But from time to time, we all experience moments when our thought-chatter quiets down, or even disappears altogether. In these moments, we experience a sense of great well-being. We feel a sense of inner harmony. We feel as if we’re free of problems, and feel satisfied with our lives as they are.
There are many activities that have the effect of quieting our minds, and so produce a state of well-being.
For example, think about what happens when you go walking in the countryside. You might feel stressed when you start out, but slowly, after a couple of miles, your mind begins to settle down. The beauty and stillness of nature attracts your attention and you’re no longer in your thought-chatter. By the end of the walk you feel almost like a different person. You feel more alive, and much happier—largely because your mind is now quiet.
This is why people love to look at beautiful works of art. When people see the paintings of Monet or van Gogh, they experience a mind-stopping moment, in which they’re taken out of their thinking minds and experience a sense of great well-being.
The strange thing is, though, that most of the time this happens unconsciously (不知不觉地). We usually don’t associate this well-being with a quiet mind. And we usually don’t think of a quiet mind as the aim or result of these activities.
Our estimate of how enjoyable an activity is may depend on its mind-stopping capacity. In other words, the very best performances—and the most rewarding activities—are those which are so attractive and intense that they can completely stop our minds.
I’m not saying that inner quietness is the only reason why we enjoy these activities. Nevertheless, we should certainly become more aware of the association of a quiet mind with well-being. And at the same time we should be aware that it’s possible for us to consciously and directly create a quiet mind; rather than as a byproduct of certain activities. And in the end we might develop a permanent quiet mind and attain a state of ongoing contentment and harmony.
5. What can be inferred about thought-chatter
A. It requires a lot of practice.
B. It might be unpleasant at times.
C. It might be a talk with a friend.
D. It helps reach a state of silence.
6. What are the examples of activities mentioned in the text mainly about
A. What activities lead to well-being.
B. What can be done to reduce stress.
C. How we can make our minds quiet.
D. How mental quietness leads to well-being.
7. How can we determine how much pleasure an activity can give us
A. By judging how much stress it can increase.
B. By judging whether it takes place unconsciously.
C. By judging to what extent it can quiet our minds.
D. By judging whether it associates with well-being.
8. What does the author intend to highlight in the last paragraph
A. Creating a quiet mind for all time.
B. Living a peaceful life permanently.
C. Being in harmony with inner quietness.
D. Participating in activities for inner quietness.
（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）In some parts of the world people are likely to plan for the future, while in others people are more likely to live in the moment. In some societies people prefer more personal space; in others they are comfortable being in close quarters in public.
There are a number of theories about where cultural differences between societies come from. In a growing number of cases, researchers have found that human culture an be shaped by key features of the environments in which people live.
Ecology includes basic physical and social characteristics of the environment—such factors as how rich a place is in resources, how common infectious (传染性的) diseases are, how heavily populated a place is, and how much threat there is to human safety. Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features.
For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset.
Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology.
We ran a series of statistical models looking at the relationship between our ecological variables and each of the 66 cultural outcomes we tracked. For each of the cultural outcomes, we calculated the average amount of the cultural diversity across societies that was explained by this combination of nine different ecological factors. We found that nearly 20% of cultural variation was explained by the combination of these ecological features.
Importantly, our statistical estimates take into account common issues in cross-cultural research. There will likely be unmeasured similarities between societies with shared historical roots and traditions.
Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.
9. Which best explains why people are comfortable being in close quarters in public
A. They are friendly to each other.
B. They like staying in public places.
C. They enjoy spending time with others.
D. They live in a place with cold temperatures.
10. What do we know about the EcoCultural Dataset
A. It’s a combination of humans and nature.
B. It’s a combination of ecology and culture.
C. It’s a comparison between theory and practice.
D. It’s a comparison between ecology and culture.
11. What did the author's lab want to find out
A. Where cultural differences come from.
B. Whether ecological features affect culture.
C. How strong the ecology-culture connection is.
D. Why cultural differences between societies exist.
12. What is the conclusion of the author’s study
A. Shared traditions lead to cultural similarities.
B. There are cultural differences between societies.
C. Cultures are shaped by the environments people live in.
D. Cultural differences partly come from ecological factors.
心理效应题1+3篇
【名师点津】
“心理效应题”的最优处理方法：
第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。
第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。
第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。
第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。
【高考真题】
(2023新课标I卷第32题) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【名校模拟】
（23-24高三下·湖北武汉·阶段练习）There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and prevalent (普遍的) our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK.
This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted to poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a-lot of trash scattered around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly buy eco-friendly products.
As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!
1. Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect
A. A student spends long hours surfing the internet.
B. A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts.
C. A driver frequently parks illegally in public places.
D. A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.
2. How did most Australian fishers view the issue of poaching
A. It is unacceptable. B. It is widespread.
C. It is controversial. D. It is complex.
3. What do the underlined words “go green to be seen” in paragraph 5 mean
A. Embrace green habits for better health.
B. Make green choices that others can perceive.
C. Join green movements for personal fulfillment.
D. Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores.
4. What is a recommended approach to addressing environmental problems
A. Understate social norms.
B. Highlight personal responsibilities.
C. Publicize sustainable practices.
D. Encourage technological innovations.
（2024·辽宁大连·一模）In 1999, David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas, including grammar, humor and logic. The people in the studies were asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities, indicating that people who lack skills tend to lack the ability to realize their shortcomings.
This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. It occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. Admittedly, most people are overconfident in their abilities. They want to believe that they are more capable, knowledgeable and even superior to others, and when someone really wants something to be true, it can be hard for them to admit that it isn’t. By the way, the opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.
It’s tempting (吸引人的) to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they truly are, but everyone has areas where they lack competence, and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be relatively bad at self-evaluation in those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay modest, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
5. What did Dunning and Kruger find in their research
A. Unskilled people tend to think too much of themselves.
B. Skilled people are usually more humorous and logical.
C. Self-evaluation makes people more logical in some areas.
D. Knowledgeable people sometimes think they are superior to others.
6. What does the author think of the Dunning-Kruger effect
A. Complicated. B. Problematic. C. Universal. D. Dismissive.
7. What can we do to avoid the Dunning-Kruger effect according to the text
A. Evaluate yourself on a regular basis. B. Remain humble and eager for knowledge.
C. Be yourself and ignore negative feedback. D. Make friends with intelligent individuals.
8. Where is this text probably from
A. A biology textbook. B. A book review.
C. A feature report. D. A. psychology journal.
（2024·浙江台州·二模）When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s, American housewives were doubtful. These mixes, promising easy cake-baking, felt too easy. The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work. The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应), which is identified by psychologist Michael I. Norton and his colleagues, suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to create. They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and frogs, assemble IKEA boxes, and build sets of Legos. They then asked the builders to bid (出价) for their creations, and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them. The builders consistently outbid the non-builders.
Interestingly, the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully personalize their creations. While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired, they loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more. Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders. Beauty, it seems, is in the eye of the builder.
Today, as cities are suffering from severe housing crises, the IKEA effect can give us insight into the well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development. Projects like WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach pioneered by Alejandro Aravena’s architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own homes.
“The moment people are involved with their built environment, they have a totally different relationship to it,” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained. “When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking, they have the power to fix it themselves.”
9. What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1
A. A better taste. B. An easy approach.
C. A detailed recipe. D. An additional effort.
10. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply
A. Creations are based on skills. B. Extra labor increases perceived value.
C. Beauty is found through contrast. D. Strict management brings good quality.
11. What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing
A. Critical. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Supportive.
12. What’s the purpose of this text
A. To promote a brand. B. To make a proposal.
C. To explain a concept. D. To introduce a study.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2025届新高三英语提分培优通关练（高考真题+名校模拟）
第04辑一轮阅读 专题06
阅读理解难点分类突破（说明文选标题+细节理解题+心理效应题）解析版
目录
说明文选标题1+3篇 P1
【名师点津】 P1
【高考真题】 P2
【名校模拟】 P3
细节理解题1+3篇 P10
【名师点津】 P10
【高考真题】 P10
【名校模拟】 P11
心理效应题1+3篇 P17
【名师点津】 P17
【高考真题】 P17
【名校模拟】 P19
说明文选标题1+3篇
【名师点津】
说明文标题错误三大特征
1. 范围太宽泛：选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。
2. 范围太具体：选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。
3. 范围太偏颇：选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。
说明文选标题三大方法
1.主题段法
标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。
2. 主题句法
解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
2. 关键词法
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
说明文选标题三大策略
1.正面肯定法
在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2.反面否定法
撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
3.排除干扰法
研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
【高考真题】
(2024全国甲卷第27题) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
26.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
27.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
【名校模拟】
（2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it.
Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.
This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off.
If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain.
A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.
1. What does paragraph 2 imply
A. Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case.
B. MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition.
C. Minor injuries can lead to severe pain.
D. Bone problems begin to bother the young.
2. What can we learn from the author’s personal story
A. He found his back surgery medically justified.
B. The surgeon misled him about the back injury.
C. A surgery might do him more harm than good.
D. Being a physician helps him treat his back pain.
3. According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do
A. Consult professionals to receive surgeries.
B. Have painkillers as early as possible.
C. Take comprehensive MRI examinations.
D. Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain.
4. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Origins of pain. B. Killers of pain.
C. Victims of pain. D. Effects of pain.
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态。最后，文章强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性，并提倡创新的疼痛治疗方式。
1. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain”（虽然核磁共振是判断受伤的可靠指标，但它们并不是判断疼痛的可靠指标）和“A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.”（一项对33项研究的回顾发现，MRI显示在一群没有背痛的20岁年轻人中，37%的人有椎间盘退变。对于背部疼痛的人来说，核磁共振成像结果与他们的疼痛完全没有关系。）可知，MRI检查结果与疼痛没有绝对的联系。由此推知，不能仅凭MRI检查结果来判断一个人的疼痛情况，MRI检查结果并不能完全反映一个人的状况。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off”（然而，当我拿着MRI胶片去找一位经验丰富的外科医生时，他告诉我手术可能会让我的背部状况更糟）可知，在作者的经历中，手术可能带给他的不是好处，而是更大的伤害。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.”（对疼痛及其根源的深入研究应鼓励人们努力确保每个经历疼痛的人都能得到善待和尊重，并且除了药物和手术之外，还能获得更多帮助。完全接受疼痛的复杂性可以为创新和新颖的方法打开大门，以确保即使我们受伤，也不必承受痛苦。）可推知，作者认为对于长期疼痛的患者来说，不仅仅是依赖药物或手术，还应该彻底了解疼痛的原因，获得对痛苦的彻底理解。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does One major factor is our mentality.”（如果核磁共振不能解释持久疼痛，那什么能解释呢？一个主要因素是我们的心态。）可知，全文主要讨论了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态，强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性。因此，最适合的标题是“疼痛的起源”。故选A项。
（2024·河南·模拟预测）“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” could eventually become less of a baby lullaby and more of an elegy (挽歌).
Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year, according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers. That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists previously estimated looking at satellite data.
To illustrate the change, researchers gave this example: A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night. By the time that child turns 18, only 100 stars are still visible. “We are losing, year by year, the possibility to see the stars, which has been a universal human experience,” said Fabio Falchi, a physicist at Chile’s University of Santiago de Compostela. “If you can still see the dimmest stars, you are in a very dark place. But if you see only the brightest ones, you are in a very light-polluted place.”
“Prior studies of artificial lighting, which used satellite images of the Earth at night, had estimated the annual increase in sky brightness to be about 2% a year,” said Christopher Kyba, a physicist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.
But the satellites used weren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱) — including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs. More than half of the new outdoor lights installed in the United States in the past decade have been LED lights, according to the researchers. The satellites are also better at detecting light that scatters (散射) upward, like a spotlight, than light that scatters horizontally (水平地).
Georgetown University biologist Emily Williams, who was not part of the study, said, “Skyglow disturbs circadian rhythms in humans and other forms of life. Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to find out where they are in the sky at night. And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean — light pollution is a huge deal for them.”
5. What did the researchers, example indicate in paragraph 3
A. The rapid decrease in star visibility. B. The severity of outdoor air pollution.
C. Children’s fondness for a clear night sky. D. People’s regret for lost childhood activities.
6. Which of the following was a disadvantage of satellites used in previous studies
A. It couldn’t discover the blue color. B. It failed to detect the whole spectrum.
C. It was sensitive to light from LED bulbs. D. It couldn’t find horizontal light resources.
7. What is Emily Williams’ attitude to the effects of light pollution
A. Tolerant. B. Concerned. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful.
8. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Stars Are Disappearing from the Night Sky
B. The Meaning Behind a Traditional Baby Song
C. Light Pollution Harms Wildlife and Ecosystems
D. Satellites Used in Measuring Night Sky Brightness
【答案】5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了由于人造照明的增加，夜空的亮度每年以大约10%的速度增长，导致星星的可见性迅速减少。研究者通过例子说明了这一变化，并指出人造照明的增加速度比之前通过卫星数据估计的要快。
5. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“To illustrate the change, researchers gave this example: A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night. By the time that child turns 18, only 100 stars are still visible.(为了说明这种变化，研究人员举了一个例子：在晴朗的夜晚，一个孩子出生时可以看到250颗星星。当这个孩子18岁的时候，只有100颗星星是可见的。)”可知，研究者通过一个孩子从出生到18岁时星星可见数量的变化，说明了星星可见性的快速下降。故选A。
6. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But the satellites used weren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱)—including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs. (但是使用的卫星无法探测到波长接近光谱蓝色末端的光，包括节能LED灯泡发出的光。)”以及本段中“The satellites are also better at detecting light that scatters (散射) upward, like a spotlight, than light that scatters horizontally (水平地).( 卫星在探测像聚光灯一样向上散射的光方面也比探测水平散射的光要好。)”可知，先前使用的卫星无法检测到波长偏向光谱蓝色端的光，包括节能LED灯泡发出的光，同时先前使用的卫星更擅长检测向上散射的光，而不是水平散射的光即它的缺点是找不到水平的光源。故选D。
7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Georgetown University biologist Emily Williams, who was not part of the study, said, “Skyglow disturbs circadian rhythms in humans and other forms of life. Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to find out where they are in the sky at night. And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean—light pollution is a huge deal for them.”(乔治城大学的生物学家Emily Williams没有参与这项研究，她说:“天光扰乱了人类和其他生命形式的昼夜节律。迁徙的鸣禽通常在夜间利用星光来确定它们在天空中的位置。当海龟宝宝孵化时，它们利用光来定位海洋——光污染对它们来说是一个巨大的问题。”)”可知，Emily Williams提到了光污染对人类和其他生物生物钟的干扰，以及对迁徙鸟类和海龟幼崽导航能力的影响，显示出她对光污染影响的关心。故选B。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year, according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers. That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists previously estimated looking at satellite data.( 一项研究分析了来自5万多名业余观星者的报告，发现观测星星越来越困难，因为人工照明使夜空每年变亮10%左右。这比科学家先前通过卫星数据估计的变化速度要快得多。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讨论了由于人造照明的增加，夜空的亮度每年以大约10%的速度增长，导致星星的可见性迅速减少。研究者通过例子说明了这一变化，并指出人造照明的增加速度比之前通过卫星数据估计的要快。A选项“Stars Are Disappearing from the Night Sky(星星正在从夜空中消失)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选A。
（2024·北京昌平·二模）In 1992, Edward de Bono argued that “creativity is the most important human resource of all.” But might computers have the capacity to be creative Could artificial intelligence outperform us in even the most human of phenomena These questions have moved to the forefront of society with the launch of ChatGPT and DALL-E, two powerful deep learning models capable of creating art.
Where human creativity comes from is a complex and heavily-debated topic. One theory supposes that creativity emerges from solving problems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rosewater explains that “if you use the same neural pathways, you get to the same answers, and with creativity, that’s not your goal.” But studies from the University of Virginia suggest humans most default (默认) to solving problems by building on known solutions, restricting originality. Some neuroscientists propose another theory regarding creativity. Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving, implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process. According to this theory, the brain solves problems best when not directly focusing on them using the frontal lobe (前额叶) , instead letting the other parts of the brain take over.
A. I. cannot currently emulate (仿真) the full complexity of the human mind. Do these deep learning networks even have the required components that we use when we are creative Douglas Hofstadter explains how “emergent phenomena,” such as creativity, correspond to connections between levels within mental systems. Similar connections could exist in artificial neural networks, even if the mechanics differ. For example, modern artificial intelligence employs attention circuits that may cause it to behave similarly to the frontal lobe where most of the brain’s focusing tendencies come from.
The emergent nature of creativity opens the door for similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned so carefully to copy existing ideas that it may not be enough for true originality. Mr. Rosewater’s theory on creativity suggests that for A. I. to be creative, it should be able to solve problems in new ways, which is difficult because A. I. is based so heavily on already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an unconscious process as the University of Calgary research suggests, then it occurs mostly outside the frontal lobe and may not exist in machine learning networks. Either way, current A. I. probably lacks the capacity for genuine creativity and originality, but it can combine existing ideas in interesting ways.
The question of machine creativity has repercussions in many areas, such as developing copyright law regarding A. I. works, considering A. I. submissions in art contests, and determining the use of ChatGPT as a tool for school assignments. Creativity may be, at least for now, a unique human quality. Computers are not yet starting revolutionary artistic movements, but they are already combining what exists into something new, challenging us to look deeper into our own creativity.
9. About the source of human creativity, research from the University of Calgary discovers that ______.
A. human creativity heavily relies on the existing ideas
B. dealing with problems helps develop human creativity
C. being creative is closely related to certain brain regions
D. human creativity is a process that happens automatically
10. The author would probably agree that ______.
A. efforts should be put into the study of human creativity
B. creativity can be attained consciously on most occasions
C. A. I. creates better than humans in some areas at present
D. humans need machines to be more creative in various areas
11. What does the underlined word “repercussions” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Influences. B. Objections. C. Doubts. D. Causes.
12. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Computing Creativity: Is it a good thing
B. Computing Creativity: Can it be possible
C. Human Creativity: Why does human develop it
D. Human Creativity: How can A. I. help human create
【答案】9. D 10. A 11. A 12. B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。文章讨论了人工智能是否具备创造力，与人类创造力的对比，探讨了创造力的起源及其与问题解决的关系，认为虽然人工智能能够结合现有的想法创造新的作品，但其缺乏真正的创造力和原创性。
9. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving, implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process.(卡尔加里大学(University of Calgary)的研究表明，当人们富有创造力时，大脑中负责思考和解决问题的区域并不相同，这意味着创造力主要是一个无意识的过程)”可知，卡尔加里大学的研究发现创造力是一个无意识的过程，是一个自动发生的过程。故选D项。
10. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Where human creativity comes from is a complex and heavily-debated topic. One theory supposes that creativity emerges from solving problems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rosewater explains that “if you use the same neural pathways, you get to the same answers, and with creativity, that’s not your goal.” But studies from the University of Virginia suggest humans most default (默认) to solving problems by building on known solutions, restricting originality. Some neuroscientists propose another theory regarding creativity. Research from the University of Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans don’t use the same brain regions associated with thought and problem-solving, implying that creativity is primarily an unconscious process. According to this theory, the brain solves problems best when not directly focusing on them using the frontal lobe (前额叶) , instead letting the other parts of the brain take over. (人类创造力的来源是一个复杂且备受争议的话题。有一种理论认为，创造力来自以新方式解决问题。游戏设计师马克·罗斯沃特解释说，“如果你使用相同的神经路径，你会得到相同的答案，而创造力不是这样。”但弗吉尼亚大学的研究表明，人类通常默认通过构建已知的解决方案来解决问题，从而限制了原创性。一些神经科学家提出了关于创造力的另一种理论。卡尔加里大学的研究表明，在进行创造性活动时，人类并不使用与思考和解决问题相关的同样脑区，这暗示着创造力主要是一种无意识的过程。根据这一理论，大脑在不直接使用前额叶集中注意力时最能解决问题，而是让大脑的其他部分接管)”可知，人类创造力的来源是一个复杂且备受争议的话题，现存许多不同的研究理论，由此推知，作者可能会赞成我们应该努力研究人类的创造力这一观点。故选A项。
11. 词句猜测题。结合选项和划线词后“in many areas, such as developing copyright law regarding A. I. works, considering A. I. submissions in art contests, and determining the use of ChatGPT as a tool for school assignments (在许多领域，例如制定有关人工智能作品的版权法，考虑艺术比赛中的人工智能在提交的作品，以及确定将ChatGPT用作完成学校作业的工具)”可推知，人工智能创造力的问题会对下文列举的这些领域产生影响，故划线词repercussions与influences同义。故选A项。
12. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“But might computers have the capacity to be creative Could artificial intelligence outperform us in even the most human of phenomena These questions have moved to the forefront of society with the launch of ChatGPT and DALL-E, two powerful deep learning models capable of creating art.(但是，计算机有创造力吗？人工智能能在最人性化的现象上超越我们吗？随着ChatGPT和DALL-E这两个能够创造艺术的强大深度学习模型的推出，这些问题已经走到了社会的前沿)”和最后一段中“Computers are not yet starting revolutionary artistic movements, but they are already combining what exists into something new, challenging us to look deeper into our own creativity.(计算机还没有开始革命性的艺术运动，但它们已经将现有的东西结合成新的东西，挑战我们更深入地审视自己的创造力)”可知，文章讨论了探讨了人工智能是否可以模仿人类的创造力以及这一过程中涉及的复杂性。故“Computing Creativity: Can it be possible (计算机创造力：可能吗？)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
细节理解题1+3篇
【名师点津】
“细节理解题”的最优处理方法：
第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。
第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。
第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。
【高考真题】
(2024新课标II卷第25-27题) Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
24. Why did BART start the kiosk program
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
26. What has Trost been doing recently
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
27. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART 未来持乐观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。
24.推理判断题。根据第三段““You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit - known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”(旧金山湾区捷运系统（BART）首席通讯官Alicia Trost表示：“你进入检票口，会看到一个亮着灯的信息亭，它告诉你可以得到一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的报道。你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事。”)”可知，BART启动信息亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求，为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间。故选C项。
25.细节理解题。根据第三段“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.(你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事)”可知，信息亭中的故事按长度分类，乘客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。
26.细节理解题。根据第五段“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,(我们想做一些事情，呼吁湾区的艺术家为比赛提交故事)”以及第六段“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.(获奖故事会进入我们的信息亭，然后你就会成为一名出版艺术家)”可知，Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛，向湾区的艺术家征集故事，获胜作品将被放入售货亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。
27.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.(她说：“归根结底，所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体验。所以我绝对认为，我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。”)”可知，Trost认为通过提升乘客体验，包括提供短篇故事阅读服务，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量将会增加。故选D项。
【名校模拟】
（24-25高三上·广西柳州·开学考试）Frank Herbert’s science fiction Dune was the first coming-of-age story that helped me survive me lonely junior high school. At age 12, my life was the liny, boring cycle of home, school and my parents store. Dune broke it all open and led me to a universe that made my little world a lot more bearable unlike Holden Caulfield who kept breaking windows in The Catcher in the Rvehy J. D. Sailingèr, Dune’s main character, Paul Atreides, equipped me with a junior-high survival guide.
Paul is not a classic underdog. He’s the son of a king. He’s been trained since birth in war arts, politics and critical survival skills by a group of smart and experienced men with impossible-to-pronounce names. But when his world is turned upside down — when he leaves his home, loses his father and enters a physically and politically hostile environment — he doesn’t complain and cry. He adapts.
To this day, I can still recite his words against fear: “I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer. Fear is the little-death that brings total destruction. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me. And when it has gone past, I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain.”
The steady diet of literary fiction assigned by my teachers was escapist (逃避现实的) and the very act of reading (whatever the content) usually took me out of a given moment, but didn’t provide much advice on how to face my daily conflicts and painful insecurity.
Dune was escapist, too. However, it was expansive and literally redefined possibility for me who had been struggling along with eyes on the ground, just trying to make it through another day of boredom and hardship of being a teenage girl. Paul lifted my eyes up so I could see the stars.
1. Who created the character Paul Atreides
A. The author of this passage. B. J. D. Sailinger.
C. Holden Caulfield. D. Frank Herbert.
2. Which can best explain the underlined word “hostile” in paragraph 2
A. Sensitive. B. Unfriendly.
C. Unbeneficial. D. Private.
3. What does Paul impress the author most
A. His survival skills. B. His noble birth.
C. His courage to face fear. D. His escapist attitude.
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. The plot of Dune was more complicated than other fictions.
B. The author learned much knowledge of stars room Dune.
C. Paul helped the author escape from the real world.
D. The author changed her attitude towards life owing to Paul.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文中作者回顾了Frank Herbert的科幻小说Dune曾对自己产生的影响。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Frank Herbert’s science fiction Dune was the first coming-of-age story that helped me survive me lonely junior high school.(Frank Herbert的科幻小说《沙丘》是第一个帮助我度过孤独的初中生活的成长故事。)”以及“Dune’s main character, Paul Atreides, equipped me with a junior-high survival guide.(《沙丘》的主角Paul Atreides给了我一本初中的生存指南。)”可知，Frank Herbert创造了Paul Atreides这个角色。故选D项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Paul is not a classic underdog. He’s the son of a king. He’s been trained since birth in war arts, politics and critical survival skills by a group of smart and experienced men with impossible-to-pronounce names. But when his world is turned upside down — when he leaves his home, loses his father (保罗不是一个典型的失败者。他是国王的儿子。他从出生起就被一群聪明而有经验的人训练，学习战争艺术、政治和关键的生存技能，这些人的名字都叫不出来。但当他的世界被颠覆时——当他离开家，失去父亲而且进入一个)”以及划线词之后“he doesn’t complain and cry. He adapts.(他没有抱怨和哭泣。他适应。)”可知，失去国王父亲的荫蔽后，Paul要直接面对一个完全不同的世界，而前文提到他所在的环境是很优渥的，后文表示转折，由此可推知划线词hostile的意思是“敌对的；不利的；艰苦的”，与B项unfriendly(不友好的）意思相近。故选B项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“To this day, I can still recite his words against fear: “I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer. Fear is the little-death that brings total destruction. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me. And when it has gone past, I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain.”(直到今天，我还能背诵他那句对抗恐惧的话：‘我不能害怕。恐惧是精神杀手。恐惧是带来彻底毁灭的小死亡。我要面对我的恐惧。我要让它从我身上经过，穿过我。当它过去的时候，我将转动内心的眼睛去看它的路径。恐惧消失的地方什么都没有。只有我要留下来。’)”可知作者至今依旧记得保罗对抗恐惧的话语；由此可推断，Paul面对恐惧的勇气给作者留下了最深刻的印象。故选C项。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Dune was escapist, too. However, it was expansive and literally redefined possibility for me who had been struggling along with eyes on the ground, just trying to make it through another day of boredom and hardship of being a teenage girl. Paul lifted my eyes up so I could see the stars.(然而，对我来说，这是一种广阔的、重新定义的可能性，我一直在挣扎，眼睛盯着地面，只是想度过又一天作为一个十几岁的女孩的无聊和艰难。保罗把我的眼睛抬起来，让我能看到星星。)”可知在读这本书之前作者只想无聊和艰难地度过一天又一天，但是保罗让作者看到了天上的星星；由此可知，由于保罗作者改变了她对生活的态度。故选D项。
（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）How often is your mind quiet If you’re a typical human being, the answer is probably very rarely. For most of our days, our attention is focused on external things—the tasks of our jobs, TV programs, or social media interactions. In the moments when our attention isn’t focused externally, it’s usually focused on what is called “thought-chatter”—a stream of mental associations consisting of expectations of the future, memories, daydreams, and so on.
But from time to time, we all experience moments when our thought-chatter quiets down, or even disappears altogether. In these moments, we experience a sense of great well-being. We feel a sense of inner harmony. We feel as if we’re free of problems, and feel satisfied with our lives as they are.
There are many activities that have the effect of quieting our minds, and so produce a state of well-being.
For example, think about what happens when you go walking in the countryside. You might feel stressed when you start out, but slowly, after a couple of miles, your mind begins to settle down. The beauty and stillness of nature attracts your attention and you’re no longer in your thought-chatter. By the end of the walk you feel almost like a different person. You feel more alive, and much happier—largely because your mind is now quiet.
This is why people love to look at beautiful works of art. When people see the paintings of Monet or van Gogh, they experience a mind-stopping moment, in which they’re taken out of their thinking minds and experience a sense of great well-being.
The strange thing is, though, that most of the time this happens unconsciously (不知不觉地). We usually don’t associate this well-being with a quiet mind. And we usually don’t think of a quiet mind as the aim or result of these activities.
Our estimate of how enjoyable an activity is may depend on its mind-stopping capacity. In other words, the very best performances—and the most rewarding activities—are those which are so attractive and intense that they can completely stop our minds.
I’m not saying that inner quietness is the only reason why we enjoy these activities. Nevertheless, we should certainly become more aware of the association of a quiet mind with well-being. And at the same time we should be aware that it’s possible for us to consciously and directly create a quiet mind; rather than as a byproduct of certain activities. And in the end we might develop a permanent quiet mind and attain a state of ongoing contentment and harmony.
5. What can be inferred about thought-chatter
A. It requires a lot of practice.
B. It might be unpleasant at times.
C. It might be a talk with a friend.
D. It helps reach a state of silence.
6. What are the examples of activities mentioned in the text mainly about
A. What activities lead to well-being.
B. What can be done to reduce stress.
C. How we can make our minds quiet.
D. How mental quietness leads to well-being.
7. How can we determine how much pleasure an activity can give us
A. By judging how much stress it can increase.
B. By judging whether it takes place unconsciously.
C. By judging to what extent it can quiet our minds.
D. By judging whether it associates with well-being.
8. What does the author intend to highlight in the last paragraph
A. Creating a quiet mind for all time.
B. Living a peaceful life permanently.
C. Being in harmony with inner quietness.
D. Participating in activities for inner quietness.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了内心宁静与心理健康的关系，指出通过欣赏艺术和在自然中行走等活动，可以使思维静止，带来幸福感和内心和谐，并提出有意识地创造宁静心境可以带来持久的满足感。
5. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“But from time to time, we all experience moments when our thought-chatter quiets down, or even disappears altogether. In these moments, we experience a sense of great well-being. We feel a sense of inner harmony. We feel as if we’re free of problems, and feel satisfied with our lives as they are. (但时不时地，我们都会经历这样的时刻：我们的“思想闲聊”安静下来，甚至完全消失。在这些时刻，我们体验到一种巨大的幸福感。我们感受到内心的和谐。我们觉得好像没有问题了，对我们的生活感到满意。)”可知，“思想闲聊”停下来时人们会感到快乐，因此它的发生有时可能会令人不愉快。故选B。
6. 推理判断题。根据第四段的“For example, think about what happens when you-go walking in the countryside. You might feel stressed when you start out, but slowly, after-a couple of miles, your mind begins to settle down. The beauty and stillness of nature attracts your attention and you’re no longer in your thought-chatter. By the end of the walk you feel almost like a different person. You feel more alive, and much happier—largely because your mind is now quiet. (例如，想想当你在农村散步时会发生什么。刚开始的时候你可能会感到压力，但慢慢地，几英里后，你的头脑开始安定下来。大自然的美丽和宁静吸引了你的注意力，你不再“思想闲聊”。散步结束时，你几乎感觉自己变成了另一个人。你感觉更有活力，也更快乐——主要是因为你的头脑现在很安静。) ”可知，文中提到了在乡村散步和观看艺术作品等活动可以让心灵平静下来，并带来幸福感。因此，提到这些例子主要是为了说明心灵的平静是怎样带来幸福感的。故选D。
7. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Our estimate of how enjoyable an activity is may depend on its mind-stopping capacity. In other words, the very best performances—and the most rewarding activities—are those which are so attractive and intense that they can completely stop our minds. (我们对一项活动有多愉快的估计可能取决于它让人停止思考的能力。换句话说，最好的表现和最有回报的活动是那些非常有吸引力和激烈的，它们可以完全停止我们的思想。)”可知，那些可以完全让我们停止思考的活动被认为是非常愉快和有益的，因此，我们对一项活动的享受取决于它在多大程度上能让我们的头脑平静下来。故选C。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I’m not saying that inner quietness is the only reason why we enjoy these activities. Nevertheless, we should certainly become more aware of the association of a quiet mind with well-being. And at the same time we should be aware that it’s possible for us to consciously and directly create a quiet mind; rather than as a byproduct of certain activities. And in the end we might develop a permanent quiet mind and attain a state of ongoing contentment and harmony. (我并不是说内心的平静是我们喜欢这些活动的唯一原因。然而，我们当然应该更加意识到安静的头脑与幸福的联系。同时，我们应该意识到，我们有可能有意识地直接创造一个平静的头脑；而不是作为某些活动的副产品。最终，我们可能会发展出一种永久的平静心态，达到一种持续的满足与和谐的状态。)”可知，作者强调要更多地意识到安静的心灵和幸福之间的联系，要有意识地直接创造一个安静的头脑，潜在地带来持续的满足和和谐，而不仅仅是参与活动。故选A。
（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）In some parts of the world people are likely to plan for the future, while in others people are more likely to live in the moment. In some societies people prefer more personal space; in others they are comfortable being in close quarters in public.
There are a number of theories about where cultural differences between societies come from. In a growing number of cases, researchers have found that human culture an be shaped by key features of the environments in which people live.
Ecology includes basic physical and social characteristics of the environment—such factors as how rich a place is in resources, how common infectious (传染性的) diseases are, how heavily populated a place is, and how much threat there is to human safety. Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features.
For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset.
Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology.
We ran a series of statistical models looking at the relationship between our ecological variables and each of the 66 cultural outcomes we tracked. For each of the cultural outcomes, we calculated the average amount of the cultural diversity across societies that was explained by this combination of nine different ecological factors. We found that nearly 20% of cultural variation was explained by the combination of these ecological features.
Importantly, our statistical estimates take into account common issues in cross-cultural research. There will likely be unmeasured similarities between societies with shared historical roots and traditions.
Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.
9. Which best explains why people are comfortable being in close quarters in public
A. They are friendly to each other.
B. They like staying in public places.
C. They enjoy spending time with others.
D. They live in a place with cold temperatures.
10. What do we know about the EcoCultural Dataset
A. It’s a combination of humans and nature.
B. It’s a combination of ecology and culture.
C. It’s a comparison between theory and practice.
D. It’s a comparison between ecology and culture.
11. What did the author's lab want to find out
A. Where cultural differences come from.
B. Whether ecological features affect culture.
C. How strong the ecology-culture connection is.
D. Why cultural differences between societies exist.
12. What is the conclusion of the author’s study
A. Shared traditions lead to cultural similarities.
B. There are cultural differences between societies.
C. Cultures are shaped by the environments people live in.
D. Cultural differences partly come from ecological factors.
【答案】9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了生态文化数据集表明了环境塑造了我们的文化。
9. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Variables like temperature and the availability of water can be key ecological features.(温度和水的可用性等变量可能是关键的生态特征)”以及最后一段“But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.(但我们的研究表明，至少在某种程度上，我们的环境塑造了我们的文化)”可知，生活在一个温度很低的地方最能解释为什么人们在公共场合会觉得近距离接触很舒服。故选D。
10. 细节理解题。根据第四段“For over 200 societies, our lab at Arizona State University gathered comprehensive data on nine key features of ecology— such as rainfall, temperature, infectious disease and natural resources —and dozens of aspects of human cultural variation— including values, strength of social norms (社会规范), personality, motivation and institutional characteristics. With this information, we created the EcoCultural Dataset.(我们在亚利桑那州立大学的实验室收集了200多个社会的综合数据，涉及生态的九个关键特征——如降雨、温度、传染病和自然资源——以及人类文化差异的几十个方面——包括价值观、社会规范的强度、个性、动机和制度特征。有了这些信息，我们创建了生态文化数据集)”可知，生态文化数据集是生态和文化的结合。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据第五段“Using this dataset, we were able to generate a range of estimates for just how much of human cultural variation can explained by ecology.(利用这个数据集，我们能够对人类文化差异有多少可以用生态学来解释产生一系列的估计)”可知，作者的实验室想知道生态与文化的联系有多强。故选C。
12. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ecology isn’t the only reason people around the world think and behave differently. But our work suggests that, at least in part, our environments shape our cultures.(生态并不是世界各地人们思维和行为不同的唯一原因。但我们的研究表明，至少在某种程度上，我们的环境塑造了我们的文化)”可知，作者的研究结论是文化差异部分来自生态因素。故选D。
心理效应题1+3篇
【名师点津】
“心理效应题”的最优处理方法：
第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。
第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。
第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。
第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。
【高考真题】
(2023新课标I卷第32题) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】32. B33. D34. C35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
32.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
【名校模拟】
（23-24高三下·湖北武汉·阶段练习）There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and prevalent (普遍的) our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK.
This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted to poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a-lot of trash scattered around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly buy eco-friendly products.
As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!
1. Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect
A. A student spends long hours surfing the internet.
B. A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts.
C. A driver frequently parks illegally in public places.
D. A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.
2. How did most Australian fishers view the issue of poaching
A. It is unacceptable. B. It is widespread.
C. It is controversial. D. It is complex.
3. What do the underlined words “go green to be seen” in paragraph 5 mean
A. Embrace green habits for better health.
B. Make green choices that others can perceive.
C. Join green movements for personal fulfillment.
D. Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores.
4. What is a recommended approach to addressing environmental problems
A. Understate social norms.
B. Highlight personal responsibilities.
C. Publicize sustainable practices.
D. Encourage technological innovations.
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是“错误共识效应”，并说明可以通过这一效应背后的心理学原理来实施社会规范，从而鼓励和推广环境友好行为。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and prevalent(普遍的) our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK.(心理学中有一个有用的概念，可以帮助解释为什么好人会做损害环境的事情：错误共识效应。这就是我们高估自己的行为在社会上的可接受性和普遍性的原因。简单地说，如果你正在做某事（即使你私下里知道你可能不应该做），你更有可能认为很多其他人也在做这件事。更重要的是，你可能高估了其他人对这种行为的看法)”及第二段“Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting.(研究人员在吸毒和非法狩猎中观察到了错误共识效应)”可知，错误共识效应表示我们高估自己的行为在社会上的可接受性和普遍性，即使自己知道这件事不应该做，D选项“吸烟者认为人们普遍赞成吸烟”就是一个典型例子。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In Australia, people who admitted to poaching(偷猎) thought it was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view.(在澳大利亚，承认偷猎的人认为偷猎在社会上比实际情况要普遍得多，并且比遵守法律的渔民有更高的估计。他们还认为其他人认为偷猎是社会可以接受的；然而，在现实中，超过90%的渔民持相反的观点)”可知，大多数澳大利亚渔民认为偷猎是不可接受的。故选A。
3. 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbors.Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people(关于其他人如何思考和行为的事实信息是非常强大的。能源公司仅仅通过向人们展示他们与邻居的用电量对比，就大幅减少了能源消耗。令人鼓舞的是，激发人们对身份的自然渴望也成功地吸引了人们)”及划线词后文“或者公开购买环保产品”可推知，激发人们对于身份的自然渴望能吸引人们做出能让别人感知到的绿色生活的选择，划线词表示“做出别人能感知到的绿色生活的选择”。故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!(研究证据表明，社会规范可以成为鼓励和推广环境友好行为的强大力量。也许你可以通过分享这篇文章来尽你的一份力)”及倒数第二段“Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful.(关于其他人如何思考和行为的事实信息是非常强大的)”可推知，通过社会规范公布其他人的思考和行为信息可以鼓励和推广环境友好行为，因此，宣传可持续实践是一个值得推荐的处理环境问题的方法。故选C。
（2024·辽宁大连·一模）In 1999, David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people’s competence in certain areas, including grammar, humor and logic. The people in the studies were asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities, indicating that people who lack skills tend to lack the ability to realize their shortcomings.
This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. It occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. Admittedly, most people are overconfident in their abilities. They want to believe that they are more capable, knowledgeable and even superior to others, and when someone really wants something to be true, it can be hard for them to admit that it isn’t. By the way, the opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.
It’s tempting (吸引人的) to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they truly are, but everyone has areas where they lack competence, and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be relatively bad at self-evaluation in those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay modest, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.
5. What did Dunning and Kruger find in their research
A. Unskilled people tend to think too much of themselves.
B. Skilled people are usually more humorous and logical.
C. Self-evaluation makes people more logical in some areas.
D. Knowledgeable people sometimes think they are superior to others.
6. What does the author think of the Dunning-Kruger effect
A. Complicated. B. Problematic. C. Universal. D. Dismissive.
7. What can we do to avoid the Dunning-Kruger effect according to the text
A. Evaluate yourself on a regular basis. B. Remain humble and eager for knowledge.
C. Be yourself and ignore negative feedback. D. Make friends with intelligent individuals.
8. Where is this text probably from
A. A biology textbook. B. A book review.
C. A feature report. D. A. psychology journal.
【答案】5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了达宁-克鲁格效应，这个效应表明，技能不足的人倾向于高估自己的能力，而技能高的人则能更准确地评估自己。为避免此效应，应保持谦逊，积极求知，并乐于接受批评。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities, indicating that people who lack skills tend to lack the ability to realize their shortcomings.(达宁和克鲁格发现，在测试中得分低的人倾向于高估他们的能力，这表明缺乏技能的人往往缺乏意识到自己缺点的能力。)”可知，选项A与原文描述相符，说明了研究中发现的低技能个体的自我评估过高倾向。故选A项。
6. 推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s tempting ( 吸引人的) to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem. People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they truly are, but everyone has areas where they lack competence, and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be relatively bad at self-evaluation in those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things they don’t know much about. Expertise in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.(人们可能会认为达宁-克鲁格效应是一个问题。人们甚至会嘲笑那些认为自己比实际情况更有能力的人，但每个人都有自己缺乏能力的领域，而邓宁-克鲁格效应意味着他们在这些领域的自我评估可能相对较差。即使一个人总体上很聪明，也有一些事情是他们不知道的。一个领域的专业知识不能总是转移到其他领域。)”可知，作者通过提到人们可能会嘲笑那些自视过高的人，以及每个人都可能在某些领域缺乏能力，暗示了达宁-克鲁格效应是一个普遍存在的问题，故选C项。
7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay modest, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning throughout your life.(哪怕仅仅记住达宁-克鲁格效应的存在也可以帮助您保持谦逊，接受批评，从而在一生中不断学习)”可知，避免达宁-克鲁格效应的方法是保持谦逊和对知识的渴望，选项B（保持谦逊，积极求知）符合题意，故选B项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored low on the tests have the tendency to overestimate their abilities(达宁和克鲁格发现，在测试中得分低的人倾向于高估他们的能力)”以及全文可知，本文讨论的主题是心理学效应，并且没有提到生物学、书籍评论或特色报道的内容，可以推断这篇文章最有可能来自心理学期刊，故选D项。
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