人教版八年级下册英语Unit 10 知识点(含短语+句型+精讲+作文)
Unit 10 I’ve had this bike for three years.
一、 课内短语归纳
1. these days 目前,现在
2. regard with great interest 以极大的兴趣关注着
3. in order to 为了
4. so far 迄今,到目前为止
5. in need 需要
6. not...any more 不再.....
7. welcome to sp 欢迎来到.....
8. check out 察看,观察
9. board games 棋类游戏
10. one last thing 最后一样东西
11. junior high school 初级中学
12. clear out 清理
13. no longer 不再
14. toy monkey 玩具猴
15. part with 与.....分开
16. to be honest 说实在的
17. ride a bike 骑自行车
18. have a yard sale 进行庭院拍卖会
19. one’s old things 某人的旧东西
20. bring back sweet memories 勾起甜美的回忆
21. give away 捐赠
22. play for a while 玩一会
23. do with 处理,处置
24. search for work 找工作
25. for the last 13 years 在过去的13年里
26. the mid-20th century 20世纪中期
27. stay the same 保持原状
28. according to 依照,按照
29. in one’s opinion 依......看
30. in my time 在我那个年代
二、 重点词汇解析
1. for/since
(1) for与表示一段时间的词连用,表示“做某事多长时间了”,常用于现在完成时,表示从过去某时开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。for所在句子中的动词是延续性动词。例如:
I’ve lived in China for two years. 我住在中国两年了。
I’ve known him for more than twenty years. 我认识他20多年了。
(2) since作连词,引导时间状语从句,从句用一般过去时,主句常用完成时。例如:
I have studied English since I came here. 自从我来这里就学习英语。
I have known her since I was five years old. 自从我五岁就认识她。
since还可以作介词,连接一个过去的时间点或一段时间+ago。例如:
She has been ill since last weekend.
她自从上周末就病了。
She has been in Wuhan since four years ago.
自从四年前她就在武汉。
2. maker
maker是名词,意为“生产者;制造者”,是由“动词make + 后缀-r”构成的。英语中,表示职业或身份的名词小结:
(1) 以-ist结尾的有:
pianist钢琴家 chemist化学家 violinist小提琴家
physicist物理学家 scientist科学家
(2) 以-er,-r或-or结尾的有:
teacher教师 painter画家
writer作家 singer歌唱家
visitor参观者 actor演员
engineer工程师 inventor发明家
professor教授 reporter记者
(3) 以-man结尾的有:
postman邮递员 policeman警察
businessman商人 spaceman宇航员
fisherman渔夫 dustman清洁工
(4) 以-ian结尾的有:
musician音乐家 politician政治家
3. certain
certain作形容词,意为“某种;某事;某人”。例如:
He decided to sell his certain books.
他决定卖掉他的某些书籍。
※ certain作形容词,意为“确定的;无疑的”,相当于sure,对应的副词为certainly。certain常用于以下结构中:
be certain / sure of sth. 对某事有把握
be certain / sure to do sth. 肯定做某事
be certain / sure + that从句 确信…… 例如:
They are certain / sure of success. 他们有把握成功。
I’m certain / sure that he will come. 我确信他会成功的。
4. a 46-year-old husband and father
46-year-old是复合形容词,这种形容词有两个特点:一是词与词之间要用连字符连接;二是数词之后的名词用单数形式。例如:
a three-meter-long line一条三米长的绳子
※ 岁数的表达方式小结:
(1) 基数词 + years old。例如:
He is 8 years old. 他八岁了。
(2) 基础词-year-old。例如:
Lucy is an eighteen-year-old girl. Lucy是一位18岁的女孩。
(3) 名词 + of + 基础词。例如:
Tom is a boy of 18. Tom是一位18岁的男孩。
(4) at the age of + 基数词。例如:
She is at the age of 18. 她18岁了。
5. shame
shame是不可数名词,意为“羞耻;羞愧;惭愧”。可与不定冠词a连用,表示“可耻的人或事;可惜(遗憾)的事”。例如:
He felt no shame for what he had done.
他对自己所做过的事不感到羞愧。
It’s a shame that you can’t stay for dinner.
你不能留下吃晚饭,真遗憾。
※ shame常见的短语有:
feel shame at…因……而感到羞愧
in shame羞愧地
have no shame无羞耻心
with shame羞愧地
to one’s shame令某人感到羞愧的是
bring shame on使丢脸
6. regard
regard作及物动词,意为“注视;注意;认作”。常用短语regard…as…意为“将……视为……;把……当作……”,as为介词,其后可接名词或代词。例如:
I regard you as my best friend. 我把你当作我最好的朋友。
We regard him as our brother. 我们把他当成兄弟看待。
7. opposite
(1) opposite作介词,意为“在……对面”,相当于across from,常与名词一起构成介词短语,表方位。例如:
They live opposite the bank. 他们住在银行对面。
(2) opposite作形容词,意为“另一边的;对面的;相反的”。例如:
We live on the opposite side of the road. 我们住在马路对面。
(3) opposite作副词,意为“在对面”。例如:
There’s an old man living opposite. 有一个老人住在对面。
(4) opposite作名词,意为“相反的人或物;对立面”,常与介词of一起使用。例如:
“Tall” is the opposite of “short”. “高”是“矮”的反义词。
8. consider
consider作动词,意为“考虑、认为”,它的后面跟名词、动名词或者从句作宾语。
Please consider my suggestion.
请考虑我的建议。
Why don’t you consider visiting Qing Dao?
你为什么不考虑去青岛参观?
I consider that he is a selfish man.
我认为他是一个自私的人。
※ 后接动名词作宾语的动词及短语可参考以下归纳:
完成,实践,值得,忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy);
考虑,建议,不禁,想(consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like);
错过,习惯,(别)放弃(miss, be used to, give up);
继续,喜欢,(要)介意(keep on, enjoy, mind)
三、 必背经典句
1. Have long have you had that bike over there 那边的那辆自行车你买了多久了?
2. Amy has had her favorite book for three years. 艾米拥有她最喜欢的书3年了。
3. He has owned it since his fourth birthday. 自他四岁生日起,他拥有这个东西了。
4. Some people still live in their hometown. However, others may only see it once or twice a year. 有些人依然住在家乡,然而,另一些人可能一年只能回家乡一两次。
5. As for me ,I did not want to give up my football shirts,but to be honest, I have not played for a while now. 至于我,我不想放弃我的足球衣,但是,说实在的,我现在已经有一段时间没有踢球了。
6. Have you ever thought about having a yard sale to sell your things 你是否曾经想过要举办一个庭院拍卖会来出售东西?
7. What would you do with the memory you raise 你会怎样处理你所筹集到得钱?
四、 语法精讲
现在完成时
1. 定义
(1) 表示到说话人说话时已经完成的动作,却对现在仍有影响。
He has lost his book. 他丢了他的书。
(2) 表示事情开始于过去,却一直持续到现在还在进行的事情。
He has taught in our school for 30 years. 他在我们学校教书已有30年了。
(3) 表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况,并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去,也有可能到现在就结束。
My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。
(4) 同一般现在时可以表示将来一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。
I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。
2. 结构
(1) 肯定句:主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 + 其它
(2) 否定句:主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 动词过去分词 + 其它
(3) 一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它
(4) 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它
She has played the piano for two hours. 她已经弹钢琴两小时了。
She hasn’t played the piano for two hours.
— Has she played the piano for two hours
— Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.
How long has she played the piano
3. 标志词的具体用法
(1) already, just, ever, never, before, yet
① already 意为“已经”
通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。
He has already had breakfast. 他已经吃完早餐了。
② just 意为“刚刚”
表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
My father has just finished his work. 我爸爸刚完成工作。
③ ever 意为“曾经”
用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。
Have you ever visited the Great Wall 你曾经去过长城吗?
④ yet 用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。
— Have you watched the movie yet 你已经看过电影了吗?
— No. I haven’t watched it yet. 不,我还没有。
⑤ never 意为“从来没有”,多放在助动词与过去分词之间,常与 before 连用。
I have never been to such a beautiful place before. 我从来没有来过如此漂亮的地方。
⑥ before 意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。
I haven’t been to Beijing before. 我以前没来过北京。
(2) since 和 for
① since + 过去时间点 / 过去时的从句。
Helen has lived in New York since 2015. 海伦自从2015年一直住在纽约。
My brother has learned about 500 English words since he was five years old. 我的哥哥从五岁就学习了500个英文单词。
② for + 一段时间,其时间状语常用 how long 提问。
— How long have you cleaned your room 你打扫一次教室要多长时间?
— I have cleaned it for about two hours. 我需要两小时打扫。
③ since + 一段时间 + ago=for + 一段时间
Jack has played basketball for three years( since three years ago). 杰克打篮球三年了。
4. 瞬间动词与延续性动词
(1) 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,可以与表示时间段的状语连用;瞬间性动词不能表示延续的动作,动作一发生立即结束,后面通常不能跟时间段,若要跟时间段,将其转化为延续性动词。
The movie has already begun for ten minutes. (错误)
The movie has already begun. (正确)
The movie has already been on for ten minutes. (正确)
※ 在否定句中瞬间性动词可与一段时间连用
I haven’t bought anything for one month.
(2) 延续性动词和非延续性动词的替换
begin(start)→be on
die →be dead
leave →be away (from)
ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)
get up→be up
go out →be out
finish →be over
put on →wear 或 be on
open →be open
join →be in或 be a member of
close →be closed
go to school→be a student
borrow →keep
buy/get →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know
begin to study→study
come to work→work
move to → live in
finish/end → be over
come to → be in
sit down → be seated
marry → be married
dress → be dressed
5. 三个have / has句式的区别
(1) have/has been to
表示“曾经去过某地已经不在那里了。可与 just, ever, never等连用。
I have ever been to Sydney. 我曾经去过悉尼。
(2) have/has gone to
意为“某人到某地去了”该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。表示某人去了某地(还没有回来)。
Lily’s father has gone to Chengdu. Lily的爸爸去成都了。
(3) have/has been in
表示“某人在某地待了多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用 since, for, how long 等,表示某人在某地待了多久。
Mark has been in China since two year ago. Mark在中国待了两年了。
6. 用于现在完成时的句子
(1) It is the first/second time + that 句型中部分用现在完成时。
It is the first time that he has visited the Palace Museum. 这是他第一次参观故宫。
(2) This is + 形容词最高级结构 + that 句型中部分用现在完成时。
This is one of the ugliest faces that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最丑的脸之一。
(3) It is / It has been + 时间段 + since ...
It has been two years since we met last year. 距我们上次见面有两年时间了。
7. 动词过去式和过去分词的变化
规则变化:
(1) 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如:pick → picked → picked; wish → wished → wished; stay → stayed → stayed
(2) 以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如:like → liked → liked; hope → hoped → hoped; phone → phoned → phoned
(3) 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed。如:study → studied → studied; hurry → hurried → hurried; reply → replied → replied
(4) 词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词,要双写辅音字母,再加-ed。如:stop → stopped → stopped; clap → clapped → clapped
不规则变化:
(1) 以不变应万变。如:let → let → let; put → put → put; read → read → read
(2) 若中间有双写e,则去掉一个e,单词末尾再加t。如:feel → felt → felt; keep → kept → kept; sleep → slept → slept
(3) 结尾的字母d变t。如:lend → lent → lent; build → built → built; send → sent → sent
(4) 变为以-ought或-aught结尾。如:buy → bought → bought;
bring → brought → brought; catch → caught → caught; teach → taught → taught
……
五、 重点句子讲解
1. --How long have you had that bike over there 那边的那辆自行车你买了多长时间了
--I’ve had it for three years! 我买了它三年了!
how long“多久;多长时间”,常用来提问时间段。
例: --How long have you lived in Beijing 你在北京住多久了
--For five years. 五年了。
2. Amy wants to keep her old things because they bring back sweet memories. 埃米想留着她的旧东西,因为它们能勾起甜蜜的回忆。
(1) bring back 在此处意为“使回忆起;使想起”,其主语常为事物。
例: Your article brings back happy memories for me. 你的文章勾起了我幸福的回忆。
※ bring back 是由动词 bring 与副词 back 构成的“动词+副词”型短语,如果其宾语为人称代词,则应放在 bring与back之间;如果其宾语为名词,则可以放在 bring与 back 之间,也可以放在 back 之后。
(2) memory 在此处为可数名词,意为“记忆;回忆”,其复数形式为 memories.
例: When man gets old, his memory gets worse. 人老了,记忆力就衰退了。
※ lose one’s memory 失去记忆
have good/bad memory 记忆力好/差
3. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids. 看看这些给小一点儿的孩子们的布绒玩具和棋类游戏。
check out 意为“查看;观察”
例: Check out all the books for children. 查看一下所有的儿童书籍。
※ ①check out 还可意为“(在旅馆、机场等)结账离开”
例: We checked out at noon. 我们中午结账离开的。
②check in(在旅馆、机场等)登记进入
③check up 核对;检查
4. We have decided to each sell five things that we no longer use. 我们决定每人卖掉5件不再用的东西。
(1) decide to do sth.意为“决定做某事”
例: Tom decided to go to Sanya for his holidays. 汤姆决定去三亚度假。
(2) no longer 意为“不再;不只”,相当于 not...any longer,通常修饰延续性动词,
例: This word is no longer in use.
=This word is not in use any longer. 这个词已经不再用了。
※ 辨析:no longer与 no more
no longer 表示时间上的不再延续,常修饰延续性动词
no more 表示次数上或程度上的不再增加,常修饰非延续性动词
例: He no longer lives here. 他不再住这儿了。
Time lost will no more return. 时光一去不复返。
5. As for me, l did not want to give up my football shirts, but, to be honest, I have not played for a while now. 就我而言,我不想放弃我的足球衫,但老实说,我现在已经有一段时间不踢球了。
(1) as for 意为“至于;关于”,常用于连接前面所谈论的内容,并转入一个新话题。
例: As for the man,|know nothing about him. 至于那个人,我对他一无所知。
I like English very much. But as for math, l don’t like it. 我非常喜欢英语。但至于数学,我不喜欢它,
※ as for 后可跟名词、代词或 v.-ing 形式,既可放在句首,也可放在句中。
(2) to be honest 意为“说实在的”,经常单独使用,作插入语,与 to tell the truth同义
例: To be honest, I’d rather stay at home. 说实话,我宁愿待在家里。
To be honest (To tell the truth), l don’t like your new dress at all. 说实在的,我一点儿也不喜欢你的新裙子。
6. Jim has been in Japan for three days. 吉姆在日本待了三天了。
“have/has been in+地点名词”表示“待在某地(多长时间了)”
例: He has been in Shanghai for two years. 他在上海待了两年了。
※ have/has been 后如果接地点副词,不能再加介词 in。
例: The Greens have been here since ten years ago. 自从10年前格林一家就住在这里。
7. Nowadays, millions of Chinese leave the countryside to search for work in the cities. 现今,数百万的中国人离开乡村去城市寻找工作。
search for 意为“搜寻;寻找”,相当于 look for,后面的宾语是寻找的目标。
例: He is searching for his sunglasses. 他正在找他的太阳镜。
※ search 作及物动词时,意为“搜查;搜寻”,后面直接跟被搜寻的对象。
例: They searched the forest for the lost child. 他们在森林里搜寻那个走失的孩子。
8. Many people like Zhong Wei regard with great interest how their hometowns have changed. 许多像钟伟一样的人都以极大的兴趣关注着他们的家乡发生了怎样的变化。
regard 在此处作及物动词,意为“注视;关注;意“
例: He regarded us suspiciously. 他以怀疑的眼光看着我们。
※①regard 作及物动词时,意为“将...认为;把….视为”。常用短语 regards..as...
意为“将.....视为.; 把….当作.”",as 为介词,其后可接名词或代词。
例:I regard you as my best friend. 我把你当作我最好的朋友。
②regard 作名词时,意为“关注;关心;尊敬;敬佩“
例: She has no regard for other people's feelings. 她无视别人的感受。
The students hold the teacher in high regard. 学生们都很尊敬这位老师。
9. According to Zhong Wei, however, some things will never change. 然而,对钟伟来说,有些东西永远也不会改变。
according to 意为“依据;按照”,其中 to 是介词,后可接名词、代词或从句。according to sb.意为“在某人看来;依某人之见”,相当于 in one's opinion。
例: Everything went according to plan. 一切按照计划进行。
According to what he said, it was a great movie. 根据他所说的话,那是一部了不起的电影。
10. Most of the children in my time liked to play together under that big tree, especially during the summer holidays. 在我那个时代的大多数孩子都喜欢在那棵大树底下一起玩,尤其是在暑期期间。
especially 副词,意为“尤其;特别;格外”,在句中作状语,用于列举某个特例或某事物的特殊性。
例: I was especially fond of chocolate biscuits. 我特别爱吃巧克力饼干。
六、作文积累
本单元的写作话题是“介绍生活环境的变化或者自己拥有的物品”
典型例题:
1. 某英文报举办“家乡的变化”主题征文活动。请你根据以下提示,“The changes in my hometown”为题,用英语写一篇80词左右的短文。
过去:生活贫困,房屋破旧。污染严重,垃圾遍地。交通不便,游客很少。
现在:住房宽敞明亮,许多人有了自己的汽车。山更绿了,水更清了,天更蓝了。每年有成千上万来自世界各地的游客。
将来:请你展望家乡的未来。
范文:
The Changes In My Hometown
In the past, my hometown was very small, and people lived a poor life. The houses were old and small. Pollution was very serious, and there was rubbish everywhere. The traffic was not convenient, so few visitors came here.
Now great changes have taken place in my hometown. The environment has become more beautiful. The mountains have turned greener, the rivers are clearer and the sky are bluer. There are trees, flowers and grass everywhere. People live a better life. Their houses are large and bright. Many people have their own cars. Every year , thousands of people from all over the world come to our city.
I’m sure it will get richer and more beautiful in the future. I love my hometown.
2. 假如你是Jane,你童年时最喜欢的玩具是一个芭比娃娃(Barbie doll),你现在还保留着它。请你根据下列信息写一篇短文。
(1) 这是你8岁的时候你最好的朋友Mary送给你最好的礼物,你拥有它已经6年了。
(2) 你喜欢它,是因为它很可爱、漂亮。它对你有特殊的意义:一看到它,你就会想到你最好的朋友;你有烦恼,难过时都向它倾诉,好像它就是你的好朋友。
(3) 你很高兴拥有这个芭比娃娃,它带给你许多美好的回忆。
范文:
My favorite thing from childhood is a Barbie doll. I’ve had it for 6 years. My best friend Mary gave it to me as my eighth birthday gift. I like the doll so much because it is very lovely and beautiful. It can remind me of my best friend Mary the minute I see it. It is special to me because it is a good listener. Every time I have problems or I feel sad, I will talk to it. I think it is the best gift I have ever gotten. It has given me many soft and sweet memories. I am happy to have such a lovely doll.