GRAMMAR
情态动词（一）
【归纳】
一、can和could
★表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去具有某种能力。如：
My brother can speak four foreign languages.
Sophia could read when she was four years old.
注意：can表示“能够”时与be abl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e to同义，但can只有过去式could，而be able to可用于各种时态。另外，could表示某人过去有某种能力，而was / were able to表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事，相当于managed to。如：
She will not be able to visit the hospital tomorrow.
Mike was an excellent ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tennis player when he was young. He could beat anybody.
The fire spread throu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gh the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape.
★表示许可。could比can表示的说话语气更委婉。如：
You can have a piece of cake after you’ve eaten your vegetables!
Could I have a drink of water, please
★表示可能性。此时could不是can的过去式，它表示推测的可能性比can小。如：
Can he still be alive after all this time
If you’re not careful, you could get into even worse trouble.
二、may和might
★表示许可或征求对方许可。如：
You may / might use my bicycle so long as you return it before 12:00.
I can’t eat; may / might I have a little brandy
★表示可能性。might比may语气更不确定，表示的可能性更小。如：
He may / might get here in time, but I can’t be sure.
三、will和would
★表示意愿。will表示现在的意愿，有时可用于条件句中，would表示过去的意愿（would如表示现在的意愿，语气较委婉）。如：
I will help her if she asks us to.
Ask, if you will, who the owner is.
My friend asked if I would go with him.
★表示征求意见或提出请求。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )will与would均可用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中，表示征求意见或提出请求，此时would并不表示过去，而表示委婉语气。如：
—I’m cold. Will / Would you shut the window, please
—Certainly.
★表示习惯和倾向性。will表示现在的习惯，would表示过去的习惯。如：
She will listen to records, alone in her room, for hours.
When Ann was a child, she would often ask some strange questions.
四、shall和should
★shall在疑问句中用于征求对方意见，主要用于第一人称，也可用于第三人称，意为“要不要，……好吗”。如：
Shall we go out and have a walk after dinner
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow
shall还可用于主语是第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示决心、允诺、警告、命令、威胁、规定或义务等。如：
Tell her that she shall have the bike tomorrow.
You shall be punished if you break the rule.
★should表示义务或责任、建议或劝告、推断等。如：
We should take good care of our children.
You shouldn’t leave a baby alone in the house.
I wonder what’s happened to Annie. She should be here by now.
should还可以表示惊讶、失望、遗憾等情感，此时意为“竟会”。如：
It’s strange that Jane should be late. She’s usually on time.
I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me.
五、must和can’t
★must可表示“必须做某事”，还可表推测。must表示推测时用于肯定句中，意为“肯定，一定”。如：
I must go to the bank to get some money.
—Where is Tran Nguyen from
—I know that’s a Vietnamese name. He must be from Vietnam.
★can’t可表否定的推测和判断，意为“不可能”。如：
You’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry.
【即学即练】
I. 选用方框内所给的情态动词填空。
can(‘t), could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must(n’t)
1. With my help Pet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er ________ speak Chinese fluently now, but he ________ not when he came here last year.
2. —May I take the book home
—No, you ________.
3. If you don’t do as you are told, you ________ be sorry one day.
4. No matter how ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I advised him to give up smoking, he ________ not listen to me.
5. —Could I use your bike for a while
—Yes, you ________.
6. —Where did he stay last night
—I’m not sure, but he ________ have stayed at his friend’s.
7. Let’s go to see the film together tonight, ________ we
8. Tom, your eyes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ight is getting worse. You ________ read in a brighter room.
9. ________ you please tell me your new address
10. The boy is lovely, but he________ be naughty sometimes.
11. —________ I speak English in English class
—No, you needn’t. You ________ speak Chinese, too.
12. As everybody knows, fish ________ die without water.
13. You ________ try telephoning Mr. Smith; he ________ be home now.
14. You ________ never ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) be too careful when you are crossing the street.
II. 按照示例，用适当的情态动词改写下列句子。
例：It isn’t necessary for you to give him a present.
→You needn’t / don’t have to give him a present.
1. I advise you to stop eating chocolate.
→___________________________________
2. I insist that you do your homework.
→___________________________________
3. Will you let me speak to George, please
→___________________________________
4. It’s possible that he is lying.
→___________________________________
5. He wasn’t able to write until he was eight.
→___________________________________
6. You know, talking is not permitted during the test.
→___________________________________
7. It isn’t right to speak to your mother like that.
→___________________________________
III. 从括号内选择合适的内容填空。
David: Hi, To ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny. I’m moving on Sunday. 1. ________ (Could / Should) you help me
Tony: I 2. ________ (should / would) like to help you, but I have a bad back. I went to my doctor and he suggested me that I 3. ________ (shouldn’t / can’t) lift anything heavy for a while. 4. ________ (Would / Can) I help you in any other way
David: Yes. I need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )some boxes. 5. ________ (Should / Would) you please help me find some
Tony: Sure. I have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to go shopping tomorrow. I 6. ________ (can / should) pick up some at the supermarket.
David: Boxes 7. ________ (can / will) be heavy. You’d better not lift them yourself.
Tony: Don’t worry. I’ll have someone put them in my car for me.
David: Thanks. I hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e another favour to ask. 8. ________ (May / Must) I borrow your car on Saturday
Tony: I have to wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rk on Saturday. Let me ask my brother. He has a car, too. He 9. ________ (will / might) be able to let you use his car.
David: Thanks. I’d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )appreciate it if you 10 ________ (could / might) ask him. I 11. ________ (must / shall) go now. I 12. ________ (couldn’t / can’t) go to class all last week. There’s so much work to do.
Tony: I know wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at you mean. You 13. ________ (can’t / must) be very tired.
David: Yes.
参考答案
【即学即练】
I. 1. can; could ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. can’t / mustn’t 3. will / might 4. would 5. can
6. might / may 7. shall 8. should 9. Will / Would / Could 10. can
11. Must; can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 12. will 13. can; should / may / must 14. can
II. 1. You should stop eating chocolate.
2. You must do your homework.
3. Can / May / Could I speak to George, please
4. He may / might be lying.
5. He couldn’t write until he was eight.
6. You can’t / mustn’t talk during the test.
7. You shouldn’t / mustn’t / can’t speak to your mother like that.
III. 1. Could 2. would 3. shouldn’t 4. Can 5. Would 6. can 7. can 8. May
9. might 10. could 11. must 12. couldn’t 13. mustSENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. Some festivals a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句为Some festivals ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors，其中or连接两个动词不定式短语作目的状语；who引导一个非限制性定语从句，补充说明先行词________，其中either ... or ... 连接 to help与to do harm作目的状语。
【句意】有些节日是为了纪念死者，或使祖先得到满足，因为祖先们有可能回到世上（给人们）提供帮助，也有可能带来危害。
2. They also li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句为They also li ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght lamps and play music，其中and连接两个并列的谓语动词light和________；从句是由because引导的原因状语从句，在此从句中又包含一个由that引导的宾语从句。
【句意】他们还点起灯笼、奏响乐曲，因为他们认为这样做可以把祖先引回到世上。
【仿写】他们还利用业余时间唱歌、跳舞，因为他们清楚这可以给生活增添乐趣。
They _______________ in their spare time _______________ this will add enjoyment to their life.
3. India has a nationa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是India has a nati ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onal festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader作Mohandas Gandhi的同位语，其后接who引导的________从句。
【句意】印度在10月2日有个全国性节日，纪念莫汉达斯·甘地，他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。
【仿写】她兴办那所学校以纪念她的父亲,他是一位将自己的一生奉献给教育事业的教授。
____________________________________________________________
4. People are grateful ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是People are grateful, because引导原因状语从句。
③ because引导的原因状 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句由and连接的两个并列分句their food is gathered for the winter和the agricultural work is over构成。
【句意】 越冬的粮食收集起来了，农活结束了，人们都心怀感激。
【仿写】 孩子们睡觉去了，家务做完了，苏珊感到轻松自在。
____________________________________________________________
5. The country, covere ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 句子的结构是：主语（T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he country） + 定语（covered with cherry tree flowers） + 谓语（looks） + 表语从句（as though it is ... snow）。
③ covered wit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h cherry tree flowers是过去分词短语作定语，修饰主语The country，相当于非限制性定语从句____________________。句中的looks是系动词，as though引导表语从句。
【句意】整个国度到处是盛开的樱花，看上去就像是覆盖了一层粉红色的雪。。
【仿写】那座房子被粉刷成了白色，看起来像新的一样。
The house, painted white, ____________________.
参考答案
1.【分析】ancestors
2.【分析】play
【仿写】 also sing and dance; because they know clearly
3.【分析】 定语
【仿写】She set up the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) school in memory of her father, a professor who devoted himself to education.
4.【仿写】Susan felt rel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )axed because children went to bed and housework was done.
5.【分析】which is covered with cherry tree flowers
【仿写】looks as though it is a new oneWORDS & EXPRESSIONS
trick
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳trick的意思及用法。
1. He didn’t really lose his wallet — that’s just a trick.
2. Telling someone his shoe is untied is an old April Fool’s trick.
3. John taught me the trick of pouring wine without dropping any.
4. The magician performed some clever tricks.
5. She tricked Jim into marriage.
6. The man tricked her into marrying him by pretending he was rich.
【自我归纳】trick既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词，意为：①诡计，计谋，花招（句1）；②________（句2）；③窍门（句3）；④戏法，把戏（句4）。
★作动词，意为“欺骗, 欺诈”, 常用于trick sb. into（doing）sth.结构（句5、句6）。
【拓展】
play tricks / a trick on sb. 捉弄某人，开某人的玩笑
trick sb. out of sth. 骗走某人某物
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 这些孩子们喜欢捉弄他们的老师。
_____________________________________
2. 他用诡计骗走了我的钱。
_____________________________________
3. 她施了个巧计诱我们相信她。
_____________________________________
参考答案
trick
【自我归纳】恶作剧
【即学即练】
1. These children loved playing tricks on their teacher.
2. He got the money from me by a trick.
3. She tricked us into believing her.
gather
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳 gather的意思。
1. Football fans gathered around the TV in the corner of the bar.
2. The worke ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs gathered their luggage and left for the construction site.
3. The police have been gathering evidence against him.
4. The train pulled away slowly, then gathered speed.
5. I gather s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he won first prize, since she came out of the hall with a crowd of reporters following her.
6. She sat trying to gather her thoughts before making her speech.
【自我归纳】gather是动词， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为：① 聚集，集合（句1）；② 收拢，归拢（句2）；③搜集，收集（句3）；④ 加快（句4）；⑤ 推断，得出结论（句5）；⑥ 集中(思想)（句6）。
【拓展】gathering n. 集会
【即学即练】 翻译下面句子。
1. 这位教授正在为他的下一本书收集资料。
_____________________________________
2. 雪球滚下山坡时速度越来越快。
_____________________________________
3. 姐妹三人决定轮流做东，在各自的家里举行家庭聚会。
_____________________________________
参考答案
gather
【即学即练】
1. The professor is gathering materials for his next book.
2. The snowball gathered speed as it rolled down the hill.
3. The three sist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers decided to take turns to host family gatherings in their own home.
take place
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳take place的意思及用法。
1. Halloween, whic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h takes place every year on October 31, is an important event in many Western countries.
2. The Olympic Games take place every four years.
【自我归纳】 take place意为“________”，无________语态。
【辨析】 take place & happen
★ take place常指某事按规律、预先安排或计划而发生或进行。
★ happen常指客观事物或情况偶然、不可预料地发生，和不定式连用时，表示“碰巧发生”。如：
The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
The fire happened at midnight.
I happened to be out when my sister called.
【即学即练】 翻译下面句子。
1. 星期六晚上将举行舞会。
_____________________________________
2. 昨天我在去书店的路上碰巧遇到了彼得。
_____________________________________
参考答案
take place
【自我归纳】 发生，进行；被动
【即学即练】
1. The dance will take place on Saturday night.
2. I happened to meet Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday.
set off
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并从a-c中找出与1-3中的set off相符合的释义。
1. A group of boys were setting off fireworks in the street.
2. Jerry and I set off on foot for the beach.
3. Smoke from a cigarette will not normally set off a smoke alarm.
a. 动身，出发 b. 燃放（鞭炮等），使（炸弹等）爆炸 c. 使（警报）响起， 拉响（警报）
【自我归纳】
set off在以上各句中的意思分别为：
1→ ________； 2→________； 3→ ________。
【拓展】
set about开始，着手
set down 记下，写下
set up竖立，设立，创立
【即学即练】用含set的短语的正确形式填空。
1. If you want to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) catch that train we’d better ________ for the station immediately.
2. My brother was good at ________ his thoughts on paper．
3. A workman carryi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng out repairs ________ the fire alarm unexpectedly.
4. They want to ________ a special school to help disabled children.
参考答案
set off
【自我归纳】b; a; c
【即学即练】1. set off 2. setting down 3. set off 4. set upREADING TASKS
Book 3 Unit 1
Pre-reading activities
Task I. Make a list o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f traditional Chinese festivals and Western festivals that you know and share them with your partners.
Task II. Tell your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )group members what people usually do to celebrate festivals.
Task III. How do Chinese people spend the Spring Festival
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and fill in the blanks in the chart.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )T Task II. Read the text and find the supporting information for each of the topic sentences.
Topic Sentences Supporting information
1. Some festivals ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are held to honour A. Dragon Boat Festival honours the ancient
the dead. Chinese poet, Qu Yuan.
2. Some festival ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are held to honour B. Chinese people hold carnivals and the whole
famous people. family celebrate the Lunar New Year together.
3. Harvest festiv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )als are happy events. C. They light lamps and play music, expecting to lead their ancestors back to earth.
4. Spring Festival ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are the most energetic D. People might get awards in farm produce
and important petitions.
Task III. Read the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )text and put the activities into the proper festivals according to the text.
A. clean graves and light incenseB. hold a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas GrandhiC. give children lucky money in red paperD. offer food, flowers and gifts to the deadE. admire the moon and eat mooncakesF. hold para ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )des, dancing carnivals with loud music and colourful clothingG. dress up, ask for sweets or play tricksH. decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit
1. Festivals of the Dead ________
2. Festivals to honour people ________
3. Harvest Festivals ________
4. Spring Festivals ________
Task IV. Write a summary of the text.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Compare C ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hinese Lunar New Year with Christmas. Tell your group members what is similar and what is different.
Task II. Now ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )adays many Chinese people pay more attention to Western festivals than traditional Chinese festivals. What’s your opinion on that
Task III. Try to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )find some material about Chinese Lunar New Year and write a passage of about 120 words to introduce it to your group members.
参考答案
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. weath ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er 2. ancestors 3. gifts 4. tricks 5. arrival 6. Mohandas Grandhi
7. Harvest 8. farm produce 9. parades 10. Easter
Task II. 1-C 2-A 3-D 4-B
Task III．1. A, D, G 2. B 3. E, H 4. C, F
Task IV．
Most ancient fest ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ivals celebrated having enough food to eat. Festivals today are about many other things. Some, such as Obon in Japan and the Day of the Dead in Mexico honor people’s ancestors. During Halloween in the West children dress up and ask neighbors for sweets. Other festivals honor people, such as the poet Qu Yuan during the Dragon Boat Festival in China or the explorer Christopher Columbus during Columbus Day in the US. Harvest festivals are held to show people’s gratitude after food is gathered from farms for the winter. China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals when people admire the moon and in China eat mooncakes. Many countries hold spring festivals, which look forward to the end of winter and the coming of spring. Festivals allow people to not only celebrate their customs but also to eat, drink, have fun together and forget work for a while. (By Ray Cama)
Post-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
