SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. What it was to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. (P25)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是What it was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, when引导________从句。
③ 主句中包含一个由what引导的主语从句, what在从句中作________。
【句意】随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38～45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
【仿写】杰克打算做什么我不知道，直到第二天早上，他才告诉了我他的计划。
____________________________________________________________
2. The earth b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ecame so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. (P25)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句为The earth became so violent。
③ 从句为that引导的结果状语从句，that从句中又包含一个由________引导的主语从句，it是形式主语。
【句意】地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
【仿写】任务非常艰难，不知道能否在这么短的时间将它完成。
____________________________________________________________
3. What is even ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. (P26)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是What is even more important is，that引导________从句。
③ 主句中包含一个由what引导的主语从句, that从句中包含一个由________引导的时间状语从句。
【句意】更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。
【仿写】更为奇怪的是，我下公交车时，又看见了那位老太太。
____________________________________________________________
4. So whether life ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. (P26)
【分析】
① 本句是一个包含两个名词性从句的主从复合句。
② whether life wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l continue on the earth for millions of years to come是________从句，其中动词不定式to come作millions of years的后置定语；whether this problem can be solved是________的宾语。
【句意】所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
【仿写】我们是否去野餐取决于天气是否会变晴。
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】定语；宾语
【仿写】What Jack was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) going to do was not clear to me until the next morning when he told me his plan.
2.【分析】whether
【仿写】The task is so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) difficult that it is not clear whether it can be completed in such a short time or not.
3.【分析】表语；as
【仿写】What is even ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stranger is that as I was getting off the bus, I saw the old woman again.
4.【分析】主语；depend on
【仿写】Whether ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we will go for a picnic depends on whether the weather will become sunny.GRAMMAR
主语从句
【语境展示】 观察下面句子，并试着归纳主语从句的用法要点。
1. That he had finis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hed writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
2. Whether the plan is to be carried out still needs to be discussed.
3. Who will go to the energy conference is not important.
4. What I wanted was a few days’ rest.
5. Which hotel he is staying at is unknown to us.
6. When the sports meeting will be held has not been decided yet.
7. Where we should leave the garbage is a problem.
8. Why he isn’t here today is a mystery.
9. How the man died puzzled us all.
【自我归纳】
在复合句中，担任主语的从句叫主语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句（句1—句9）。引导主语从句的词有：连词that, whether（句1、句2）；连接代词who, what, which （句3—句5）；连接副词when, where, why, how（句6—句9）等。
一、由连词that, whether引导的主语从句
1. that引导主语从句时，无实际意义，只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分，当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略（句1）。
2. whether意为“________”，不可以省略（句2）。
二、由连接代词who, what, which引导的主语从句
连接代词who，what，which引导主语从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语或________等（句3—句5）。
三、由连接副词when, where, why, how引导的主语从句
连接副词when, where, why, how引导主语从句时，在从句中充当状语（句6—句9）。
【拓展】
当主语较长时，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句放在句末。如：
It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
It was clear enough what he meant.
It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
常见的由it作形式主语的句型如下：
①It + be +名词+从句。常用此句型 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的名词有：fact, rule, pleasure, truth, pity, mystery等。如：
It is a fact ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that English is being accepted as an international language.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
It was a mystery how the thief got in.
②It + be +形容词+从句。常用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于此句型的形容词有：true, important, strange, necessary, clear, certain等。如：
It is true that the earth is round.
It is strange that he knows nothing about it.
It was not clear to me why he behaved like that.
③It +动词+从句。常用于此句型的动词有：seem, appear, happen, follow等。如：
It seems that you’re right.
It happened that Mary wasn’t at home that day.
④It + be +过去分词+从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。常用于此句型的过去分词有：known, said, proved, reported, suggested等。如：
Is it known where he went
It’s said that he was a spy during the war.
注意：
1. that引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略。但是如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，that可以省略。如：
That your pictures should surprise them was quite natural.
It was natural (that) your pictures should surprise them.
2. 如果主语从句置于句首，则不能用if引导，而用whether；但如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导。如：
Whether Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful.
It was doubtful whether / if Tom really saw Sharon.
【即学即练】
I. 用适当的连接词完成下列句子。
1. ________ we wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll go to visit Hong Kong in this winter vacation remains unknown.
2. ________ will take ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the place of Mr. Li as our new headmaster hasn’t been decided.
3. ________ caused the accident hasn’t been made clear yet.
4. It’s a pit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y ________ Bob can’t take part in the outing with us because his mother is ill.
5. It doesn’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t matter ________ Mary has been to America or not. ________ really matters is that she can speak English fluently.
6. It has become wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dely accepted ________ one glass of red wine per day is good for your heart.
7. ________ gun pow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )der was first invented by the Chinese is known to us all.
8. ________ seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
II. 用适当的连接词补全下面的对话。
Lucy: Why are you looking so happy
Jenny: I’ve just ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )attended a lecture. 1. ________ the speaker said made me excited.
Lucy: What was it about
Jenny: About health. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) It seems 2. ________ a lot of people don’t know how to keep healthy.
Lucy: Sounds great ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). 3. ________ I’m concerned about is my health condition at the moment. But what should I do to be healthy
Jenny: 4. ________ you will stay healthy depends on two factors — exercise and diet.
Lucy: You know I always do some running on the road every night.
Jenny: Whether ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you take exercise is one thing, but 5. ________ you take exercise is quite another. You shouldn’t run at night because it will affect your sleep. Besides, 6. ________ you do your running isn’t favorable. You should run in the park instead of on the road.
Lucy: I see. I can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )see it is important 7. ________ now I have to change my bad habits.
Jenny: Also, you must ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) be careful with your diet. It’s well-known 8. ________ we are what we eat. So you should eat more vegetables.
Lucy: You’re r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ight. In fact I always eat too much meat. But I will change myself.
III. 用适当的连接词填空。
It is known 1. ________ homework is an important part of school life in most countries around the world. However, 2. ________ homework has a great educational value is still a debate among teachers. Some think 3. ________ homework takes too much time away from other more useful activities. Others see homework as reinforcing (加强) school lessons so that 4. ________ students have learned will not be forgotten.
5. ________ is ofte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n ignored in this debate is the role of parental involvement (参与) and 6. ________ or not the child’s home provides support for effective (有效的) homework. It was not clear to some people 7. ________ parental involvement can influence the effectiveness of homework. It is true 8. ________ parents in low-income families don’t have the time to make homework more important than other things or aren’t able to afford a computer or additional books. However, 9. ________ only middle-class parents support their children’s education is quite obviously wrong. Not all rich parents give the support they should, and some parents living in the poorest conditions find time and energy to involve themselves in their children’s homework.
参考答案
【自我归纳】是否；定语
【即学即练】
I. 1. Whether / How ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )/ When 2. Who 3. What 4. that 5. whether / if; What 6. that
7. That 8. What
II. 1. What 2. that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 3. What 4. Whether 5. when 6. where 7. that 8. that
III. 1. that 2. whether 3. that 4. what 5. What 6. whether 7. how 8. that 9. thatREADING TASKS
Book 3 Unit 4
Pre-reading activities
Task I. Name some i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mportant things that make the earth a place to live on.
Task II. What do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you know about the “Big Bang” Say something about it to your partners.
Task III. As far as you know, what made dinosaurs disappear
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ext and fill in the blanks in the chart below. Try to understand how life began and developed on the earth.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
Task II. Read Parag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raph 4 and complete the following chart showing the development of the living things on the earth.
Task III. Read the text and combine the two halves of the sentences.
1. Atoms A. provided oxygen for the oceans and seas.
2. The earth explosion B. combined and formed stars.
3. The water on M ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ars C. stops the heat escaping from the earth.
4. The extre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mely small plants D. could live on land and in the water.
5. Amphibians E. produced carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases.
6. Reptiles F. suddenly disappeared and no one knows the reason.
7. Dinosaurs G. disappeared later.
8. Carbon dioxide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) H. mostly lay eggs to produce younger generations.
Task IV. Read ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the text and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
1. The earth wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s in the shape of a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”.
2. Carbon dioxide, nit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rogen, water vapour and other gases formed the earth’s atmosphere.
3. The harmful gases and acids came from the oceans.
4. Reptiles came into being before amphibians.
5. Mammals gave birth to young babies and produced milk for them.
6. Life on the earth has much to do with how people look after it.
Task V. Write a summary of the text.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Discussion. What should people do to protect the earth
Task II. Do you th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ink human beings exist in other outer space Give your reasons to your group members.
Task III. Im ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )agine you are a reporter and your partner is a scientist. Make an interview on how life on the earth came into being and developed.
参考答案
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. “ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Big Bang” 2. dust 3. atmosphere 4. life 5. plants 6. hot
Task II. 1. fish 2. plants 3. insects 4. reptiles 5. mammals
Task III. 1-B 2-E 3-G 4-A 5-D 6-H 7-F 8-C
Task IV. 1-6 TTFFTT
Task V.
After the universe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) began with a Big Bang, throwing matter in all directions, Earth was just a cloud of dust. Then 4.5-3.8 billion years ago it became a solid globe of exploding fire and rock, which produced the gases of its atmosphere. As it cooled down water appeared on its surface, making it possible for tiny plants to develop and grow there, filling the oceans with oxygen and encouraging the development of other forms of life both in the sea and on land. As plants grew into forests, huge dinosaurs developed. But 65 million years ago they disappeared, allowing mammals to spread. Then 2.6 million years ago small clever mammals with hands and feet began to appear and became the most important animal on Earth. But they are not looking after Earth well and some scientists believe Earth may eventually become too hot to live on as a result. (By Ray Cama)
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
violent
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳violent的意思。
1. He shouts ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a lot but I don’t think he’s ever been physically violent towards her.
2. It was the most violent film that I have ever seen.
3. He had violent stomach pains.
4. There was a violent storm at sea that night and their ship sank.
【自我归纳】violent是形容词，意为：①暴力的，粗暴的(句1-句2)；②剧烈的，猛烈的(句3-句4)。
【拓展】violence n. 暴力，猛烈，强烈
violently adv. 粗暴地，强烈地
【即学即练】用violent的适当形式填空。
1. There was a(n) ________ reaction from the public.
2. She ________ disagreed with what we said.
3. We were all surprised at the ________ of his anger.
参考答案
violent
【即学即练】
1. violent 2. violently 3. violence
puzzle
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳puzzle的意思及用法。
1. My sister likes doing crossword puzzles.
2. Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years.
3. The findings of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he survey puzzle me — they’re not at all what I could have expected.
4. Susan’s been puzzling about / over this strange letter for weeks.
【自我归纳】 puzzle既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①谜，智力游戏（句1）；②难题，谜一般的事物（句2）。
★作动词时，意为“________”（句3、句4），常用于以下结构：puzzle sb. 使某人困惑（句3）；puzzle about / over sth. 苦苦思索，仔细琢磨（句4）。
【拓展】
puzzled adj. 困惑的，迷惑不解的
puzzling adj. 令人困惑的，令人费解的
puzzlement n. 困惑，迷惘
【即学即练】 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。
1. _______________ (令我不解的) was why he left the country without telling anyone.
2. What happened to the ship _______________________ (仍然是个谜).
3. Scientist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) _______________________ (感到不解) as to why the whale had swum to the shore.
4. Don’t disturb her; she _______________________ (正在苦苦思索这个问题).
参考答案
puzzle
【自我归纳】 迷惑，使困惑
【即学即练】
1. What puzzled me
2. remains a puzzle
3. were puzzled
4. is puzzling about / over this question
in time
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳in time的意思及用法。
1. He wants to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )see changes in the company and I am sure he will, in time.
2. Fred and Jim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) did not like each other at first, but in time they became friends．
3. The painting w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as successfully repaired in time for the opening of the exhibition.
4. If we don’t hurry up, we won’t be in time to catch the train.
【自我归纳】in time 意为：①迟早，最后，终于（句1、句2）；②________ （常用于in time for sth. / to do sth.结构）（句3、句4）。
【拓展】
all the time一直，始终
at the same time同时，一起
at times有时，间或
in no time马上，立刻
on time准时
【即学即练】用含time的短语的正确形式填空。
1. If you keep on trying, you will succeed ________.
2. If the train ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is ________, it should arrive at three o’clock exactly.
3. We got to the hospital just ________ to see the newborn baby.
4. With five hungry ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) children seated round the table, the food disappeared ________.
参考答案
in time
【自我归纳】及时，来得及
【即学即练】
1. in time 2. on time 3. in time 4. in no time
break out
【归纳】break out意为“发生，爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵打架等事件的发生，也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。如：
1. Two world wars broke out last century.
2. A fire broke out in the hospital at midnight.
3. After the flood, diseases broke out here and there.
4. I was in a nightclub in Brixton and a fight broke out.
5. He broke out, “That is not so!”
【拓展】break off 突然中止，中断 break down 损坏，坏掉
break up 结束，打碎，分裂，解体
【即学即练】用适当的介词或副词填空。
1. The Second World War broke ________ in September 1939.
2. The meeting broke ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ at eleven o’clock, and then all the people left.
3. Jack broke ________ telling the story to answer the telephone．
4. The car broke ________ after an hour’s driving.
5. Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks ________
参考答案
break out
【即学即练】
1. out 2. up 3. off 4. down 5. out
