2015-2024年北京市高考英语真题分类卷--信息还原（七选五 ）真题汇编（含答案与解析）
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| 名称 | 2015-2024年北京市高考英语真题分类卷--信息还原（七选五 ）真题汇编（含答案与解析） |  | |
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2015-2024年北京市高考英语真题分类
北京卷（2015—2024）
01-2024北京
If you want to develop maximum credibility(可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog(刺猬) or a fox According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. 1 And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. 2 The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
3 Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information.
4 They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know.
So, which is better The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style.5
The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
02-2023北京
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
03-2022北京
Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 1 . It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
2. We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 3. This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 4.
For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune(免疫) system and protects us against diseases. 5. This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G. This makes our body suffer and we catch lifestyle and other diseases.
04-2021北京
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 1 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.
2 However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting (分心) the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. 3 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
When it comes to heart health, there is speculation (推测) that it’s not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study, participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 4 On the other hand, when the music slowed, the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.
5 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly, the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were.
05-2020北京
Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself. 1 . Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
2. People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans (寿命), lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships. 3. For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer (缓冲作用) against depression and anxiety. Resilient (适应性强的) people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress. 4.
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. 5.
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
06-2019北京
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished（完成） in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 1. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
2. They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调) their actions.3.
In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, “There is no I in TEAM.”4.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
5. An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
07-2018北京
Why Do We Get Angry
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events, personality traits(特征), and our assessment of situations. 1 .
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples:being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 2 . The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 3 . Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
4. Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative(消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.
5. However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
08-2017北京
Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 1
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B.It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E.That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
09-2016北京
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
5. For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
10-2015北京
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing.Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them.They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions
So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool
First,understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming,try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple,like taking a shower or walking,or even making meaningless drawings.
It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”,being focused,is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4
Finally,you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 5
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C.Without wandering minds,we wouldn’t have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.
D.At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E.It involves slow,steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct,quite unlike sleep dreams,which may be hard to understand.
G.Therefore,it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
北京卷（2015—2024）
01-2024北京
If you want to develop maximum credibility(可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog(刺猬) or a fox According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. 1 And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. 2 The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
3 Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information.
4 They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know.
So, which is better The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style.5
The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
答案
[语篇解读]本文是说明文（总—分—总结构）。作者分别介绍了刺猬式思维和狐狸式思维的特点，并在最后提出要成为“貌似狐狸的刺猬”。
1. G前一句说拥有刺猬式思维的人往往回答“是”，后一句说并且他们这样做通常是非常可信的。后一句中的And表示递进关系，so指代设空处内容。再结合后面的“They focus on one thing and do it really well.”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好。浏览选项可以发现，G项（他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场）与之相符，故选G。
2. C前文说拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好，他们清楚自己擅长的东西。C项中的clarity and confidence是对他们的特点的总结概括，这与选项中的Hence（因此）所表示的因果关系呼应，故选C。
3. D设空处位于段首，考虑段落主旨句。根据后文中的“hedgehogs are...wrong more often than foxes”以及“less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人比拥有狐狸式思维的人更容易出错，而且他们不太可能意识到或承认自己错了。由此可知，本段主要讲的是拥有刺猬式思维的人的缺点，因此D项（但专注于一件大事可能会有负面影响）符合语境。故选D。
4. F前文说拥有狐狸式思维的人更有可能从更广泛的来源中找到新信息，并更善于应对不确定性和新信息。后一句说他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外。后一句中的it指代的内容在设空处中。浏览选项可以发现，F项（当某件事情与他们的观点相悖时，他们不会将其视为特例）与之相符，故选F。
5. A最后一段是总结段。首句问拥有刺猬式思维的人和拥有狐狸式思维的人哪个更好。后文说选择成为拥有刺猬式思维的人或是拥有狐狸式思维的人是一种错误的权衡，最有效的方式是成为兼备狐狸和刺猬特征的人。再结合前面几段内容可知，A项（换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势）符合语境，且与try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog呼应，故选A。
02-2023北京
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是议论文，主要针对当下教学水平较高的学校排名却并不靠前这一现象展开讨论。作者希望学生和家长在选择大学时，应该重点关注教学质量高的学校。
1. D前文指出排名系统（rankings systems）对于美国学生选择大学有重要的参考价值。第二段指出，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。浏览选项可以发现，D选项（然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量）与前文构成转折关系，并起到引出下文的作用。
2. F设空处前一句话指出，一些家庭常常惊讶于优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。F选项（更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然如此轻视教学）中的even more surprised与前文中的surprised构成递进关系。F项中的They指代families，且大学轻视教学这一现象在第四段中也有所体现。
3. G设空处前一句指出，最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。G选项（事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上）是对前文进行解释说明。
4. B设空处前一句指出，管理人员通常不把优秀的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的途径。B选项（因此，它在招聘和晋升中不受重视）与之构成因果关系，B选项中的it指代前文提到的teaching excellence。
5. E设空处后一句话说的是，然而，只有拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多的资源、更高的排名和更多的入学人数，情况才会发生较大变化。基于对这句话的理解，答案应满足以下两个条件：首先，设空处需要与后句构成转折关系；其次，该句想表达的核心意思是情况并不会发生太大的变化，因此设空处也应体现一种情况。E选项（最近出现了大学努力提高教学水平这一现象）满足上述条件。
03-2022北京
Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 1 . It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
2. We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 3. This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 4.
For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune(免疫) system and protects us against diseases. 5. This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G. This makes our body suffer and we catch lifestyle and other diseases.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了身体健康能让我们拥有幸福且健康的生活，以及保持健康的方法。
1. G根据空前一句中的“we tend to ignore our health”可推知，忽视身体健康会导致的结果就是“makes our body suffer”；根据空后一句中的“helps us fight these diseases”可推知，设空处应该提到“diseases”。综合这些信息可知，G选项能起到承上启下的作用。
2. B空后两句“We need to be fit to have a healthy body...the fitness of our body.”介绍了health 和 fitness两者之间的关系，而B选项说明了它们之间是相互关联的，起到了主旨句的作用，符合语境。
3. D空前一句中的“be targeted by viruses”与D选项中的“we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily”紧密衔接，且空后一句中的“This”指代的就是D选项中的“have a tendency to catch a cold easily”。
4. F空前一句中的“to devote some time to health and fitness”和空后一句中的“must exercise daily”都与F选项中的“activities which everyone should do”相呼应，也就是我们要花时间锻炼，保持身体健康。
5. C根据本段第一句可知，本段介绍放松身体的重要性。C选项中的“helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind”与本段主旨相匹配，且C选项中的also helps与空前一句中的helps相呼应。
04-2021北京
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 1 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.
2 However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting (分心) the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. 3 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
When it comes to heart health, there is speculation (推测) that it’s not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study, participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 4 On the other hand, when the music slowed, the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.
5 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly, the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了音乐对于健康的益处。
1. F空前说“音乐对很多人来说一直是一种令人愉快的消遣方式”，空后说“The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued.（音乐对心理健康的益处是毋庸置疑的）”，由此可推断设空处应说明音乐对人的精神健康的作用。这与F项中的“also highly popular”和“the individualized effects on stress and anxiety”相呼应。
2. B空后说“However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain.（然而，出于同样的原因，如果一个人处于痛苦之中，音乐是非常有益的）”，However表转折，因此设空处为对音乐的负面评价，这与B项中的“music can be harmful if it is too loud”相呼应。
3. D空前说“Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed.”，这与D项中的“calming the brain enough to sleep”相呼应。
4. G空后说“On the other hand, when the music slowed，the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower...”，根据On the other hand以及后面的内容可推断设空处内容应与欢快的音乐和心率加快有关，这与G项中的“the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were”相呼应。
5. E空后说“But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.”，因此本段讲的是音乐对身体总的好处，这与E项（音乐对整体健康的影响令人印象深刻）相吻合。
05-2020北京
Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself. 1 . Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
2. People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans (寿命), lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships. 3. For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer (缓冲作用) against depression and anxiety. Resilient (适应性强的) people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress. 4.
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. 5.
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了积极思考对人的好处。
1. B由设空处前提到的“Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.（自我对话是一个人持续不断的思绪，往往他对一些事件、现象、人，甚至是他自己都不了解和不确定）”和后一句“Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue.（同时，积极思考有助于停止消极的自我对话，并开始对一个问题形成积极的看法）”可知B项（消极的自我对话会损害自信，降低自尊）正确。
2. D设空处位于段首，设空处后的句子提到积极思考可以延长寿命，降低一些疾病的发生率，并且可以帮助提高处理问题的能力。由此可知本段旨在说明积极思考给人的身心带来的有益影响。D项与此对应。
3. C由设空处前提到的“Positive thinking also contributes to one’s ability to deal with problems and hardships.（积极思考也有助于提高一个人处理问题和困难的能力）”及设空处后的具体事例（研究人员发现在一场伴随着强烈的情绪的危机中，如自然灾害，积极思考可以提供一种缓冲作用来对抗抑郁和焦虑）可知C项中的difficult situations与前文中的problems and hardships和后文中的crisis相呼应，故选C项（它有助于一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信）。
4. G由设空处前提到的“Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.（相反，悲观主义者倾向于把问题看作额外压力的来源）”可知本句在说明悲观主义者面对问题时的态度，G项（他们常常在试图解决问题之前很久就感到气馁，即使问题很小）是对前句中additional stress的进一步解释说明。
5. A本段为总结段，由本段第一句可知，积极思考是处理困难和提高生活质量的强大、有效的工具。由设空处前提到的“It doesn’t have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem.（当一个人拒绝留意问题时，这与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系）”可知，A项（它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适）是和前句共同对本段首句中的positive thinking进行的解释说明。
06-2019北京
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished（完成） in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 1. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
2. They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调) their actions.3.
In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, “There is no I in TEAM.”4.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
5. An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为论说文。本文主要讨论了一个优秀的团队中是否需要很多有天赋的个人加入。
1. B设空处后的“Companies spend millions hiring top business people.”与B项内容呼应，为并列关系，故答案为B项（体育团队的老板们花数百万美元吸引顶尖人才）。
2. E根据下文尤其是“They focused on football, basketball and baseball.”以及“The results”可知，答案为E项（最近的几项研究调查了人才在体育界中的作用）。
3. G本段主要说明了任务互依性在不同运动项目中的作用以及对团队表现产生的影响，与G项中的“task interdependence”相对应，且G项中的“distinguishes baseball from football and basketball”与下文In baseball相呼应，故答案为G项。
4. D根据设空处前的“If a basketball star is, for example...Young children learning to play team sports are often told, ‘There is no I in TEAM.’”可知这两句主要在讲basketball stars与young children在团队中不同的态度，所以答案为D项（明星们显然不愿遵循这个体育精神的基本原则)。
5. F根据设空处后的“An A-team may require a balance—not just A players...”可知答案为F项（建立一个理想的团队比仅仅雇用最好的人才更复杂）。
07-2018北京
Why Do We Get Angry
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events, personality traits(特征), and our assessment of situations. 1 .
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples:being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 2 . The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 3 . Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
4. Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative(消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.
5. However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章从三个方面向读者介绍了引起愤怒的原因，以帮助减少愤怒的出现。
1. F设空处位于段尾，作者在该空之前先给出引起人们发怒的三个主要原因：triggering events（触发事件）、personality traits（个人性格特征）、assessment of situations（对形势的评估），然后通过F项引出下文。
2. G空前作者先列举出几个生活中的事件，通常人们在遇到这些事之后的反应都是发怒；空后作者介绍“因为个人经历和心理特点的不同，所以面对某些事时，有人发怒但也有人不生气”。所以该空应与前后句话题一致，说的是“人们对这些事件的反应是不尽相同的”，与G项一致。
3. E第三段主要的关键词是“personality traits（个人性格特征）”。空前一句话提到争强好胜的人及忍耐度低的人更容易发怒；空后介绍pre-anger（生气前兆）的特点，与E项中的these personality traits和pre-anger形成原词复现，故选E项。
4. A通读本段内容可知本段主要围绕“our assessment of situations”展开。空后第二句话中的“outlooks on situations”的意思是“对局势的判断”，与A项中的“Our attitude and viewpoint on situations”意思相近，故选A项。
5. D由衔接词However可知，设空处内容与后文描述“发怒很容易变成暴力”的内容相反，故D项（发怒是一种特别强烈的情感，或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的）放在此处最合适。
08-2017北京
Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 1
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B.It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E.That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。研究表明，睡眠期间脑细胞之间的关联会减弱，从而使大脑为新的记忆腾出空间，但是对于重要的记忆，大脑则会对其加以保护。
1. C上句指出，当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时，它们在一个月之内就死去了。本句是上句的延伸，由动物延伸到了人类。C项符合语境，意为“同样，当人几天不睡觉时就会生病”。
2. E上句指出睡眠有助于加强新的记忆，下文对此进行了解释。本句应该是对这个观点的回应，E项（那也就是为什么学生在学习之后如果有机会睡觉的话，他们就会考得更好）符合语境。
3. F下段首句指出现在我们有最直接的证据证明他是正确的，由此可知本句应指出某人的观点。结合本段提出的睡觉期间神经元之间的关联减弱，从而为第二天要形成的新记忆腾出空间可以判断F项符合语境。
4. G下句中的synapses以及the mice为关键线索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一觉后和睡觉前synapses的不同，所以本句应该指出本次实验的内容，故G项符合语境。
5. B上句指出，研究团队发现某些神经突触似乎得到了保护，并未发生变化，这正是对某些重要记忆的保护，故B项正确。
09-2016北京
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
5. For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。人类是否喜欢冒险可能与大脑的工作方式有关。
1. F上句提到值得冒险，而下句说有一些活动让一些人感到享受，却让另一些人害怕，故此处是解释为什么人们的反应不同，即人们衡量风险和回报的标准不同，故选F项。
2. C上句提到冒险者更擅长捕猎等。C项中的Being better at是上句中的 were better at的复现，且C项中的those things指代上句中的hunting, fighting or exploring，故选C。
3. A由本段可知人类形成了各种各样的性格类型。或者喜欢某项冒险活动，又或者不喜欢，这都取决于你的性格特点，A项符合语境。
4. E上句提到：你冒险的意愿在青少年时期有所增长。设空处应该是对青少年时期的说明，E项提到“move away from your family and into the bigger world”，故选E项。
5. G由下句中的a part of the brain可知选G。
10-2015北京
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing.Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them.They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions
So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool
First,understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming,try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple,like taking a shower or walking,or even making meaningless drawings.
It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”,being focused,is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4
Finally,you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 5
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C.Without wandering minds,we wouldn’t have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.
D.At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E.It involves slow,steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct,quite unlike sleep dreams,which may be hard to understand.
G.Therefore,it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章介绍了做白日梦的人有时健忘、笨拙，但是伟大的思想和成就是和白日梦分不开的。
1. B由前句和后句可知该句在描述做白日梦的人的情况。故选B项。
2. C由前句的表述可知在人类历史上一些伟大的想法和辉煌的成就是由那些做白日梦的人带来的。C项中的relativity（相对论）、Coke和Post-it notes是列举的伟大想法和成就，故C项符合语境。
3. A由前文可知本段在讲述如何巧妙地做白日梦，A项中的also helps与上句中的help相呼应，故选A项。
4. E第五段叙述了在人们需要集中注意力时，如何避免做白日梦。E项中的关键词attentive（专心的）与本段第一句中的concentrate对应。
5. G文章第六段第一句与G项为因果关系即因为好点子可能会溜走，所以要及时记下来。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
2015-2024年北京市高考英语真题分类
北京卷（2015—2024）
01-2024北京
If you want to develop maximum credibility(可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog(刺猬) or a fox According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. 1 And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. 2 The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
3 Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information.
4 They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know.
So, which is better The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style.5
The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
02-2023北京
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
03-2022北京
Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 1 . It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
2. We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 3. This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 4.
For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune(免疫) system and protects us against diseases. 5. This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G. This makes our body suffer and we catch lifestyle and other diseases.
04-2021北京
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 1 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.
2 However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting (分心) the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. 3 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
When it comes to heart health, there is speculation (推测) that it’s not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study, participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 4 On the other hand, when the music slowed, the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.
5 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly, the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were.
05-2020北京
Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself. 1 . Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
2. People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans (寿命), lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships. 3. For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer (缓冲作用) against depression and anxiety. Resilient (适应性强的) people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress. 4.
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. 5.
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
06-2019北京
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished（完成） in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 1. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
2. They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调) their actions.3.
In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, “There is no I in TEAM.”4.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
5. An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
07-2018北京
Why Do We Get Angry
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events, personality traits(特征), and our assessment of situations. 1 .
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples:being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 2 . The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 3 . Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
4. Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative(消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.
5. However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
08-2017北京
Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 1
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B.It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E.That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
09-2016北京
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
5. For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
10-2015北京
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing.Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them.They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions
So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool
First,understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming,try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple,like taking a shower or walking,or even making meaningless drawings.
It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”,being focused,is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4
Finally,you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 5
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C.Without wandering minds,we wouldn’t have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.
D.At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E.It involves slow,steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct,quite unlike sleep dreams,which may be hard to understand.
G.Therefore,it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
北京卷（2015—2024）
01-2024北京
If you want to develop maximum credibility(可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog(刺猬) or a fox According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things.
Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. 1 And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. 2 The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies.
3 Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information.
4 They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know.
So, which is better The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style.5
The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog.
A. In other words, there are clear advantages for each.
B. They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes.
C. Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence.
D. But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing.
E. However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs.
F. When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional.
G. They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position.
答案
[语篇解读]本文是说明文（总—分—总结构）。作者分别介绍了刺猬式思维和狐狸式思维的特点，并在最后提出要成为“貌似狐狸的刺猬”。
1. G前一句说拥有刺猬式思维的人往往回答“是”，后一句说并且他们这样做通常是非常可信的。后一句中的And表示递进关系，so指代设空处内容。再结合后面的“They focus on one thing and do it really well.”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好。浏览选项可以发现，G项（他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场）与之相符，故选G。
2. C前文说拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好，他们清楚自己擅长的东西。C项中的clarity and confidence是对他们的特点的总结概括，这与选项中的Hence（因此）所表示的因果关系呼应，故选C。
3. D设空处位于段首，考虑段落主旨句。根据后文中的“hedgehogs are...wrong more often than foxes”以及“less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人比拥有狐狸式思维的人更容易出错，而且他们不太可能意识到或承认自己错了。由此可知，本段主要讲的是拥有刺猬式思维的人的缺点，因此D项（但专注于一件大事可能会有负面影响）符合语境。故选D。
4. F前文说拥有狐狸式思维的人更有可能从更广泛的来源中找到新信息，并更善于应对不确定性和新信息。后一句说他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外。后一句中的it指代的内容在设空处中。浏览选项可以发现，F项（当某件事情与他们的观点相悖时，他们不会将其视为特例）与之相符，故选F。
5. A最后一段是总结段。首句问拥有刺猬式思维的人和拥有狐狸式思维的人哪个更好。后文说选择成为拥有刺猬式思维的人或是拥有狐狸式思维的人是一种错误的权衡，最有效的方式是成为兼备狐狸和刺猬特征的人。再结合前面几段内容可知，A项（换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势）符合语境，且与try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog呼应，故选A。
02-2023北京
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是议论文，主要针对当下教学水平较高的学校排名却并不靠前这一现象展开讨论。作者希望学生和家长在选择大学时，应该重点关注教学质量高的学校。
1. D前文指出排名系统（rankings systems）对于美国学生选择大学有重要的参考价值。第二段指出，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。浏览选项可以发现，D选项（然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量）与前文构成转折关系，并起到引出下文的作用。
2. F设空处前一句话指出，一些家庭常常惊讶于优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。F选项（更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然如此轻视教学）中的even more surprised与前文中的surprised构成递进关系。F项中的They指代families，且大学轻视教学这一现象在第四段中也有所体现。
3. G设空处前一句指出，最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。G选项（事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上）是对前文进行解释说明。
4. B设空处前一句指出，管理人员通常不把优秀的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的途径。B选项（因此，它在招聘和晋升中不受重视）与之构成因果关系，B选项中的it指代前文提到的teaching excellence。
5. E设空处后一句话说的是，然而，只有拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多的资源、更高的排名和更多的入学人数，情况才会发生较大变化。基于对这句话的理解，答案应满足以下两个条件：首先，设空处需要与后句构成转折关系；其次，该句想表达的核心意思是情况并不会发生太大的变化，因此设空处也应体现一种情况。E选项（最近出现了大学努力提高教学水平这一现象）满足上述条件。
03-2022北京
Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 1 . It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
2. We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 3. This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 4.
For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune(免疫) system and protects us against diseases. 5. This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.
A. Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B. Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C. It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D. For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E. If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F. There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G. This makes our body suffer and we catch lifestyle and other diseases.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了身体健康能让我们拥有幸福且健康的生活，以及保持健康的方法。
1. G根据空前一句中的“we tend to ignore our health”可推知，忽视身体健康会导致的结果就是“makes our body suffer”；根据空后一句中的“helps us fight these diseases”可推知，设空处应该提到“diseases”。综合这些信息可知，G选项能起到承上启下的作用。
2. B空后两句“We need to be fit to have a healthy body...the fitness of our body.”介绍了health 和 fitness两者之间的关系，而B选项说明了它们之间是相互关联的，起到了主旨句的作用，符合语境。
3. D空前一句中的“be targeted by viruses”与D选项中的“we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily”紧密衔接，且空后一句中的“This”指代的就是D选项中的“have a tendency to catch a cold easily”。
4. F空前一句中的“to devote some time to health and fitness”和空后一句中的“must exercise daily”都与F选项中的“activities which everyone should do”相呼应，也就是我们要花时间锻炼，保持身体健康。
5. C根据本段第一句可知，本段介绍放松身体的重要性。C选项中的“helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind”与本段主旨相匹配，且C选项中的also helps与空前一句中的helps相呼应。
04-2021北京
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 1 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.
2 However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting (分心) the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels. This, of course, can lead to less pain.
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. 3 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed, the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels, through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
When it comes to heart health, there is speculation (推测) that it’s not the style of music, but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study, participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 4 On the other hand, when the music slowed, the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.
5 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly, the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了音乐对于健康的益处。
1. F空前说“音乐对很多人来说一直是一种令人愉快的消遣方式”，空后说“The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued.（音乐对心理健康的益处是毋庸置疑的）”，由此可推断设空处应说明音乐对人的精神健康的作用。这与F项中的“also highly popular”和“the individualized effects on stress and anxiety”相呼应。
2. B空后说“However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain.（然而，出于同样的原因，如果一个人处于痛苦之中，音乐是非常有益的）”，However表转折，因此设空处为对音乐的负面评价，这与B项中的“music can be harmful if it is too loud”相呼应。
3. D空前说“Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed.”，这与D项中的“calming the brain enough to sleep”相呼应。
4. G空后说“On the other hand, when the music slowed，the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower...”，根据On the other hand以及后面的内容可推断设空处内容应与欢快的音乐和心率加快有关，这与G项中的“the more cheerful the music was, the faster their heart rates were”相呼应。
5. E空后说“But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for, which is what makes music so valuable.”，因此本段讲的是音乐对身体总的好处，这与E项（音乐对整体健康的影响令人印象深刻）相吻合。
05-2020北京
Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself. 1 . Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
2. People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans (寿命), lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships. 3. For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer (缓冲作用) against depression and anxiety. Resilient (适应性强的) people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress. 4.
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. 5.
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A. It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B. Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C. It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D. Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E. As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F. They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G. They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文。文章介绍了积极思考对人的好处。
1. B由设空处前提到的“Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.（自我对话是一个人持续不断的思绪，往往他对一些事件、现象、人，甚至是他自己都不了解和不确定）”和后一句“Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue.（同时，积极思考有助于停止消极的自我对话，并开始对一个问题形成积极的看法）”可知B项（消极的自我对话会损害自信，降低自尊）正确。
2. D设空处位于段首，设空处后的句子提到积极思考可以延长寿命，降低一些疾病的发生率，并且可以帮助提高处理问题的能力。由此可知本段旨在说明积极思考给人的身心带来的有益影响。D项与此对应。
3. C由设空处前提到的“Positive thinking also contributes to one’s ability to deal with problems and hardships.（积极思考也有助于提高一个人处理问题和困难的能力）”及设空处后的具体事例（研究人员发现在一场伴随着强烈的情绪的危机中，如自然灾害，积极思考可以提供一种缓冲作用来对抗抑郁和焦虑）可知C项中的difficult situations与前文中的problems and hardships和后文中的crisis相呼应，故选C项（它有助于一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信）。
4. G由设空处前提到的“Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.（相反，悲观主义者倾向于把问题看作额外压力的来源）”可知本句在说明悲观主义者面对问题时的态度，G项（他们常常在试图解决问题之前很久就感到气馁，即使问题很小）是对前句中additional stress的进一步解释说明。
5. A本段为总结段，由本段第一句可知，积极思考是处理困难和提高生活质量的强大、有效的工具。由设空处前提到的“It doesn’t have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem.（当一个人拒绝留意问题时，这与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系）”可知，A项（它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适）是和前句共同对本段首句中的positive thinking进行的解释说明。
06-2019北京
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished（完成） in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 1. Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
2. They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team's performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn't evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调) their actions.3.
In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, “There is no I in TEAM.”4.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
5. An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为论说文。本文主要讨论了一个优秀的团队中是否需要很多有天赋的个人加入。
1. B设空处后的“Companies spend millions hiring top business people.”与B项内容呼应，为并列关系，故答案为B项（体育团队的老板们花数百万美元吸引顶尖人才）。
2. E根据下文尤其是“They focused on football, basketball and baseball.”以及“The results”可知，答案为E项（最近的几项研究调查了人才在体育界中的作用）。
3. G本段主要说明了任务互依性在不同运动项目中的作用以及对团队表现产生的影响，与G项中的“task interdependence”相对应，且G项中的“distinguishes baseball from football and basketball”与下文In baseball相呼应，故答案为G项。
4. D根据设空处前的“If a basketball star is, for example...Young children learning to play team sports are often told, ‘There is no I in TEAM.’”可知这两句主要在讲basketball stars与young children在团队中不同的态度，所以答案为D项（明星们显然不愿遵循这个体育精神的基本原则)。
5. F根据设空处后的“An A-team may require a balance—not just A players...”可知答案为F项（建立一个理想的团队比仅仅雇用最好的人才更复杂）。
07-2018北京
Why Do We Get Angry
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events, personality traits(特征), and our assessment of situations. 1 .
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples:being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 2 . The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 3 . Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
4. Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative(消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.
5. However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章从三个方面向读者介绍了引起愤怒的原因，以帮助减少愤怒的出现。
1. F设空处位于段尾，作者在该空之前先给出引起人们发怒的三个主要原因：triggering events（触发事件）、personality traits（个人性格特征）、assessment of situations（对形势的评估），然后通过F项引出下文。
2. G空前作者先列举出几个生活中的事件，通常人们在遇到这些事之后的反应都是发怒；空后作者介绍“因为个人经历和心理特点的不同，所以面对某些事时，有人发怒但也有人不生气”。所以该空应与前后句话题一致，说的是“人们对这些事件的反应是不尽相同的”，与G项一致。
3. E第三段主要的关键词是“personality traits（个人性格特征）”。空前一句话提到争强好胜的人及忍耐度低的人更容易发怒；空后介绍pre-anger（生气前兆）的特点，与E项中的these personality traits和pre-anger形成原词复现，故选E项。
4. A通读本段内容可知本段主要围绕“our assessment of situations”展开。空后第二句话中的“outlooks on situations”的意思是“对局势的判断”，与A项中的“Our attitude and viewpoint on situations”意思相近，故选A项。
5. D由衔接词However可知，设空处内容与后文描述“发怒很容易变成暴力”的内容相反，故D项（发怒是一种特别强烈的情感，或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的）放在此处最合适。
08-2017北京
Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 1
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 3
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B.It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E.That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。研究表明，睡眠期间脑细胞之间的关联会减弱，从而使大脑为新的记忆腾出空间，但是对于重要的记忆，大脑则会对其加以保护。
1. C上句指出，当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时，它们在一个月之内就死去了。本句是上句的延伸，由动物延伸到了人类。C项符合语境，意为“同样，当人几天不睡觉时就会生病”。
2. E上句指出睡眠有助于加强新的记忆，下文对此进行了解释。本句应该是对这个观点的回应，E项（那也就是为什么学生在学习之后如果有机会睡觉的话，他们就会考得更好）符合语境。
3. F下段首句指出现在我们有最直接的证据证明他是正确的，由此可知本句应指出某人的观点。结合本段提出的睡觉期间神经元之间的关联减弱，从而为第二天要形成的新记忆腾出空间可以判断F项符合语境。
4. G下句中的synapses以及the mice为关键线索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一觉后和睡觉前synapses的不同，所以本句应该指出本次实验的内容，故G项符合语境。
5. B上句指出，研究团队发现某些神经突触似乎得到了保护，并未发生变化，这正是对某些重要记忆的保护，故B项正确。
09-2016北京
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
5. For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。人类是否喜欢冒险可能与大脑的工作方式有关。
1. F上句提到值得冒险，而下句说有一些活动让一些人感到享受，却让另一些人害怕，故此处是解释为什么人们的反应不同，即人们衡量风险和回报的标准不同，故选F项。
2. C上句提到冒险者更擅长捕猎等。C项中的Being better at是上句中的 were better at的复现，且C项中的those things指代上句中的hunting, fighting or exploring，故选C。
3. A由本段可知人类形成了各种各样的性格类型。或者喜欢某项冒险活动，又或者不喜欢，这都取决于你的性格特点，A项符合语境。
4. E上句提到：你冒险的意愿在青少年时期有所增长。设空处应该是对青少年时期的说明，E项提到“move away from your family and into the bigger world”，故选E项。
5. G由下句中的a part of the brain可知选G。
10-2015北京
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing.Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them.They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions
So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool
First,understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming,try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple,like taking a shower or walking,or even making meaningless drawings.
It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”,being focused,is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4
Finally,you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 5
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C.Without wandering minds,we wouldn’t have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.
D.At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E.It involves slow,steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct,quite unlike sleep dreams,which may be hard to understand.
G.Therefore,it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。文章介绍了做白日梦的人有时健忘、笨拙，但是伟大的思想和成就是和白日梦分不开的。
1. B由前句和后句可知该句在描述做白日梦的人的情况。故选B项。
2. C由前句的表述可知在人类历史上一些伟大的想法和辉煌的成就是由那些做白日梦的人带来的。C项中的relativity（相对论）、Coke和Post-it notes是列举的伟大想法和成就，故C项符合语境。
3. A由前文可知本段在讲述如何巧妙地做白日梦，A项中的also helps与上句中的help相呼应，故选A项。
4. E第五段叙述了在人们需要集中注意力时，如何避免做白日梦。E项中的关键词attentive（专心的）与本段第一句中的concentrate对应。
5. G文章第六段第一句与G项为因果关系即因为好点子可能会溜走，所以要及时记下来。
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