2024年人教版中考英语总复习之名词讲义（含答案）

任课教师 学生姓名
名词
命题趋势：
名词属于十大词类中的一种，主要包括普通名词和专有名词两种。纵观近几年中考对于名词的考查，考查内容以词义理解、名词所有格及词形转换居多。在备考中考时，注意掌握名词变复数的变化规则，掌握不可数名词向可数名词转化的规律，名词所有格的用法，名词的句法功能等，并做到灵活运用，以便提高综合运用能力。
中考考查重点：
一、名词词义辨析； 二、名词的数； 三、名词所有格。
考向一：名词的分类
分类 说明 例句
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 city，panda，chair，hospital，nurse
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public公众，people人们，class班级，family家庭，police警察
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 rice，snow，steel钢铁，cotton棉花，corn玉米，air
抽象名词 表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词 courage勇气，determination决心，satisfaction满意，happiness幸福，success成功，love热爱
专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London伦敦，Tom汤姆，the Great Wall长城，Asia亚洲
表示书名、电影名、各种标语 Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》
表示机构、组织、团体 UNESCO联合国教科文组织 Beijing University北京大学
表示月份、星期、节日 Monday星期一，National day国庆节
【知识拓展】
集体名词的分类
1. 本身是复数，如，cattle牛群，people人们，police警察。
2. 本身单复数均可表示，如audience观众，class班级，club俱乐部，committee委员会，company公司，crew船员，enemy敌人，family家庭，government政府，group组，team队
（当这一类词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其表示的具体含义，
如果作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指的是具体成员，则谓语动词用复数形式）
The family is the basic unit of society. 家庭是构成社会的基本单位。
My family are going on a trip this summer. 我们全家今年夏天要外出旅游。
( ) Sandy really likes eating meat, but she doesn’t like eating .
A. breads B. vegetables C. chickens
考向二：名词的句法功能
序号 功能 例句
1 作主语 Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。
2 作宾语 Have you received my letter 你收到我的信了吗？（作动词的宾语） The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。（作介词的宾语）
3 作表语 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
4 作补足语 We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。 This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。（作主语）
5 作同位语 You students go first. 你们学生先走。
6 作状语 We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。
7 作定语 I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。
【易错警示】
1. 名词作定语一般用其单数形式。
a paper bag纸袋，a shoe shop鞋店，a football fan球迷
2. 有些常以复数形式出现的名词作定语时用复数形式。
a clothes shop服装店，a glasses store眼镜店，a goods train货运列车
3. 数词加名词构成的形容词（中间有连字符）作定语时，名词常使用单数形式。
a five-year-old boy 一个三岁的男孩，a 500-metre-long rope 一条五百米的绳子
4. 所有格作定语和名词直接作定语的区别：名词所有格作定语时，表示的是所有关系，即归谁所有。而名词直 接作定语时，与被修饰的名词之间没有所属关系，
如：Tom’s books 汤姆的书（汤姆和书之间是所属关系，即书是汤姆的）。
shoe shop鞋店（鞋与商店之间没有所属关系）。
再如woman driver; the women’ s driver girl friend; the girl’s friend
( )During the epidemic(疫情), many ________ in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctors
考向三：名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
（一）可数名词复数形式的规则变化
1. 一般在名词的结尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/。exercise→exercises desk→desks 2. 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加-es，读/Iz/。 watch→watches box→boxes 3. 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾的词，把y变i，再加-es。 factory→factories lady→ladies 4. 以f 或fe结尾的词，一般把f 或fe 改为v，加-es。 wolf→wolves knife→knives 5. 以o结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s。 potato→potatoes piano→pianos
【易错警示】
1.注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。
American→Americans 美国人 Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人German→Germans 德国人 Greek→Greeks 希腊人 Indian→Indians 印度人
Russian→Russians 俄罗斯人 Italian→Italians 意大利人
（口诀：中日不变，英法变，其余s加后面））
2.有些名词表面为复数形式，实为单数。
maths数学，news新闻，physics物理，politics政治，the United Nations 联合国，the United States美国
3. 名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是man，woman,变复数时，前后两个名词全都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如：man teacher---men teachers boy student---boy students
【知识拓展】
1. 以o结尾的名词，需加-es的名词有：negro（黑人），hero（英雄），tomato（西红柿），potato（土豆）。可结 合顺口溜来记忆这些单词，即＂黑人英雄 西红柿和土豆＂。
2. 以f或fe结尾的名词，须把f或fe变为v，再加-es的名词有：calf（小牛，牛犊），half（一半），knife（小刀）， leaf（叶子），life（生活，生命），loaf（长面包），self（自己），shelf（架子），thief（小偷），wife（妻子）， wolf（狼）。可结合顺口溜来记忆，即＂妻已架刀命牛郎（狼），半夜（叶）偷包要提防＂
（单词顺序为wife， self，shelf，knife，life，calf，wolf，half，leaf，thief，loaf）
有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接-s变成复数。
如：roof--roofs(屋顶） belief---beliefs(信仰) proof---proofs(证据) chief---chiefs（首领）
3. 以ch结尾的名词：ch发音为/k/的名词，其复数形式直接在词尾加-s，如：stomach→stomachs胃
（二）可数名词复数的不规则变化
1. 单复数同形 Japanese Chinese sheep deer fish(条数）
2. 改变元音字母 man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth goose→geese policewoman→policewomen
3. 只有复数形式的名词trousers socks scissors pants glasses shoes
4. 其他变化 mouse→mice child→children
【易错警示】
fish表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes，而fish表示鱼的条数时，复数形式仍为fish。
如：different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
works意为＂工厂＂时，单复数形式一样，而work意为＂著作，作品＂时，复数形式是works。
如：a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
（三）不可数名词
一般情况下，专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式，
但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义，从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
①常考的不可数名词：
所有的液体:water, juice, milk, coffee, tea, beer(啤酒) oil
部分肉类：chicken， fish， pork， beef(牛肉). mutton meat
气体类: weather(天气) air(空气) wind(风)， snow(雪)， rain(雨).
特殊类： rice(大米)， bread(面包) honey(蜂蜜) chocolate(巧克力) sugar(糖)，
salt(盐)， paper(纸) news(新闻) advice(建议) room(空间)
cream,sand,experience,help,hope,information,knowledge,fun,luck,trouble,cotton,food,hair,health,ice
②要用量词短语表示不可数名词的量, 数词/冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词
Eg: a cup of tea two cups of tea three pieces of paper a piece of bread
a piece of news two glasses of water a bottle of milk
谓语动词单复数由计量名词的单复数决定;可以修饰不可数名词的词或者短语:
a lot of, lots of, some,any, much, a little, little, plenty of, a bit of, a large amount of, tons of
2. 部分名词既可以做可数名词，也可以做不可数名词，根据语境推断使用：room,glass,chicken,fish,time...
3. 可转化为可数名词的物质名称
（1）有些物质名词在表达个体概念时，是可数名词。
rain雨→a rain一场雨，wind风→a wind一阵风，beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒，paper纸→a paper一份论文
（2）有些物质名词的复数形式意思有所变化：
单数形式 复数形式
英语 汉语 英语 汉语
work 工作 works 著作
water 水 waters 水域
time 时间 times 时代
good 好处 goods 货物
sand 沙子 sands 沙滩
wood 木头 woods 树林
glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜
custom 风俗 customs 海关
4. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表具体的人或事物时，被视为可数名词，可与不定冠词连用，也可有复数形式，表示＂某种人或事＂。
disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事，
experience经验→an experience 一次经历， success成功→a success成功的人或事
5. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词
有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词，可以由不定冠词修饰，也可有复数形式。
A Mr Black is waiting for you. Two pieces of bread are needed here.
( )— Hey, Alicia! Have you got used to Chinese food
—Yes! But I am still learning to use ______ as a Chinese does.
A. forks B. chopsticks C. knives
考向四： 名词所有格
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
（一）构成
类别 构成方法 举例
单数名词 在词尾直接加’s Jim’s room 吉姆的房间
词尾已有-s的复数名词 在词尾只加’ Students’ rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带-s的复数名词 在词尾直接加’s Children’s Day 儿童节
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 在最后一个词的词尾加’s Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间（指两人共用一个房间）
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 在每个词的词尾加’s Jane’ s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间（指分别所有）
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室、诊所等 在词尾加’s，省略其后名词 At my uncle’s 在我叔叔家 At the tailor’s 在裁缝店
表示时间、距离、国家、城市等的名词 可用名词所有格表所属关系 Five minutes’ ride 开车五分钟的路程 Yesterday’s newspaper昨天的报纸
一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词等和else连用 在else后加’s Someone else’ s pencil别人的铅笔
（2）of 所有格
表示无生命的事物的所属关系，常用of所有格。
a map of China， the end of this term, a picture of my family
表示有生命的人或物时，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长，也可用of所有格。
The works of Lun Xun,Lao she and Mao dun. A house of a rich man
（3）双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词（a/an），数词（one，two...），不定代词（some，all，any...），物主代词（my，your...）， 指示代词（this，that...时，常用＂of +’s所有格＂形式，即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
Of+’s a photo of my father’s (photo) this book of my classmate’s
Of+名词性物主代词 one book of mine. (my books=mine) a friend of his
双重所有格与of 所有格的区别
He is a friend of your father’s.他是你父亲的一个朋友。（强调你父亲的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of your father.他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）
表示某人家、店铺、等生活或工作场所的所有格后的名词常省略
at Mr. Wang’s在王先生家 at the doctor’s在医生的诊所 at the Barber’s在理发店 at the tailor’s 在裁缝店
( )—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he —He is _________ brother.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily
名词专练
( ) 1.--I like the table near the sofa. --So do I. Its_____feels so smooth like silk.
A cover. B.surface C.shape
( ) 2．---What’s your son’s favorite ____________, Mr. Li ---Football.
A．color B．sport C．player
( ) 3.--Look! All the host families are standing outside the house waiting for us!
--Yes, I am so moved by the ____of the welcome.
A. warmth B. service C. experience
( ) 4. --The shop is famous for its ___which are used to make dresses in the shop.
--No wonder there’re always crowds of customers in it.
A. boss B. process C. materials
( ) 5.Chinese is really a fascinating____.There are always new words waiting to be discovered.
A.word B.language C.people
( ) 6.---How do you improve your_______. ---By reading aloud every morning
A.grammar B.expression C.pronunciation
( ) 7. ---Do you like _____ ---No, I don’t. Eating too much of it is not good for our health.
A. strawberries B. ice-cream C. hamburgers
( ) 8.---What’s the _____of your excellent spoken English ---Practice makes perfect.
A. influence B. result C. secret
( ) 9.-- Who is your favorite_______
-- Li Yong was. Lucky 52 and A Special Six-Plus-One hosted by him impressed me very much.
A.musician B. host C.novelist
( ) 10.I think the spirit of Christmas is spreading love, joy and .
A.sadness B. death C.warmth
( ) 11.—Mrs. Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.
—Yes, I know. She told me she would never forget her pleasant _________ working there.
A. experiments B. expressions C. experiences
( ) 12.When you go abroad, it's very important to bring your ___________ which is useful to tell who you are and
which country you are from.
A. ID card B. telephone C. passport
( ) 13.--Miss Green, I am really a slow reader. What can do
-- You can improve your reading______by reading word groups.
A. grammar B. pronunciation C. speed
( ) 14.Chengdu 2021 Summer Universiade(大运会) will offer a good___for athletes across the world to communicate.
prize B.chance C.competition
( ) 15.1 want to keep my old things because they bring back sweet _____.
A. explanations B. memories C. changes
( ) 16. ---We are supposed to learn the of Chinese women volleyball team.
---Yes, they are an inspiration to us all, especially in hard situations.
A. spirit B. victory C. experience
( ) 17. We grow lots of beautiful flowers in the ___________ . You can go outside and pick some.
A. restaurant B. museum C. garden
( ) 18. ---Sir, did you enjoy your stay in our _________ ---Yes, I slept well and I like the breakfast very much.
A. school B. hotel C. history
( ) 19.Jack likes taking photos wherever he goes, so his father bought him a ________ on his 14th birthday.
A. violin B. camera C. bicycle
( )20.---Sally’s favorite ________is orange. ----I see. That’s why all her sweaters are oranges
A.fruit B. color C. juice
( )21. ---Where did you go yesterday, Rick ---I went to see a _____because I had a cold.
A. teacher B. doctor C. reporter
( )22. There is a ______________ near our school. We often buy books there.
A. bank B. restaurant C. bookstore
( )23. She says her favorite __________ is English.
A. color B. sport C. subject
B卷能力提升
首字母填空。
The most popular food French fries were invented a_____________. The chef did not cook this dish on purpose.
Because of the v____________ infornation, our army won a victory over the enemy in the war.
After a deep conversation with his parents, Tony r___________ what he had done before.
In the speech contest, one of his facial e_____________ showed that was pretty nervous;
Every child should be p___________ and encouraged after he has made progress.
accidentally valuable regretted expressions praised
完成对话.
A: Did you watch the hot news yesterday Fuzhou University has made a new rule. All takeout food deliveries(外卖 食物运送）are not allowed to ___1.____________ university
B: Why not I totally disagree with this rule. The delivery of takeout food has brought us a lot of ___2.___________.
After all, the university restaurants don’t always serve food anytime.
A: It is certainly the case. However, the increasingly popular delivery of takeout food has also caused a lot of trouble. Some takeout food is unhealthy and unclean, and there is a great hidden ___3.____________ of safely.
B: What you said does have a ___4.___________. And more and more disposable(一次性) lunch boxes also bring a bad influence on ___5.___________. Many students stay in dornitories(寝室) all day, ___6.__________ on takeout food deliveries too much. Their health is truly ___7.___________ about by their parents.
A: Many students expressed their opinions ___8.____________ the rule online. They think the school restaurants are open for a short time and the food is awful and expensive.
B: How can the university solve this problem
A: To take away the pressure, the university has ___9.____________ to make the service time longer and lower the price of meals.
B: ___10.__________ has its two sides. I think the university should think of more ways to deal with takeout food deliveries.
A: I agree with you.
Keys:enter convenience risk point environment depending worried against agreed Everthing
十二选十
actively beat begin complete honor include international name national pass symbol win
Do you know about marathon(马拉松) Maybe you will say “No”. However, as members of the eity, we should know it clearly.
First, let's learn about the ___1.________________ of Marathon. In 490B.C., the Greek(希腊人) and the Persian had a war at the place called Marathon in Greece. After days of hard fighting, the Greek ___2.____________ the war. The king ordered a young man ___3.______________ Philippines to send the news back to the capital of Greece. Philippines ran up to Athen from marathon. When he arrived at Athens, he told the news to people and then he died. To ___4.________________ the young man, in 1896 the first Olympic Games was held, the organizer set up this event. And the winner ran all the journey by 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds, the length was 40 kilometers 200 meters,d Thy sport needs the racers ___5.________________ it with great courage, persistence（持续力）.
These years many people in Chengdu also love this sport that ___6.______________ those spirits. On October 27th, 2018, we held the Marathon ___7._______________ Competition in Chengdu. It began at 7: 30 a m. More than 28,000 racers from all over the world took part in it. The line started from Jinsha Site Museum. The racers ___8._____________ by Qintai Road, Hejiang Pavilion Anshun Bridge, Jiuyanqiao Bridge, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Park, Dondhu Park and Tianfu Greenway in Guixi Park. It ended up at the Century City. Those places are ___9.________________ of our culture and also modern technology. When racers ran along the line, Chengdu's beauties will be kept in their mind. Even more, as they feel the spirit of marathon, they also feel the spirit of people in Chengdu who are ___10.______________ to make our city more beautiful and comfortable.
Keys:beginning won named honor to complete includes International passed symbols more active