高考英语语法复习学案——名词 (含练习和答案)
文档属性
| 名称 | 高考英语语法复习学案——名词 (含练习和答案) |  | |
| 格式 | doc | ||
| 文件大小 | 423.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-10-23 10:51:59 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
高中英语语法复习——名词
构词法包括：转化法、合成法、派生法等
A.转化法
1．名词转化为动词
很多表示物体、身体部位某一类人或动物的名词可用作动词。这些由名词转化而来的动词常常表示具有该名词特点、性质特征的动作精炼而又生动。
1）．表示具体物体的名词转化为动词
book n.书→v.预订 water n.水→v.给...浇水 mail n.邮件→v.邮寄 ship n.船→v.运送
2）．表示身体部位的名词转化为动词
hand n.手→v.递 face n.脸→v.面对 shoulder n.肩膀→v.扛
head n.头→v.前进 back n.背一v.支持 nose n.鼻子-v.嗅
3）．表示某一类人的名词转化为动词
host n.主人→v.主办 mother n.母亲→v.像母亲般照顾 pioneer n.先驱→v.做先锋
4）．表示动物的名词转化为动词
snake n.蛇→v.蜿蜒前进 wolf n.狼→v.狼吞虎咽 fish n.鱼→v.钓鱼
parrot n.鹦鹉→v.鹦鹉学舌地说
5）．常见的其他名词转化为动词
flood n.洪水→v.淹没，泛滥 pocket n.口袋 v.放进衣袋 plant n.植物→v.种植
name n.名字→v.命名 knife n.刀→knife v.用刀切 cloud n.云，忧郁→v.布满云，显得阴沉
air n.空气→v.通风，发表 show n.展览→v.表演、展出 nurse n.护士→v.看护，照料
2．形容词转化为名词
right adj.正确的→n.正确，公正wrong adj.错误的→n.错误
3．动词转化为名词
walk v.散步、走 take a walk n.散步 drive v.开车 go for a drive n.驾车旅行
B. 合成词
高中高频合成名词
drawback缺点 framework 框架 mankind 人类 viewpoint 观点
birthplace 发源地 landmark 标志性建筑 flashlight 闪光灯 standpoint 立场
daytime 白天 sunrise 拂晓 sunset 傍晚 workshop 车间
downtown 市中心 eyesight 视力 teamwork合作 timetable时间表
software软件 hardware 硬件 network 网络 guideline 准绳
notebook笔记本 desktop 台式电脑 laptop 手提电脑 headline 标题
fieldwork 野外工作 wildlife 野生动物 database 数据库 suitcase 行李箱
deadline截止日期 freeway／highway 高速公路
C.派生词
前缀-置于词根前部，主要用于改变单词的意义，词性通常不变
一.表示否定的前缀：dis-／in-／un-／non-／mis-／anti-／加在名词之前
disadvantage（缺点），inability（无能，无力），inconvenience（不便），inaccuracy（不准确），unemployment（失业）non-existence（不存在），misfortune（不幸），
二.表示“前before”的前缀
1．pre-加在名词之前：preconception（成见），pre-selection（选举前的），preface（前言）2．fore-加在名词之前：forehead（前额），foreground（前景），foreman（工头，领班）3．ex-加在名词之前：ex-president（前任总统），ex-wife（前妻）
三.表示“后一post”的前缀：
postgraduate（研究生），post-position（后置词）
四.表示“低”、“下”“副”的前缀sub-，vice-：
sub-editor（副编辑），sub-way（地铁），subtitle（副标题）vice-chairman（副主席）vice-president（副总统）等。
五、表示“回”、“再次”的前缀re-：
reunion（团圆，重聚），reconstruction（重建）
六．表示“共同”、“和”的前缀co-：
co-existence（共存），co-operation（合作），co-education（男女同校），coauthor（合著者）
七.表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀inter-：
interdependence（互相依靠）interaction（相互作用）
八.表示“自己”、“自动”的前缀auto-：
autobiography（自传），autograph（亲笔签名），automobile （汽车），autocrat（独裁者），automation（自动化）
九.表示“远程”的前缀tele-：
telephone（电话） telegraph（电报）telescope（望远镜）
十、表示“二，两倍”、“三”和“多”的前缀bi-／tri-／multi-：
biweekly（两周一次的，一周两次的），triangle（三角形），tricycle（三轮车），multimedia（多媒体）multitask（多重任务）
后缀--置于词根尾部，主要用于改变单词的词性，偶尔用于改变词义
1．［-er， -or， -ar， -ist，-ess，-ant 结尾的名词］：
owner物主 author 作者 mayor 市长translator 翻译家 beggar 乞丐 pianist 小提琴家 dentist牙医scientist 科学家 hostess 女主人specialist 专家 tourist 旅行者 applicant 申请人assistant助理
2．［-tion 结尾的名词］：
adoption 采纳，收养 construction 建设 edition编辑，版本election 选举 exhibition 展览 intention打算，意图 interruption 打断
3．［-ation 结尾的名词］：
concentration 集中conservation 保护 declaration 宣布determination 决定 expectation 期待 formation形成 imagination 想象inspiration 激发，灵感 occupation 占用，职业 recommendation 推荐
4．［-sion 结尾的名词］：
admission 承认 expression 表达 expansion 扩大 extension 延伸 impression印象 permission 允许possession 拥有，财产
5．［-ment结尾的名词］：
judgment 判断 punishment 惩罚 statement 阐述，陈述accomplishment 成就 unemployment 失业 appointment 约会，任命
6．［-ing结尾的名词］：
farming农业 finding 发现 greeting问候 meaning意思
saying 谚语，老话 suffering 痛苦 training 训练 warming 变暖
7．［-ce结尾的名词］：
patience 耐心 silence 沉默 innocence天真，无辜 justice 公正presence出席 absence 缺席 convenience 方便 diligence 勤奋
8．［-ure结尾的名词］：
pleasure 快乐 mixture 混合 departure 离开exposure 暴露 pressure 压力 signature 签名
9．［-ness结尾的名词］：
quietness 安静 thickness 厚度 calmness 冷静 loneliness 孤独homesickness 思乡 uneasiness 不安 awareness 意识blindness 盲目 helplessness 无助
10．［-age结尾的名词］：
shortage 短缺 package 包裹 storage 储存 marriage 婚姻coverage 覆盖范围；新闻报道
11．［-th结尾的名词］：
depth 深度 growth 成长 warmth 温暖 width 宽度strength 力量，强项 truth 真理
12．［-y，-ity 结尾的名词］：
recovery 恢复discovery 发现 delivery 递送 reality 现实equality 平等 popularity 普及，流行
13．［-ship 结尾的名词］：
friendship 友谊hardship 艰难 leadership 领导才能ownership 所有权relationship 关系
14．［-ism］结尾的名词：
tourism 旅游业，观光业 racism 种族主义 criticism 批评optimism 乐观，乐观主义 pessimism 悲观，悲观主义
15．［-al］结尾的名词：
arrival 到达 refusal 拒绝survival 幸存 revival 复兴；振兴16．［-hood］结尾的名词表“时期”：childhood 童年neighborhood 街区；邻近地区
巩固练习
一.根据构词法猜测划线部分词的词义
1．［2024·新高考II卷］This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
2．［2024·新高考II卷］Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone．
3．［2024·新高考II卷］While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
4．［2023·新高考II卷］These small studies provide inspiration and may be a springboard for more complex works in the future.
5．［2022·全国甲卷］ Goffin’s cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia， have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.
6．［2022·全国甲卷］Where trial-and-error was used， the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.
7．［2022·浙江1月卷］The downturn hit the real estate（房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager.
8．［2022·浙江6 月卷］The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter...
9.［2021·天津3 月卷］The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.
10．［2020·新高考I卷］Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification．
11．［2022·新高考II卷］Yet，by learning to live with imperfection，you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled（弄皱）paper.
12．［2021·天津3月卷］ We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe.
13．［2022·新高考I卷］We find today is the product of a complex interplays of things like biological change and cultural evolution...
14．［2021·北京卷］The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long trends in river dynamics．
15．［2022·全国乙卷］ Last admission to the exhibition：17:15．There is no re-admission．
16．［2022·浙江6月卷］ High conscientiousness is related to low job performance...
17．［2021·新高考I卷］The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
18．［2021·新高考1卷］Popularization has changed the original meaning of emotional intelligence.
二. 单句语法填空
1．（2024年新高考I卷）These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
2．（2024新课标II卷）The latest (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
3．（2024年新高考I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the (rich) of gardening in England.
4．（2024年新高考II卷）Although they could never have met，there are common (theme)in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
5.（2024年新高考II卷）Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
6．（2024年浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are no longer doing ＂buy one get one free＂ promotions because of the (criticize) that they lead to waste.
7．（2024全国甲卷）Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level， the national parks， in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are （treasure） of American heritage（遗产）.
8．（2024年全国甲卷）They all agreed and vowed to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey.
9. （2023年新高考II卷）Since June 2017，right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
10．（2023年全国甲卷）However，Carson＇s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
11. （2023年全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings， Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
12. （2022全国甲卷）Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road， in order to promote environmental (protect).
13.（2022全国乙卷）As a main promoter of the International Tea Day， the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
14．（2022年浙江卷）John Olson，a former (photograph) and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
15．（2021新课标II卷）A company (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
16．（2021浙江卷）In 1844 they bought it for ＄1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their_________(marry)ceremony in 1842.
17．（2020新课标III卷）Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
18．（2020新课标卷）Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
参考答案
1． 根据构词法猜测词义
1.
2. 徒步
3. 夜间
4. 微型农场
5. 基础，出发点
6. 形状识别
7. 试错，反复试验
8. （经济）下行，衰退
9. 实干家
10. 缺点
11. 丧失资格
12. 不完美，缺陷
13. 互相联系，关联
14. 相互作用
15. 不规则，不规律
16. 再次入场
17. 责任心，良心
18. 功能性
19. 推广，普及
2．
3． 单据语法填空
1.
2. favourites
3. engineering
4. richness
5. themes
6. visibility
7. criticism
8. treasures
9. completion’
10. arrival
11. warning
12. wonders
13. protection
14. responsibility
15. photographer
16. representative
17. marriage
18. curiosity
19. accuracy
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
2
高中英语语法复习——名词
构词法包括：转化法、合成法、派生法等
A.转化法
1．名词转化为动词
很多表示物体、身体部位某一类人或动物的名词可用作动词。这些由名词转化而来的动词常常表示具有该名词特点、性质特征的动作精炼而又生动。
1）．表示具体物体的名词转化为动词
book n.书→v.预订 water n.水→v.给...浇水 mail n.邮件→v.邮寄 ship n.船→v.运送
2）．表示身体部位的名词转化为动词
hand n.手→v.递 face n.脸→v.面对 shoulder n.肩膀→v.扛
head n.头→v.前进 back n.背一v.支持 nose n.鼻子-v.嗅
3）．表示某一类人的名词转化为动词
host n.主人→v.主办 mother n.母亲→v.像母亲般照顾 pioneer n.先驱→v.做先锋
4）．表示动物的名词转化为动词
snake n.蛇→v.蜿蜒前进 wolf n.狼→v.狼吞虎咽 fish n.鱼→v.钓鱼
parrot n.鹦鹉→v.鹦鹉学舌地说
5）．常见的其他名词转化为动词
flood n.洪水→v.淹没，泛滥 pocket n.口袋 v.放进衣袋 plant n.植物→v.种植
name n.名字→v.命名 knife n.刀→knife v.用刀切 cloud n.云，忧郁→v.布满云，显得阴沉
air n.空气→v.通风，发表 show n.展览→v.表演、展出 nurse n.护士→v.看护，照料
2．形容词转化为名词
right adj.正确的→n.正确，公正wrong adj.错误的→n.错误
3．动词转化为名词
walk v.散步、走 take a walk n.散步 drive v.开车 go for a drive n.驾车旅行
B. 合成词
高中高频合成名词
drawback缺点 framework 框架 mankind 人类 viewpoint 观点
birthplace 发源地 landmark 标志性建筑 flashlight 闪光灯 standpoint 立场
daytime 白天 sunrise 拂晓 sunset 傍晚 workshop 车间
downtown 市中心 eyesight 视力 teamwork合作 timetable时间表
software软件 hardware 硬件 network 网络 guideline 准绳
notebook笔记本 desktop 台式电脑 laptop 手提电脑 headline 标题
fieldwork 野外工作 wildlife 野生动物 database 数据库 suitcase 行李箱
deadline截止日期 freeway／highway 高速公路
C.派生词
前缀-置于词根前部，主要用于改变单词的意义，词性通常不变
一.表示否定的前缀：dis-／in-／un-／non-／mis-／anti-／加在名词之前
disadvantage（缺点），inability（无能，无力），inconvenience（不便），inaccuracy（不准确），unemployment（失业）non-existence（不存在），misfortune（不幸），
二.表示“前before”的前缀
1．pre-加在名词之前：preconception（成见），pre-selection（选举前的），preface（前言）2．fore-加在名词之前：forehead（前额），foreground（前景），foreman（工头，领班）3．ex-加在名词之前：ex-president（前任总统），ex-wife（前妻）
三.表示“后一post”的前缀：
postgraduate（研究生），post-position（后置词）
四.表示“低”、“下”“副”的前缀sub-，vice-：
sub-editor（副编辑），sub-way（地铁），subtitle（副标题）vice-chairman（副主席）vice-president（副总统）等。
五、表示“回”、“再次”的前缀re-：
reunion（团圆，重聚），reconstruction（重建）
六．表示“共同”、“和”的前缀co-：
co-existence（共存），co-operation（合作），co-education（男女同校），coauthor（合著者）
七.表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀inter-：
interdependence（互相依靠）interaction（相互作用）
八.表示“自己”、“自动”的前缀auto-：
autobiography（自传），autograph（亲笔签名），automobile （汽车），autocrat（独裁者），automation（自动化）
九.表示“远程”的前缀tele-：
telephone（电话） telegraph（电报）telescope（望远镜）
十、表示“二，两倍”、“三”和“多”的前缀bi-／tri-／multi-：
biweekly（两周一次的，一周两次的），triangle（三角形），tricycle（三轮车），multimedia（多媒体）multitask（多重任务）
后缀--置于词根尾部，主要用于改变单词的词性，偶尔用于改变词义
1．［-er， -or， -ar， -ist，-ess，-ant 结尾的名词］：
owner物主 author 作者 mayor 市长translator 翻译家 beggar 乞丐 pianist 小提琴家 dentist牙医scientist 科学家 hostess 女主人specialist 专家 tourist 旅行者 applicant 申请人assistant助理
2．［-tion 结尾的名词］：
adoption 采纳，收养 construction 建设 edition编辑，版本election 选举 exhibition 展览 intention打算，意图 interruption 打断
3．［-ation 结尾的名词］：
concentration 集中conservation 保护 declaration 宣布determination 决定 expectation 期待 formation形成 imagination 想象inspiration 激发，灵感 occupation 占用，职业 recommendation 推荐
4．［-sion 结尾的名词］：
admission 承认 expression 表达 expansion 扩大 extension 延伸 impression印象 permission 允许possession 拥有，财产
5．［-ment结尾的名词］：
judgment 判断 punishment 惩罚 statement 阐述，陈述accomplishment 成就 unemployment 失业 appointment 约会，任命
6．［-ing结尾的名词］：
farming农业 finding 发现 greeting问候 meaning意思
saying 谚语，老话 suffering 痛苦 training 训练 warming 变暖
7．［-ce结尾的名词］：
patience 耐心 silence 沉默 innocence天真，无辜 justice 公正presence出席 absence 缺席 convenience 方便 diligence 勤奋
8．［-ure结尾的名词］：
pleasure 快乐 mixture 混合 departure 离开exposure 暴露 pressure 压力 signature 签名
9．［-ness结尾的名词］：
quietness 安静 thickness 厚度 calmness 冷静 loneliness 孤独homesickness 思乡 uneasiness 不安 awareness 意识blindness 盲目 helplessness 无助
10．［-age结尾的名词］：
shortage 短缺 package 包裹 storage 储存 marriage 婚姻coverage 覆盖范围；新闻报道
11．［-th结尾的名词］：
depth 深度 growth 成长 warmth 温暖 width 宽度strength 力量，强项 truth 真理
12．［-y，-ity 结尾的名词］：
recovery 恢复discovery 发现 delivery 递送 reality 现实equality 平等 popularity 普及，流行
13．［-ship 结尾的名词］：
friendship 友谊hardship 艰难 leadership 领导才能ownership 所有权relationship 关系
14．［-ism］结尾的名词：
tourism 旅游业，观光业 racism 种族主义 criticism 批评optimism 乐观，乐观主义 pessimism 悲观，悲观主义
15．［-al］结尾的名词：
arrival 到达 refusal 拒绝survival 幸存 revival 复兴；振兴16．［-hood］结尾的名词表“时期”：childhood 童年neighborhood 街区；邻近地区
巩固练习
一.根据构词法猜测划线部分词的词义
1．［2024·新高考II卷］This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
2．［2024·新高考II卷］Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone．
3．［2024·新高考II卷］While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
4．［2023·新高考II卷］These small studies provide inspiration and may be a springboard for more complex works in the future.
5．［2022·全国甲卷］ Goffin’s cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia， have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.
6．［2022·全国甲卷］Where trial-and-error was used， the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.
7．［2022·浙江1月卷］The downturn hit the real estate（房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager.
8．［2022·浙江6 月卷］The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter...
9.［2021·天津3 月卷］The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.
10．［2020·新高考I卷］Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification．
11．［2022·新高考II卷］Yet，by learning to live with imperfection，you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled（弄皱）paper.
12．［2021·天津3月卷］ We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe.
13．［2022·新高考I卷］We find today is the product of a complex interplays of things like biological change and cultural evolution...
14．［2021·北京卷］The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long trends in river dynamics．
15．［2022·全国乙卷］ Last admission to the exhibition：17:15．There is no re-admission．
16．［2022·浙江6月卷］ High conscientiousness is related to low job performance...
17．［2021·新高考I卷］The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
18．［2021·新高考1卷］Popularization has changed the original meaning of emotional intelligence.
二. 单句语法填空
1．（2024年新高考I卷）These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
2．（2024新课标II卷）The latest (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
3．（2024年新高考I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the (rich) of gardening in England.
4．（2024年新高考II卷）Although they could never have met，there are common (theme)in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
5.（2024年新高考II卷）Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
6．（2024年浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are no longer doing ＂buy one get one free＂ promotions because of the (criticize) that they lead to waste.
7．（2024全国甲卷）Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level， the national parks， in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are （treasure） of American heritage（遗产）.
8．（2024年全国甲卷）They all agreed and vowed to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey.
9. （2023年新高考II卷）Since June 2017，right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
10．（2023年全国甲卷）However，Carson＇s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
11. （2023年全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings， Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
12. （2022全国甲卷）Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road， in order to promote environmental (protect).
13.（2022全国乙卷）As a main promoter of the International Tea Day， the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
14．（2022年浙江卷）John Olson，a former (photograph) and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
15．（2021新课标II卷）A company (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
16．（2021浙江卷）In 1844 they bought it for ＄1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their_________(marry)ceremony in 1842.
17．（2020新课标III卷）Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
18．（2020新课标卷）Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
参考答案
1． 根据构词法猜测词义
1.
2. 徒步
3. 夜间
4. 微型农场
5. 基础，出发点
6. 形状识别
7. 试错，反复试验
8. （经济）下行，衰退
9. 实干家
10. 缺点
11. 丧失资格
12. 不完美，缺陷
13. 互相联系，关联
14. 相互作用
15. 不规则，不规律
16. 再次入场
17. 责任心，良心
18. 功能性
19. 推广，普及
2．
3． 单据语法填空
1.
2. favourites
3. engineering
4. richness
5. themes
6. visibility
7. criticism
8. treasures
9. completion’
10. arrival
11. warning
12. wonders
13. protection
14. responsibility
15. photographer
16. representative
17. marriage
18. curiosity
19. accuracy
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
2