2025届高三英语一轮复习解题技巧专项：阅读理解技巧之说明文解析课件(共35张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2025届高三英语一轮复习解题技巧专项：阅读理解技巧之说明文解析课件(共35张PPT) |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-10-23 15:29:35 | ||
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(共35张PPT)
基于语篇的英语阅读理解之说明文解析
时间 篇目 主题语境 话题 说明对象
2023.6新高考1 C 人与社会 数字极简主义生活优点 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 说明文 新事物
2022.6新高考1 B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音的发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 人与自然 美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望 说明文 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文命题规律
1.以“人与自然，人与社会”两大主题语境为主，涉及科学与技术、自然生态与环境等多个主题；
2.阅读理解说明文体占比大。
体裁
PART
1
What’s your impression on the expository reading in Reading Comprehension
Survey
abstract concepts
(抽象概念)
large vocabulary
long and
complicated
sentences
new topics:
an object/invention
a phenomenon
a research or study
impressions
语篇意识
语用意识
objectives
1. Understand the characteristics of expository reading.
2. Analyze the structure of expository reading.
时间 篇目 主题语境 话题 体裁
2023.6 C 人与社会 数字极简主义生活优点 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 说明文 新事物
2022.6新高考1 B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音的发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 人与自然 美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望 说明文 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文命题规律
说明对象
purpose
Exposition
to introduce
to describe
an object
a research report
a social phenomenon
subject（说明对象）
What is expository essay
事理性说明文
事物说明
purpose
Subject(说明对象）
Identify the style
事物性说明文
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
To describe a research report.
主题语境：人与社会---幼儿时期是形成友谊和社交技能的重要时期
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That‘s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler‘s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
说明对象
Research report/finding
/study…
Research finding 研究结果
Process or method of the research 研究过程
Evaluation/significance研究评价或意义
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
Problems
The purpose
Supporting evidence of the research
To introduce a social phenomenon
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
2024年泉州质检二D篇
话题：人与社会----介绍“旁观者”效应
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
Introduction—the bystander effect (definition)
Exceptional circumstances:
The first study: highlight participants’names in red on the screen.
A second study:
Further test participants’ mindset by using a computer web-camera
Suggestion—explore ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
说明对象
Social phenomenon
the phenomenon (definition)
causes 产生原因
hopes/suggestion/worries/doubts…
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
influence 造成影响(benefits/damage)
Opinion/attitude 人们看法
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create web s by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
2024年3月泉州质检三C篇
To describe a new object
主题：人与社会---介绍新事物
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
New object: a spider-silk-like material
The producing process
Inspiration
further development
(barrier)
Advantages: environmental friendly
Future prospect
说明对象
New object
New object/theory…
Causes 产生原因
Hopes/prospect/challenges
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
Influence 造成影响
Opinion/attitude 人们看法
Mechanism/function/developing process 原理
CONTENTS
Part2 利用语篇分析
进行解题
时间 篇目 细节 猜词 主旨 说明方法 态度 写作目的 文章来源 说明对象
2023.6新高考1 C 2 1 1 1 研究报告
D 2 1 1 研究报告
2022.6新高考1 B 3 1 社会现象
C 3 1 新做法
D 3 1 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 2 1 1 新事物
D 1 1 1 1 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文设题方式
细节信息获取、理解、分析及推断
语篇结构及说明方法
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid
科学研究类文章如下的句式是文章主旨的关键词
researchers have found that...
according to a study...
A study shows that....
主旨大意题：
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
New object: a spider-silk-like material
The producing process
Inspiration
further development
(barrier)
Advantages: environmental friendly
Future prospect
28．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk.
B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk.
D．To study silk-producing spider species.
31．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products.
B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products.
D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
2024年3月泉州质检三C篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
细节理解题
34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4
Giving examples.
B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence.
D. Making comparisons.
STEP1：标关键词
STEP2：定位信息段
题干定位 说明对象
STEP3：比对选项
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems…
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Introduction—the bystander effect (definition)
Exceptional circumstances:
The first study: highlight participants’names in red on the screen.
A second study:
Further test participants’ mindset by using a computer web-camera
Suggestion—explore ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
2024年泉州质检二D篇
33. In the first study, the participants posted more replies to the troubled when
A．there were more emotional problems
B．the counter indicated the forum was quiet
C．their presence was reminded on the screen
D．more individuals were logged in the forum
技巧点拨：关键词定位，注意同义替换句，注意对比关系
2. Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That‘s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler‘s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
32. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
33. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
STEP1：标关键词
STEP2：定位信息段
STEP3：言外之意
推理判断
CONTENTS
Part3 突破语句理解
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness
（浙江2022年1月C）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
长难句去枝叶，留主干
Fit middle-aged women could be less likely to develop dementia in later life.
说明对象
依据语篇结构+话语标记语紧扣说明对象，去枝叶，留主干。
（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
长难句去枝叶，留主干
同义替换
说明对象
CONTENTS
Part4 Practice makes perfect(2024年1月全国高考卷D篇）
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets - all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value - a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
Introduction---The Standford marshmallow test
Reason---a mismatch between the rich food supply and our unchanged brains.
Suggestion---be more thoughtful about our information consumption
Topic----Adults face a version of the marshmallow test
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
34. What does the author suggest readers do
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets - all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
Eat Less, Read More
B. The Biter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value - a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do
Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
Self-evaluation
1. I know the different structures of expository reading. Yes No
2. I can analyze the expository reading structure. Yes No
3. I know how to simplify the complicated sentences. Yes No
4. I have more confidence in doing Reading Comprehension exercises. Yes No
THANKS
02
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
32. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
33. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4
Giving examples.
B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence.
D. Making comparisons.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid
推理判断
细节理解
细节理解
主旨大意
1. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．The hidden danger of a busy street.
B．The bystander effect in action.
C．The dilution of responsibility.
D．The presence of other people.
2. In the first study, the participants posted more replies to the troubled when
A．there were more emotional problems
B．the counter indicated the forum was quiet
C．their presence was reminded on the screen
D．more individuals were logged in the forum
3. Why is the web-camera used in the second study
A．To encourage more replies.
B．To reproduce the bystander effect.
C．To further test participants’ mindset.
D．To better record participants’ actions.
4. What strategy can online communities learn from the research
A．Working together to attract more users.
B．Combining designs to boost users’ memory.
C．Building more platforms for public promotion.
D．Exploring ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
猜测词义
细节理解
细节理解
推理判断
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
28．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s
research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk.
B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk.
D．To study silk-producing spider species.
29．How did the team address the shrinking problem
A．By adapting the protein.
B．By diversifying microbes.
C．By wetting the fiber.
D．By lengthening fermenting time.
30．What can best describe Spiber’s products
A．Fancy and stylish.
B．Costly yet profitable.
C．Strong and sustainable.
D．Lightweight yet resource-consuming.
31．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products.
B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products.
D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
基于语篇的英语阅读理解之说明文解析
时间 篇目 主题语境 话题 说明对象
2023.6新高考1 C 人与社会 数字极简主义生活优点 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 说明文 新事物
2022.6新高考1 B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音的发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 人与自然 美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望 说明文 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文命题规律
1.以“人与自然，人与社会”两大主题语境为主，涉及科学与技术、自然生态与环境等多个主题；
2.阅读理解说明文体占比大。
体裁
PART
1
What’s your impression on the expository reading in Reading Comprehension
Survey
abstract concepts
(抽象概念)
large vocabulary
long and
complicated
sentences
new topics:
an object/invention
a phenomenon
a research or study
impressions
语篇意识
语用意识
objectives
1. Understand the characteristics of expository reading.
2. Analyze the structure of expository reading.
时间 篇目 主题语境 话题 体裁
2023.6 C 人与社会 数字极简主义生活优点 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 说明文 新事物
2022.6新高考1 B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音的发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 人与自然 美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望 说明文 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文命题规律
说明对象
purpose
Exposition
to introduce
to describe
an object
a research report
a social phenomenon
subject（说明对象）
What is expository essay
事理性说明文
事物说明
purpose
Subject(说明对象）
Identify the style
事物性说明文
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
To describe a research report.
主题语境：人与社会---幼儿时期是形成友谊和社交技能的重要时期
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That‘s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler‘s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
说明对象
Research report/finding
/study…
Research finding 研究结果
Process or method of the research 研究过程
Evaluation/significance研究评价或意义
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
Problems
The purpose
Supporting evidence of the research
To introduce a social phenomenon
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
2024年泉州质检二D篇
话题：人与社会----介绍“旁观者”效应
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
Introduction—the bystander effect (definition)
Exceptional circumstances:
The first study: highlight participants’names in red on the screen.
A second study:
Further test participants’ mindset by using a computer web-camera
Suggestion—explore ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
说明对象
Social phenomenon
the phenomenon (definition)
causes 产生原因
hopes/suggestion/worries/doubts…
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
influence 造成影响(benefits/damage)
Opinion/attitude 人们看法
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create web s by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
2024年3月泉州质检三C篇
To describe a new object
主题：人与社会---介绍新事物
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
New object: a spider-silk-like material
The producing process
Inspiration
further development
(barrier)
Advantages: environmental friendly
Future prospect
说明对象
New object
New object/theory…
Causes 产生原因
Hopes/prospect/challenges
Topic paragraph
Sub paragraphs
Influence 造成影响
Opinion/attitude 人们看法
Mechanism/function/developing process 原理
CONTENTS
Part2 利用语篇分析
进行解题
时间 篇目 细节 猜词 主旨 说明方法 态度 写作目的 文章来源 说明对象
2023.6新高考1 C 2 1 1 1 研究报告
D 2 1 1 研究报告
2022.6新高考1 B 3 1 社会现象
C 3 1 新做法
D 3 1 研究报告
2021.6新高考1 C 2 1 1 新事物
D 1 1 1 1 研究报告
近三年新高考阅读理解说明文设题方式
细节信息获取、理解、分析及推断
语篇结构及说明方法
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid
科学研究类文章如下的句式是文章主旨的关键词
researchers have found that...
according to a study...
A study shows that....
主旨大意题：
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.
New object: a spider-silk-like material
The producing process
Inspiration
further development
(barrier)
Advantages: environmental friendly
Future prospect
28．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk.
B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk.
D．To study silk-producing spider species.
31．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products.
B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products.
D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
2024年3月泉州质检三C篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
细节理解题
34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4
Giving examples.
B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence.
D. Making comparisons.
STEP1：标关键词
STEP2：定位信息段
题干定位 说明对象
STEP3：比对选项
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems…
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Introduction—the bystander effect (definition)
Exceptional circumstances:
The first study: highlight participants’names in red on the screen.
A second study:
Further test participants’ mindset by using a computer web-camera
Suggestion—explore ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
2024年泉州质检二D篇
33. In the first study, the participants posted more replies to the troubled when
A．there were more emotional problems
B．the counter indicated the forum was quiet
C．their presence was reminded on the screen
D．more individuals were logged in the forum
技巧点拨：关键词定位，注意同义替换句，注意对比关系
2. Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That‘s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler‘s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend, praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
Research finding---the significance of friendship in toddlerhood
More finding---Toddlers’ ways of showing love
Problems and suggestions
Examples of the suggestions---
Learn sympathy
Use words
Schedule proper playtime.
32. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
33. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
STEP1：标关键词
STEP2：定位信息段
STEP3：言外之意
推理判断
CONTENTS
Part3 突破语句理解
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness
（浙江2022年1月C）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
长难句去枝叶，留主干
Fit middle-aged women could be less likely to develop dementia in later life.
说明对象
依据语篇结构+话语标记语紧扣说明对象，去枝叶，留主干。
（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
长难句去枝叶，留主干
同义替换
说明对象
CONTENTS
Part4 Practice makes perfect(2024年1月全国高考卷D篇）
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets - all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value - a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
Introduction---The Standford marshmallow test
Reason---a mismatch between the rich food supply and our unchanged brains.
Suggestion---be more thoughtful about our information consumption
Topic----Adults face a version of the marshmallow test
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
34. What does the author suggest readers do
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets - all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
Eat Less, Read More
B. The Biter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value - a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34. What does the author suggest readers do
Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
Self-evaluation
1. I know the different structures of expository reading. Yes No
2. I can analyze the expository reading structure. Yes No
3. I know how to simplify the complicated sentences. Yes No
4. I have more confidence in doing Reading Comprehension exercises. Yes No
THANKS
02
2024年1月九省联考阅读理解D篇
For lots of kids, toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament（性格）. Some toddler s are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share,and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through …… When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”）, then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）. When your child shares or shows empathy（同理心） toward a friend,praise him （“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words- not fists-to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.
32. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
33. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4
Giving examples.
B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence.
D. Making comparisons.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid
推理判断
细节理解
细节理解
主旨大意
1. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．The hidden danger of a busy street.
B．The bystander effect in action.
C．The dilution of responsibility.
D．The presence of other people.
2. In the first study, the participants posted more replies to the troubled when
A．there were more emotional problems
B．the counter indicated the forum was quiet
C．their presence was reminded on the screen
D．more individuals were logged in the forum
3. Why is the web-camera used in the second study
A．To encourage more replies.
B．To reproduce the bystander effect.
C．To further test participants’ mindset.
D．To better record participants’ actions.
4. What strategy can online communities learn from the research
A．Working together to attract more users.
B．Combining designs to boost users’ memory.
C．Building more platforms for public promotion.
D．Exploring ways to change bystanders into upstanders.
猜测词义
细节理解
细节理解
推理判断
You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
28．What is a primary purpose of Spiber’s
research in the lab
A．To develop new applications of spider silk.
B．To invent a replacement for spider silk.
C．To transform the structure of spider silk.
D．To study silk-producing spider species.
29．How did the team address the shrinking problem
A．By adapting the protein.
B．By diversifying microbes.
C．By wetting the fiber.
D．By lengthening fermenting time.
30．What can best describe Spiber’s products
A．Fancy and stylish.
B．Costly yet profitable.
C．Strong and sustainable.
D．Lightweight yet resource-consuming.
31．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．The practical application of Spiber’s products.
B．The environmental value of Spiber’s products.
C．The technical challenges of Spiber’s products.
D．The potential markets of Spiber’s products.
Five times stronger than steel, spider silk’s unique qualities were recognised by the Ancient Greeks-and more recently, scientists have looked at applications from medicine to engineering.
Now, one Japanese startup, Spiber, is exploring how spider web s could transform the clothing industry. The biotech company started by making a spider-silk-like material in the lab and has since expanded its fabric range to include more sustainable alternatives to wool and cashmere, says Kenji Higashi, head of business development at Spiber.
Spiders create webs by giving out liquid protein that will later change into silk. Kazuhide Sekiyama and Junichi Sugahara, Spiber’s founders, decided to create a material that is identical to spider silk. They studied “thousands of different spider species,” as well as other silk-producing species, and collected a database of silk varieties.
Having successfully produced the spider silk alternative, the team went on to develop a range of fabrics by changing the protein order. Spiber’s fibers are made by fermenting（发酵） water, sugar and nutrients with specially modified microbes （改良微生物） in steel tanks to produce protein polymers to be made into a fiber. Later, the team discovered that the spider silk alternative shrinks（收缩） when wet, so they modified the protein to get a fiber with desirable properties, such as water proof and increased strength, which is suitable for an outdoor jacket.
Fashion is one of the most polluting industries in the world. It produces around 2.1 billion metric tons of CO2 every year. Higashi says Spiber’s biodegradable products are predicted to generate just one-fifth of the carbon emissions of animal-based fibers once they are in mass production. And it is now developing a process that will transform abandoned clothes made from natural materials like cotton into the sugars needed for fermentation.
Currently trying to expand its production and getting ready for a full commercial launch of its products, Spiber hopes its technology will help to “solve some of the big global challenges that we’re facing,” says Higashi.