Unit 2 Exploring English 单元专项提升 课件 高中英语必修第一册外研版

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UNIT 2 Exploring English
单元专项提升
高中英语必修第一册外研版
单元语法归纳
巧梳理·知识框图
挖教材·语法示例
完成下列教材中的句子
1.I hadn't,until one day my _____________（五岁大的） son asked me whether
there was ham in a hamburger.
2.For example, in our free time we can sculpt a __________（sculpt） and paint a
_________ （paint）, but we take a photo.
3.If harmless actions are the opposite of _________（harm） actions, why are
shameless and shameful behaviors the same
five-year-old
sculpture
painting
harmful
4.When we look out of the window and see rain or snow, we can say "it's
________（rain）" or "it's _________（snow）".
5.English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the __________
（creative） of the human race.
6.That is why when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out,
they are _________ （visible）.
raining
snowing
creativity
invisible
细归纳 语法精讲
构词法
知识点1 转化法（词性转换）
1.动词转化为名词
通常，动词转化为名词时意义变化不大，大多表示原来的动作或状态。
Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的男人。
She had a worried look on her face.她一脸担忧的样子。
敲黑板 特别提醒
由动词转化而来的名词常与give、have、make、take等动词搭配来表示短暂的或一次
性的动作。如：
give a kick踢了一脚 take a bath洗澡
have a bet打赌
2.名词转化为动词
很多表示物体、身体部位、某一类人或动物的名词可用作动词。这些由名词转化而
来的动词常常表示具有该名词活动特点、性质特征的动作，精练而又生动。
（1）表示物体的名词转化为动词
book n.书→v.预订 ship n.船→v.运送
flower n.花→v.开花 rain n.雨水→v.下雨
（2）表示身体部位的名词转化为动词
hand n.手→v.递 face n.脸→v.面对
（3）表示某一类人的名词转化为动词
nurse n.护士→v.看护 host n.主人→v.主办
mother n.母亲→v.像母亲般地照顾
（4）表示动物的名词转化为动词
snake n.蛇→v.蜿蜒伸展
parrot n.鹦鹉→v.鹦鹉学舌般地重复
（5）有些其他类型的名词也可转化为动词，以产生清晰的形象
cap n.帽子→v.覆盖 age n.年龄→v.变老
battle n.战斗→v.进行战斗
I have booked a ticket for the concert.我已预订了一张音乐会的票。
She nursed her husband back to health.她照料她丈夫恢复了健康。
He was a disturbed child who needed mothering.他是个心智失常的孩子，需要悉
心照顾。
The road snaked away into the distance.这条公路蜿蜒伸向远方。
As he ages, his memory gets worse.随着年事增高，他的记忆力变差了。
3.形容词转化为动词
形容词转化为及物动词时多表示"使（变得）……"，转化为不及物动词时多表示"变
得……"。此类词常见的有：
perfect adj.完美的→vt.使完美
better adj.较好的→vt.改善
empty adj.空的→vt.倒空
narrow adj.狭窄的→vt.& vi.变窄
smooth adj.光滑的→vt.使平滑
brave adj.勇敢的→vt.勇敢面对
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们会尽最大努力改善我们的
生活条件。
She emptied the water out of the vase.她把水从花瓶里倒了出来。
4.形容词转化为名词
某些形容词可以用来指代具有它所表示的性质的事物，如表示颜色的形容词。某些
形容词与the连用可以表示"某一类人"。如：
white adj.白色的→n.白色
poor adj.贫穷的→（与the连用）n.穷人
old adj.老的→（与the连用）n.老年人
The girl in white looks very beautiful.那个穿白色衣服的女孩儿看上去很漂亮。
They provided food and shelter for the poor.他们为穷人提供食物和住所。
5.副词转化为动词
有一些副词可以转化为动词，如 further、near、down等。
She took the new job to further her career.她接受了这项新工作以进一步发展她的
事业。
We downed our coffee and left.我们一口气喝完咖啡就离开了。
链高考 真题精练
1.(天津高考)While she was in Paris, she developed a ___ for fineart.
C
A.way B.relation C.taste D.habit
【解析】develop a taste for意为"喜欢上"。taste既可以作动词，也可以作名词，作
动词时意为"尝，品"，作名词时意为"爱好，志趣"。
2.语法填空
(新高考Ⅰ卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,（动词-ed短语作后置
定语） for example, ________（form） the core collection of the British Museum
which opened in 1759.
formed
【解析】form此处用作动词，根据其后的时间状语in 1759可知,此处描述过去的情况,
故用一般过去时。
3.判断下列各句中画线词的词性和恰当含义
①(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of
Amsterdam.________________________
vi.骑自行车（或摩托车）
【解析】句意：你也可以沿着阿姆斯特丹郊外美丽的风景骑行。
②（新高考Ⅰ卷）Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the
ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat
（栖息地）._________________;_________________
v.（把……）弄干
v.给……提供住处
【解析】句意：成百万英亩的湿地被弄干为不断增长的人口提供食宿，大大减少了
水禽的栖息地。
③（新高考Ⅱ卷）Salah Sukkarieh,a professor at the University of Sydney, sees
robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging._______
v.变老
【解析】句意：Salah Sukkarieh是一位悉尼大学的教授，他认为鉴于牧牛人老龄化
那么快，机器人是必要的。
知识点2 派生法（前缀和后缀）
派生法是指给词根加上前缀或后缀构成单词的方法，是构词法中最常见的一种。
前缀一般只改变词义，不改变词性。而后缀常常改变词性，构成意义相近的其他词
性的单词，个别后缀也会改变词义。
1.前缀
常见的前缀
前缀 含义 例词
dis- 不，相反； 除去 dislike不喜欢
il-/im-/in-/ir- 不，无 illogical 不合逻辑的
impossible不可能的
incorrect不正确的
irregular不规则的
non- 不，无，非 non-profit非营利的
un- 不，反，非，未 unfortunate不幸的
mis- 错误地或不当地， 不 misunderstand误解
misfortune 不幸
前缀 含义 例词
en- 使 enlarge扩大
enrich使丰富
re- 再，重新，又 recycle回收利用
pre- 在……前，先于 prehistoric史前的
preview预演
post- 后 postpone推迟
postwar战后的
co- 共同，和……一起 co-worker同事
cooperate合作
续表
前缀 含义 例词
inter- 在……之间，相互 international国际的
interaction相互作用
auto- 自动的，无人操作 （的） automatic自动的
autobiography自传
multi- 多个，许多 multicultural多元文化的
over- 过于 overload使超载
overweight超重的
under- 在……下，不足 underfoot在脚下
underestimate低估
续表
2.后缀
（1）常见的名词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-er/-ee/-or 人，物 reporter记者
actor演员
employee雇员
-ess 女……，雌…… hostess女主人
actress女演员
-ant/-ent ……人，……物 accountant 会计
student学生
-（i）an 专长于……的人 musician音乐家
后缀 含义 例词
-al 过程，状态 arrival到达
survival幸存
-ist 专业人员，……的信仰者 dentist 牙医
socialist社会主义者
-ance/-ence 状况，行为 performance表演
confidence信心
-（t）ion/-ation/-sion 状态，动作过程，行为 discussion讨论
introduction介绍
graduation毕业
续表
后缀 含义 例词
-ment 行为，结果 agreement协议
development发展
-ness 性质，状态 kindness仁慈
weakness弱点
-hood 状态，性质 childhood童年
-ship 性质，身份，资格 hardship艰苦
leadership领导
-ity 性质，状态 reality现实
equality平等
续表
后缀 含义 例词
-dom 状态，职位，领域 freedom自由
wisdom智慧
-ure 过程，结果 failure失败
pressure压力
-ism 行为，结果；主义 criticism批评
socialism社会主义
续表
（2）常见的形容词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-able 可……的， 能……的 acceptable可接受的
affordable 多数人支付得起的
-al 与……有关的 national国家的
chemical化学的
-en 由……制成的 golden金的
wooden木制的
-ish 近乎……的， 像……似的 foolish愚蠢的
childish孩子气的
-ive 有……倾向的，有……特征的 destructive破坏性的
effective有效的
后缀 含义 例词
-ful 充满……的， 有……性质的 powerful有权势的
doubtful怀疑
-less 没有……的 homeless无家可归的
useless无用的
-some 引起（或易于）……的 troublesome令人烦恼的
-ous 有……性质的 humorous幽默的
dangerous危险的
-ly 具有……性质， 定期发生的 friendly友好的
weekly每周的
-y 充满……的， 有……特性的 cloudy多云的
lucky幸运的
续表
（3）常见的动词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-en 使变成 widen加宽 deepen加深
-fy 使得 simplify使简化
beautify 美化
-ize 使……化 realize实现
modernize 使现代化
（4）常见的副词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-ly 以某种方式 slowly慢慢地
-ward（s） 朝……方向 backward（s）向后
链高考 真题精练
语法填空
1.(2024·浙江1月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing "buy one get one free"
promotions because of the _________（criticize） that they lead to waste.
criticism
【解析】句意：许多超市不再进行"买一送一"的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动
会造成浪费。由空前的because of可知，此处应用名词作宾语。故填criticism。
2.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao （soup dumplings）,those amazing constructions
of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ______（taste） soup and sweet, fresh
meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
tasty
【解析】句意： 那些由精致的饺子皮包裹着热腾腾的美味汤汁和甜甜的鲜肉做成的
小笼包（汤包）, 是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。空处修饰后面的名词soup, 故应用形
容词tasty作定语。
3.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the ________（arrive） of the
two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda
keepers at the zoo to feel more ____________（comfort） and confident speaking
English.
arrival
comfortable
【解析】句意：从2017年6月开始, 就在两只新大熊猫"梦梦"和"娇庆"到来之前, 我一
直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更放松、更自信地说英语。分析句子结构可知, 第一
空前是冠词, 空后是介词, 所以空处应填名词，作介词before的宾语, arrive的名词形
式是arrival, 为不可数名词。第二空和空后的confident并列作表语, 应用形容词形式,
comfort的形容词形式是comfortable。
4.(2023·浙江1月)The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by _________（space）
homes and walled gardens.
spacious
【解析】空处修饰名词homes，作定语，故填形容词。
5.（全国Ⅲ卷）Filled with _________（curious）, the artist packed his bags and
left.
curiosity
【解析】介词with后需用名词作宾语。故填curiosity。
6.（全国Ⅲ卷）They also shared with us many ___________（tradition） stories
about Hawaii that were _______（huge） popular with tourists.
traditional
hugely
【解析】第一空修饰名词stories，需用形容词，故填traditional。第二空修饰形容词
popular，需用副词,故填hugely。
7.（全国Ⅰ卷）To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to
___________（strength） your leg muscles（肌肉）, avoid hills and get good
running shoes.
strengthen
【解析】空处要用动词形式表示"增强"，故用strengthen。
8.（全国Ⅲ卷）My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a _________（science） who
studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
scientist
【解析】主语是I,表语应该是一个表示身份或职业的名词，所以此处要用scientist表
示"科学家"。
知识点3 合成法
把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成一个新词，这种构词法叫作合成法，由
合成法构成的词叫复合词。
（1）复合名词的主要构成法
构成方式 例词
n.+n. suitcase手提箱 railway 铁路
eggplant 茄子
adj.+n. greenhouse温室 highway公路
gentleman绅士 blackboard黑板
v.+n. scarecrow稻草人 breakwater防水堤
pickpocket扒手 playground操场
构成方式 例词
prep./adv.+n after-effect 后效 upgrade 上升
inland内陆 overcoat大衣
adv.+v. outcome结果 output产量
overlook眺望 income收入
其他方式 passer-by路人 looker-on旁观者
well-being 健康 daybreak拂晓
grown-up大人
brother-in-law妹/姐夫
续表
敲黑板 特别提醒
复合名词变复数时，通常有以下两种情况：
（1）"名词+名词"构成的复合名词,一般情况下，主体名词变成相应的复数形式，
如:boy student→boy students 男学生。如果名词内有man/woman,则前后两个名词都
用复数形式，如：man doctor→men doctors 男医生。
（2）有些复合名词有主体名词，变复数时常将主体名词变为复数形式，如：passer-
by→passers-by路人。
（3）有些复合名词无主体名词,则在最后一个词的词尾加-s或-es，如：grown-
up→grown-ups大人。
（2）复合形容词的主要构成法
构成方式 例词
adj.+n.+-ed warm-hearted热心肠的
good-tempered 脾气好的
adj.+动词-ing good-looking 漂亮的
easy-going 随和的
adv.+动词-ing hard-working工作努力的
far-reaching影响深远的
n.+动词-ing peace-loving爱好和平的
time-saving节省时间的
n.+动词-ed handmade手工制作的
snow-covered被雪覆盖的
构成方式 例词
adv.+动词-ed well-known 著名的
widespread广泛的
adj./adv.+n. full-time全职的 high-class高级的
uphill上坡的
n.+adj. worldwide世界各地的
snow-white雪白的
num.+n.+-ed four-legged 四条腿的
one-eyed独眼的
num.+n.（+adj.） eight-year-old八岁的
three-metre（-long）三米（长）的
续表
（3）复合动词的主要构成法
构成方式 例词
n.+v. sunbathe沐日光浴 sleepwalk梦游
adv.+v. download 下载 overhear无意中听到
undergo 经历
adj.+v. whitewash粉刷 broadcast广播
（4）复合副词的主要构成法
构成方式 例词
adj.+n. hotfoot 匆忙地
adv.+adv. however 不管多么
prep.+n. overnight 在晚上，一夜之间
（5）复合介词的主要构成法
构成方式 例词
prep./adv.+prep. within 在……之内
throughout自始至终
复合词的数量很大,有时一个名词可以和其他词一起合成许多新词。以hand为例：
handshake 握手
handwriting 书法
handphone 手机，移动电话
链高考 真题精练
1.(上海高考)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was___
journey.
C
A.three hour B.a three-hours C.a three-hour D.three hours
【解析】考查构词法。考查"数词+连字符+名词"的用法，a three-hour journey意为"
三小时的路程"。
2.(天津高考)My brother is really ___.He often works in his office far into the
night.
B
A.open-minded B.hard-working C.self-confident D.warm-hearted
【解析】open-minded思想开明的; hard-working工作努力的; self-confident自信的；
warm-hearted热心肠的。根据语境可知选B。
知识点4 缩略法
常见的缩略法
构成方式 例词
首字母缩略法 BRICs — Brazil, Russia, India and China
APEC — Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
IT — Information Technology
WTO — World Trade Organization
VIP — Very Important Person
截头法 airplane — plane telephone — phone
去尾法 examination — exam photograph — photo
laboratory — lab
语法练 专项提升
Ⅰ 用括号内词的适当形式填空
1.(全国Ⅱ卷)According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of
total _______（globe） fertilizer consumption.
2.(江苏高考)No doubt the theater has contributed to the area's _____________
（develop） and economic ________（grow）.
3.A student should read as many books as he can, which helps _________（broad）
his horizons and _______（rich） his mind.
global
development
growth
broaden
enrich
4.(2022·全国甲卷)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to
promote environmental __________（protect）. Cao believes this will make the
hiking trip even more ___________（meaning）.
protection
meaningful
5.(2023·浙江1月)The term "hutong",__________（original） meaning "water well" in
Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
6.Electricity is _________（visible）, but it can be changed into energy that we
can see, hear or feel.
originally
invisible
7.(2023·浙江1月)The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and ________
（wealth） businessmen often featured ___________（beautiful） carved and painted
roof beams and pillars（柱子）.
wealthy
beautifully
8.(全国Ⅰ卷)Some of the world's most famous __________（music）recently gathered
in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.
9.The red car is more ____________（comfort） but costs much more, while the
white one doesn't use much gas.
10.To his surprise, he found that a lot of ___________（passer-by） were
___________（grown-up）.
musicians
comfortable
passers-by
grown-ups
11.(2022·浙江1月)
When the answer was no, she declined the __________（invite）.
invitation
12.He was one of the best ________（play） in yesterday's football match.
players
13.(2022·浙江1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, ________
（rough） 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised to fly
as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
roughly
14.Edison was a great _________.During his life he had many ___________.
（invent）
15.(全国Ⅱ卷)But then we got an ________（office） letter and we were blown
away. We are so proud of her. It's ___________（wonder）.
inventor
inventions
official
wonderful
Ⅱ 结合构词法完成句子
1.Look out! It's a _______________（5米深的） hole.
2.Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his
____________（最闻名的） one.
3.They are only ___________（路人）, and have nothing to do with the accident.
4.The ____________（三条腿的） chair isn't suitable for children. They may fall
off.
5.You must put your heart into studies. Don't be ______________（心不在焉的）
in class.
five-meter-deep
best-known
passers-by
three-legged
absent-minded
写作方法指导
如何写图画类记叙文
图画类记叙文通常给出一幅或多幅图片，要求我们仔细分析图片内容，并通过
文字形式将图片所包含的内容及传递的思想准确地表达出来。
此类书面表达中的图片一般都是我们熟悉的场景，画面生动形象，具有趣味性。
以图为载体，附带少量文字提示或说明。该类试题要求我们从观察图画入手，通过
对图画内容的理解，发挥想象力，按照一定的要求把图画内容准确、生动地加工成
书面语言。
写图画类记叙文时可以按以下步骤进行：
1.根据提示，全面审题
（1）确定人称。如果以日记等形式来写，一般采用第一人称；如果是讲故事，则一
般采用第三人称。但不管用哪种人称，全文人称一般都要一致。
（2）确定主题。在审题时，我们要认真分析图画所反映的内容以及出题者的意图，
分析图画的表层含义和深层含义，通过表层含义分析图画真正想要说明的问题是什
么，从而挖掘出其深层含义以确定文章的主题。
2.认真读图,进行图文转换
图画是作文的信息基础。我们应全面而细致地研究图画，尤其要注意图画中人或物
的特点，确定人与物之间的主要关系，以便掌握图画所传达的信息。如果图画以系
列形式（即多幅图）出现，我们除了需要掌握每一幅图画的信息外，还应该对图画
之间的联系有所了解，从整体上把握图画所呈现的内容。然后将图画所传达的信息
以文字形式呈现出来，并对转换后的信息进行整合，确定主要内容。
3.确定段落，草拟提纲
图画类记叙文通常会涉及多幅图，要求对某一事件的发生、发展进行描述，可根据
图画的数目和具体内容来确定段落。
4.斟词酌句，连句成篇
根据内容要点，选择恰当的词语和固定结构。结合要点间的关系及文章的体裁，选
择适当的句型。
巧运用 典例详析
书面表达
（北京高考）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你
们班上周组织了一次以"劳动最光荣"为主题的社会实践
活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，
记述整个过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
______________________
提示词：西瓜watermelon
A 教你审题
定体裁 记叙文（图画作文）
定人称 第一、三人称为主
定时态 一般过去时为主
定结构 可按"活动前—活动中—活动后"的时间顺序安排写作。
定要点 1.老师宣布活动内容和意义；
2.我为活动做准备；
3.在农场的劳动过程；
4.介绍活动感受。
B 教你选词
1.班会______________
2.……的主题 _______________
3.在田间劳动 __________________
4.与……分享……______________
class meeting
the theme of…
work in the fields
share…with…
C 教你造句
1.班会上，老师给我们讲述了这个项目。
_____________________________________________________________
2.这个项目的主题是"劳动最光荣"。
_____________________________________________________________
3.劳动时，我意识到，炎炎烈日下在田间劳动是多么辛苦。
_________________________________________________________________________
______
4.我回到家，与父母分享了我的经历。
_____________________________________________________________
At the class meeting, our teacher told us about the programme.
The theme of the programme was "Labor is the most glorious".
While working, I realised how hard it was to work in the fields under the hot sun.
I came back home and shared my experiences with my parents.
D 教你升级
1.用介词短语作后置定语合并句1和句2。（with…）
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
2.用时间状语从句改写句4。
_________________________________________________________________
At the class meeting, our teacher told us about the programme with the theme of "Labor is the most glorious".
When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.
E 教你成篇
Last week I took part in a farm work programme in a village.
At the class meeting, our teacher told us about the programme with the theme
of "Labor is the most glorious".And he stressed the importance of working with
our own hands. When I got home, I packed up my luggage for the trip.
On the farm, we helped pick watermelons.While working, I realised how hard
it was to work in the fields under the hot sun.【*】
When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents. And they
were very proud of me.
［名师点评］范文按照四幅图的顺序描述画面内容，段落间衔接自然，逻辑合理，
要点齐全，符合写作要求。
【*】While working是"连词+动词-ing"结构，作时间状语；how引导的宾语从句中，
it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。
［总结］你还能从范文中总结的有用表达：
词汇______________________
句式______________________
提能力 迁移训练
书面表达
(北京高考)假设你是红星中学高三学生
李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一
篇英文周记，记述你们上周接待外国学生，
带领他们体验中国茶文化的全过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
______________________________________
_____________________________________________
【参考答案】
Last week, a group of international students visited our school.
To help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, we took them to
the tea room in our school. There I introduced the history of tea-making and
showed them how to make tea. All of them were amazed and wanted to make
tea on their own. Soon the tea room became lively. We really had a lot of fun
making and enjoying the tea.
In the end, we took a photo together with cups or tea in our hands to
record this unforgettable experience.
高考题型突破
真题在线 阅读理解
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods
around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for
example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where
tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process
could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries（n.［C］水产养殖业） in
college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain
plants trap harmful bacteria（细菌） Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing
chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured ,
maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he
would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some
sludge（污泥）. First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass（n.［U］玻璃纤维）
tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams
and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and
waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and
formed their own ecosystem . After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took
the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested ,
and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a
greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage（污水） from 1,600 homes in South
Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a
city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does."Life on Earth is
kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，" he says. "You put organisms in
new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems
develop their own ways to self-repair."
本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了John Todd从小就喜欢观察大自然，并被自然的自净
能力所折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，
发明出了生态设计，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。
24.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs ( )
C
A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone.
C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor.
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的"observing how nature solved problems"和
"When he got older, John started to wonder...making"，第二段中的"John went back
to observing nature and asking questions"以及第二段中的几个问题可以看出，John
是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项正确。
25.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks ( )
D
A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem.
C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine.
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词"sludge"以及"tanks"可先定位至文章第三
段。由"The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some
sludge（污泥）"可知，John建造生态机器的目的是清理污泥中的有害物质。第四段
描述了实验结果，其中也有关键信息点。"all that was left was pure water"表明了
将污泥放入水箱之后的变化效果，据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥主要是为
了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。
26.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou ( )
B
A.To review John's research plans.
B.To show an application of John's idea.
C.To compare John's different jobs.
D.To erase doubts about John's invention.
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词"Fuzhou"可定位至文章第五段。根据第
五段的内容可知，John在南伯灵顿和福州的工程中应用了他的生态理念。因此可推
知作者第五段中提到John设计生态机器来清理福州运河的水是在举例，以说明John
的理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。
27.What is the basis for John's work ( )
A
A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive.
C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【解析】推理判断题。本文主要围绕John的疑问"A dirty stream...if this process
could be used to clean up the messes people were making"展开，正是在这个疑问
的指引下，John发明了生态设计，因此，John这项发明的基础就在于自然的自我修
复能力。并且最后一段中的"Then you...ways to self-repair"也印证了John的发明基础
就在于"大自然能自我修复"这一理念，故A项正确。A项中的"repair itself"与最后一
段中的"self-repair"为同义转述。
词语摘抄
①cancer-causing chemical 致癌化学物
chemical / kem k（ ）l/ n.［C］化学品，化合物 adj.化学的
②a/the combination of... ……的结合
词链 combine（vt.& vi.结合，联合）—combination（n.［U,C］结合，联合）
③figure / f ? （r）/ vt. 认为，认定（某事将发生或属实） n.［C］人物； ［C，
usually pl.］数字
搭配 figure （that）... 认为/认定……
figure out 弄清楚；计算
④substance / s bst ns/ n.［C］物质，物品，东西
⑤go around/round （to...） 到处走动；去往附近某处
⑥ecosystem / i:k s st m/ n.［C］生态系统
构词法 前缀eco-常置于名词、形容词和副词之前，如ecotourism（n.生态旅游），
eco-friendly（adj.环保的）等。
⑦digest /da d est/ vt.& vi.消化
派生词 digestion n.［U］ 消化
⑧take on 决定做，同意负责，承担（责任）
⑨facility /f s l ti/ n.［C］设施，设备;特别装置
⑩canal /k n l/ n.［C］运河
organism / :? n z m/ n.［C］生物，微生物
inquiring / n kwa r / adj.好奇的，爱探索的；探究的
long to do sth.渴望做某事
erase/ re z/ doubts消除疑虑
When he got older,
When引导的时间状语从句
［译文］当John长大后，他开始想要知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏
乱环境。
通方法 技巧点拨
如何做推理判断题
推理判断题是历年高考阅读理解的必考高频考点，也是阅读理解中的难点。此
类题目要求考生根据文章中的信息（某个或某些句子、段落或全文的信息）进行适
当合理的逻辑推断，从而推断出作者没有直接说明的内容。
一、设问角度
1.What can be inferred from the passage
2.What can we learn from the passage
3.What does the passage imply
4.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage
5.What does the author indicate/want to say/want to show by...
6.What is the author's purpose in mentioning...
二、选项特征
最佳选项 干扰选项
1."同义转述"：有时最佳选项会通过同义词、反义 词、近义词或派生词等多种形式和原文在意义上 进行呼应。 2."整合概括"：一些推理判断题侧重考查考生的深 层理解能力，最佳选项是对文中碎片信息的整合 与概括。 3.选项中一般不含有表示绝对概念的词语，如 absolutely、all、never、only等。最佳选项的表述 一般有些模糊，会用一些表达不太绝对的词汇， 如can、could、may、might、often、possibly、 probably、some、sometimes、usually等。 1."无中生有"：与常识相吻合，
但并不是从短文内容推知的，
不是基于文章得来的。
2."偷换概念"：看似从原文推断
出来的结论，实际上却与原文
不符。
3."不当推理"：推理过头，引申
过度。偏离文章主题，属主观
臆断的结论。
4."混淆逻辑"：是短文内容的简
单重述，而非推断出来的结
论，把直接表达当作间接推
理。
三、解题技巧
做此类题时，一定要忠于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。千万不能主
观臆断、凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。考生可用"三步推断法"
进行解题：
第一步：依据题干精准定位
根据题干中的关键词精确定位原文信息句/段。如上面的第25题以及第26题。
第二步：依据原文合理推断
1.首先正确理解关键词所在处信息的意思，这是推理的前提和基础；
2.其次对文字的表面信息进行分析、综合判断等，并利用"寻读法"归纳文中其他
相关信息，进行深层次的处理和合乎逻辑的推理；
3.最后结合自己已掌握的相关背景知识或常识来进行分析、推敲，从而得出符
合文章原意的结论。如上面的第25题，在定位至文章第三段后，还需要对第四段中
的相关细节进行梳理、思考，才能得出结论；上面的第26题，锁定第五段内容并分
析后可知，第五段表面信息是在介绍John在南伯灵顿和福州的工程中做的事情，但
其实是为了说明John的理念在实践中的应用；上面的第27题，要带着第一段中John
的疑问，看到最后一段中的"these new systems develop their own ways to self-
repair"才能得到印证。
第三步：对比选项锁定答案
认真比对，排除具有"无中生有""偷换概念""不当推理""混淆逻辑"特征的干扰项，
选择与合理推断一致的表述。
新课标 核心素养链接
推理判断题主要考查考生根据材料寻找细节信息，并对其进行分析、梳理、同
义转换、概括，进而提取出关键信息，最终找出选项语句与所给材料信息内在的一
致性的思维能力，这体现了核心素养中对学生思维品质的要求。
提能力 迁移训练
阅读理解
(2024·江苏宿迁质检)In June 2023, Curtis Whitson, Krystal Ramirez, and their
son Hunter decided to go on a four-day hiking and camping trip along central
California's Arroyo Seco River. Things went well for the first two days. On June
16, Whitson led the trip to a waterfall.
Whitson planned for the group to rappel（绕绳下降） down the side of the
waterfall along the river. However, when the hikers reached the top of the waterfall,
Whitson realized that unlike his trip through the area before, the water currents
（水流） were too strong. To make matters worse, their rope was missing.
Since going back the way they had come was dangerous as well, they tried to
find other routes to get around the waterfall but kept hitting dead ends. There was
no other way out.
The three tried shouting from behind the huge rocks each time they heard
voices and even threw a stick. When neither worked, Whitson decided to carve（刻）
a "GET HELP" message on the side of his water bottle and threw it across the
waterfall in the hope that someone would find it. Fearing the carved message was
easy to miss, he also put a dated note inside the bottle. Then Whitson and his
family went back up the river to a small beach to camp out for the night. Before
settling down, they spread out their blue carpet in an open place and spelled out
"SOS" using white rocks. To make sure it could be seen at night, they used a
headlight to lighten the sign. Sometime after midnight, the three were awakened by
a welcome sound—a helicopter flying overhead. Soon after, someone shouted over
the loudspeaker, "This is Search and Rescue. You have been found."
Shortly after being picked up, Whitson was told that two hikers had discovered
their water bottle and, upon seeing the message for help, reported it to the officials.
Whitson said, "They didn't leave their names or phone numbers. They just did what
was right in their heart, and took it seriously. They couldn't have done it faster or
more selflessly, and I can't thank them enough."
本文讲述了Whitson一家人徒步旅行时被困于瀑布顶部，他们采取了一切能想到的措
施求救，最终他们顺瀑布扔下的刻有求救信息的水瓶帮助他们获得了援救。
1.What do we know about the three hikers ( )
C
A.They got lost on their way back.
B.They went to the wrong destination.
C.They were trapped on the top of a waterfall.
D.They were stuck on the top of a mountain.
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的"reached the top of the waterfall"及第三段中
的"they tried to find other routes to get around the waterfall but kept hitting dead
ends"可知，他们三人被困在瀑布顶部。
2.What's the main reason for the three being rescued ( )
D
A.Their headlight was seen by someone.
B.Their "SOS" on the beach was noticed.
C.Their text message to the rescue team was read.
D.Their bottle with the message asking for help was found.
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，Whitson在水瓶上刻有"寻求帮助"的
字样，还在瓶子里放了一张写有日期的纸条，然后扔下瀑布，希望有人能找到它。
再根据最后一段中的"Whitson was told that two hikers...reported it to the officials"
可知，两名徒步旅行者发现了他们的水瓶并向官员报告了此事。由此可知，他们被
救的主要原因是有人发现了他们的求助水瓶。
3.What can we learn from Whitson's words in the last paragraph ( )
B
A.He found it very lucky to survive.
B.He thought highly of the two hikers.
C.He expressed his thanks to the officials.
D.He wished to learn from the two hikers.
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中Whitson所说的话"They didn' leave their
names ...can't thank them enough"可知，他高度赞扬了这两名徒步旅行者。B项中的
"thought highly of"为"can't thank them enough"的同义转述。
4.Where is the text most likely from ( )
B
A.A travel diary. B.A news story.
C.A popular magazine. D.A travel guide.
【解析】通读全文并结合选项内容可知，文章以第三人称的视角展开描述，首句"In
June 2023, Curtis Whitson...California's Arroyo Seco River"介绍了事件的时间、地
点以及人物,下文按照时间发展顺序详细叙述事实，符合新闻报道的语篇特征和文体
结构，故选B项。
微专题 新题型专练
读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的
短文。
(山东师大附中开学考)Jane and Catherine were close friends in their high
school，Deerfield Academy, Massachusetts. The two of them almost went
everywhere together. However, it seemed that things changed for no reason.
That was a Tuesday, Jane was waiting in the corridor outside her class. She
had two exams that day and physics was the first. She really hated physics. Her
friend Catherine looked at her from the front of the line, and then looked away
quickly. Jane thought she looked guilty（内疚的）. She didn't have a problem with
physics. She didn't have a problem with anything…Miss Perfect!
"Hi, Jane, it's your favorite exam today," said Maya, laughing as she joined
the line. Catherine was looking at Jane again. "So what's wrong with her " asked
Maya. "I thought you were friends." "Yes, so did I," said Jane， "but she hasn't
spoken to me for two weeks. She promised to help me review for the physics
exam too, but then she ignored（忽视） all my calls and texts. She seemed to
have forgotten who her friends are!" "Are you listening to me " Mr Richard was
talking to the class and the other students were going into the exam room. Jane
gave Maya a worried look and followed them.
Jane couldn't answer question number five. She looked up and saw Catherine
sitting two rows in front of her. Jane couldn't believe it! Catherine was holding her
phone on her knee under the table and reading on it. Is that how Catherine always
got such good grades She felt really angry at Catherine, but she didn't know what
to do. She thought about telling the teacher, but what would everyone else think of
her "Stop writing and put your pens down," said Mr Richard as he started to
collect the exam papers.
Jane wanted to talk to Catherine at lunchtime, but she couldn't find her
anywhere. The next exam was history. That was Jane's favorite subject but she
wasn't feeling good. She didn't know what to do about Catherine. "It wasn't fair!"
she thought. "Catherine was getting good grades by cheating all the time." Just then,
Mr Richard walked past her table. "Mr Richard…"
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Jane was sitting two rows behind Catherine again in the history exam that
afternoon.
Jane was walking towards the school gate when she heard footsteps behind
her.
故事梗概 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Jane和Catherine一直以来都是亲密的好
友，但是这份友谊不知何故似乎发生了变化，自两周前Catherine就没有
回复过Jane的电话和短信了。有一天，Jane在考试的时候无意间发现
Catherine使用了手机，她认为Catherine的好成绩都是靠作弊取得的，于
是就将此事告知了老师……
情节线 情感线
结构 Para.1: The backgroundof the story Jane and Catherine had been good friends, but their friendship seemed to change. Catherine broke her promise and
ignored Jane.
（puzzled,angry）
Paras. 2-3: The examday and the brokenfriendship Jane was worried about the physics exam but Catherine escaped eye contact with her. Catherine kept Jane at a distance. She failed to keep her promise to help Jane review physics. 续表
结构 Para.4: Jane thought Catherine cheated. Jane found Catherine using phone during the exam! →Jane found
Catherine holding
her phone during
the exam.
（shocked,
disappointed）
Para.5: Jane decided to tell their teacher about the cheat. Jane didn't get the chance to talk to Catherine at lunchtime. Feeling unfair, she told the teacher. 续表
续写方向 Para.1 Jane was sitting two rows behind Catherine again in the history exam that afternoon. （段首句） →Jane wanted to
talk to Catherine,
but she didn't have
the chance and still
didn't know what to
do.
→预测情节，问题引领： ①Would Catherine check her phone again？ ②What would Jane do ③What would Mr Richard do？ ④What might happen to Catherine？ 续表
续写方向 Para.2 Jane was walking towards the school gate when she heard footsteps behind her. （段首句） （unfair,
hesitant）
Jane sat behind
Catherine again
（sad？nervous
or…）
She heard footsteps
behind her
（afraid？anxious,
or…）
→预测情节，问题引领： ①Who followed Jane？Was that Catherine ②What happened to Catherine？Why did she use the phone ③Would Jane and Catherine become friends again 续表
【佳作展示】
Jane was sitting two rows behind Catherine again in the history exam that
afternoon. Jane was feeling terrible. Mr Richard wanted her to nod at him if
she saw Catherine cheating in the exam. When she saw Catherine had her
phone under the table, Jane looked up and nodded at Mr Richard. Catherine
was too busy looking at her phone to notice Mr Richard coming near. Mr
Richard picked up her exam paper and told Catherine to leave the classroom.
Jane was walking towards the school gate when she heard footsteps behind
her. It was Catherine."Jane, please wait," said Catherine. "I'm really sorry I
didn't answer your calls. My dad has been in hospital for two weeks. He had
a big heart operation today. I was reading texts from my mum to see how the
operation was going. But Mr Richard caught me. He thought I was cheating.
He believes me now. I'm sorry I didn't tell you what was happening but I
haven't forgotten that we're friends. Will you forgive me " "Of course! Let's
go to the hospital to see your father," Jane couldn't wait to reply.
谢谢
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