八年级英语句子成分和基本句型
句子成分
主语(Subject)
定义:是句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
示例
名词作主语:The book is very interesting.(“book” 是名词,在句中作主语,表示所谈论的对象是书)
代词作主语:He likes playing football.(“He” 是人称代词,指代人,作为句子的主语)
数词作主语:Three is a lucky number in some cultures.(“Three” 是数词,作为句子的核心,充当主语)
不定式作主语:To see is to believe.(“To see” 是不定式结构,在这个句子中作为主语,表示一种行为或动作)
动名词作主语:Swimming is good exercise.(“Swimming” 是动名词,表明一个动作或行为,在句中作主语)
从句作主语:What he said made me angry.(“What he said” 是一个主语从句,作为整个句子的主语)
谓语(Predicate)
定义:说明主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语充当。
示例
简单动词作谓语:She sings well.(“sings” 是动词,作为谓语,描述主语 “she” 的动作)
动词短语作谓语:They are playing basketball.(“are playing” 是动词短语,作为谓语,表示主语正在进行的动作)
宾语(Object)
定义:表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或介词之后。可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
示例
名词作宾语:I love music.(“music” 是名词,位于及物动词 “love” 之后,作为宾语)
代词作宾语:He helped me.(“me” 是人称代词,在及物动词 “helped” 之后,作为宾语)
数词作宾语:I want three.(“three” 是数词,位于及物动词 “want” 之后,作为宾语)
不定式作宾语:She wants to learn English.(“to learn English” 是不定式短语,位于及物动词 “wants” 之后,作为宾语)
动名词作宾语:He enjoys reading books.(“reading books” 是动名词短语,在及物动词 “enjoys” 之后,作为宾语)
从句作宾语:I think that he is right.(“that he is right” 是宾语从句,在及物动词 “think” 之后,作为宾语)
表语(Predicative)
定义:用在系动词之后,表明主语的身份、性质、状态等。可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
示例
名词作表语:He is a student.(“student” 是名词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,说明主语 “he” 的身份)
代词作表语:The book is mine.(“mine” 是名词性代词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,表明所属关系)
形容词作表语:She is beautiful.(“beautiful” 是形容词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,描述主语 “she” 的性质)
副词作表语:He is there.(“there” 是副词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,说明主语的位置状态)
不定式作表语:My dream is to travel around the world.(“to travel around the world” 是不定式短语,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,说明主语 “my dream” 的内容)
动名词作表语:His hobby is reading.(“reading” 是动名词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,表明主语 “his hobby” 的具体内容)
分词作表语:The news is exciting.(“exciting” 是现在分词,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,描述主语 “the news” 的性质)
从句作表语:The fact is that he didn't come.(“that he didn't come” 是表语从句,在系动词 “is” 之后,作为表语,说明主语 “the fact” 的实际情况)
定语(Attribute)
定义:用来修饰名词或代词,可分为前置定语和后置定语。可由形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或从句等充当。
示例
形容词作前置定语:This is a beautiful flower.(“beautiful” 是形容词,修饰名词 “flower”,作为前置定语)
名词作前置定语:I bought a bookcase.(“book” 是名词,修饰另一个名词 “case”,作为前置定语)
代词作前置定语:Our school is big.(“Our” 是物主代词,修饰名词 “school”,作为前置定语)
数词作前置定语:There are three apples on the table.(“three” 是数词,修饰名词 “apples”,作为前置定语)
不定式作后置定语:I have a lot of work to do.(“to do” 是不定式短语,修饰名词 “work”,作为后置定语)
动名词作后置定语:The swimming pool is over there.(“swimming” 是动名词,修饰名词 “pool”,作为后置定语)
分词作后置定语:The boy standing there is my brother.(“standing there” 是现在分词短语,修饰名词 “boy”,作为后置定语)
介词短语作后置定语:The book on the desk is mine.(“on the desk” 是介词短语,修饰名词 “book”,作为后置定语)
从句作定语(定语从句):I know the man who is standing there.(“who is standing there” 是定语从句,修饰先行词 “man”)
状语(Adverbial)
定义:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。可由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当。
示例
副词作状语:He runs fast.(“fast” 是副词,修饰动词 “runs”,说明动作的方式,作为状语)
介词短语作状语:He lives in Beijing.(“in Beijing” 是介词短语,修饰动词 “lives”,说明地点,作为状语)
不定式作状语:He came to help me.(“to help me” 是不定式短语,修饰动词 “came”,说明目的,作为状语)
分词作状语:Walking in the park, I saw a beautiful bird.(“Walking in the park” 是现在分词短语,修饰动词 “saw”,说明时间或伴随情况,作为状语)
从句作状语(状语从句):When I got home, my mother was cooking.(“When I got home” 是时间状语从句,修饰整个主句,说明时间)
补语(Complement)
定义:用来补充说明主语或宾语的情况,包括主语补足语和宾语补足语。可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词等充当。
示例
宾语补足语
名词作宾语补足语:We call him Tom.(“Tom” 是名词,在句子中补充说明宾语 “him” 的身份,作为宾语补足语)
形容词作宾语补足语:I find the book interesting.(“interesting” 是形容词,补充说明宾语 “book” 的性质,作为宾语补足语)
不定式作宾语补足语:My mother told me to clean my room.(“to clean my room” 是不定式短语,补充说明宾语 “me” 的行为,作为宾语补足语)
分词作宾语补足语:I saw him running.(“running” 是现在分词,补充说明宾语 “him” 的动作状态,作为宾语补足语)
主语补足语
名词作主语补足语:He was elected president.(“president” 是名词,补充说明主语 “He” 的身份,作为主语补足语)
形容词作主语补足语:The door was left open.(“open” 是形容词,补充说明主语 “The door” 的状态,作为主语补足语)
分词作主语补足语:The boy was found sleeping.(“sleeping” 是现在分词,补充说明主语 “The boy” 的状态,作为主语补足语)
基本句型:
主谓结构(S+V):即 “主语 + 不及物动词”。例如:“He sleeps.”(他睡觉),“The bird flies.”(鸟儿飞)。这种句型中的动词后面不需要接宾语,句子意思就完整。
主谓宾结构(S+V+O):即 “主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语”。例如:“I like apples.”(我喜欢苹果),“She reads books.”(她读书)。及物动词后面必须跟宾语才能使句子意思完整。
主系表结构(S+V+P):即 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语”。常见的系动词有 be(am/is/are/was/were)、look(看起来)、seem(似乎)、feel(感觉)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、become(变得)、get(变得)等。例如:“The flower smells sweet.”(这花闻起来很香),“She looks beautiful.”(她看起来很漂亮)。
主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO):即 “主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”。例如:“My mother gave me a present.”(我妈妈给了我一个礼物),“He passed her a book.”(他递给她一本书)。这里的 “me” 和 “her” 是间接宾语,“a present” 和 “a book” 是直接宾语。
主谓宾宾补结构(S+V+DO+OC):即 “主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况,使句子意思更完整。例如:“We made the room clean.”(我们使房间干净了),“I find the book interesting.”(我发现这本书很有趣)。
练习
1.找出下列句中的句子成分
找出主语
The sun rises in the east.(主语:The sun)
To learn a foreign language needs hard work.(主语:To learn a foreign language)
They are playing football on the playground.(主语:They)
找出谓语
She has a beautiful voice.(谓语:has)
The students were listening to the teacher carefully.(谓语:were listening)
My sister will go to school tomorrow.(谓语:will go)
找出宾语
He bought a new bike yesterday.(宾语:a new bike)
We enjoy listening to music.(宾语:listening to music)
She gave her mother a warm hug.(直接宾语:a warm hug,间接宾语:her mother)
找出表语
The weather is getting colder.(表语:colder)
His dream is to become a famous singer.(表语:to become a famous singer)
The book on the desk looks interesting.(表语:interesting)
找出定语
The red car is very fast.(定语:red,修饰 car)
I have a lot of homework to do.(定语:to do,修饰 homework)
The boy with a big smile is my brother.(定语:with a big smile,修饰 boy)
找出状语
He ran quickly to catch the bus.(状语:quickly,修饰 ran;to catch the bus,目的状语)
In summer, we often go swimming.(状语:In summer,时间状语;often,频率状语)
They sat there silently.(状语:there,地点状语;silently,方式状语)
2.基本句型练习
判断句型(S+V、S+V+O、S+V+P、S+V+IO+DO、S+V+DO+OC)
The baby is sleeping.(S+V)
We love our country.(S+V+O)
She is a good student.(S+V+P)
He gave me a book.(S+V+IO+DO)
I find the movie exciting.(S+V+DO+OC)
3. 选择题
(1)The structure of the sentence "The students visited the museum" is _______.
A. S+V B. S+V+O C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC
(2)"I saw him crossing the street." The sentence structure is ______.
A. S+V+IO+DO B. S+V C. S+V+P D. S+V+DO+OC
(3)The sentence "The bird is singing happily." belongs to the structure of ______.
A. S+V+DO+OC B. S+V C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+P
(4)My father made me read English yesterday. It’s a structure of __________.
A. S+V+P B. S+V+IO+DO C. S+V+DO D. S+V+DO+OC
(5)Choose the right sentence structure. "We call the lovely baby panda Xiwang."
A. S+V+O B. S+V+P C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC
(6)In the sentence "She looks beautiful", "beautiful" is _______.
A. a predicate B. an object C. an attribute D. a complement
(7)The structure of the sentence "He gave a book to me" is similar to that of _______.
A. I bought a pen for him B. She sings a song
C. The sun rises in the east D. They are playing football
(8)Which of the following sentences is in the S+V+P structure
A. The cat catches the mouse. B. I love reading books.
C. The flower smells sweet. D. He writes a letter.
(9)"I find learning English interesting." The underlined part is _______.
A. a predicate B. an object C. a complement D. an adverbial
(10)The sentence "They arrived at the airport early" is in the structure of _______.
A. S+V+O B. S+V+Adverbial C. S+V+P D. S+V+IO+DO