Book3 Unit1 The world of our senses Word power and Grammar and usage（共34张PPT）

课件34张PPT。译林版必修3Unit 1 The world of our sensesWord power & Grammar and usage
The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research.
最近新的研究表明令人愉快的气味可能会减少痛苦。
1.reduce vt.& vi.减少；缩减；降低
【典例】
What the factory should do now is to try to reduce the production cost.
该厂现在应该做的就是设法降低生产成本。。
【拓展】
reduce by减少了(百分比)
reduce to减少到(数量)
【运用】
完成句子
①Your speed must_________ the city speed as soon as you cross the border.
你一进市区车速就得减到市区的规定速度。
②价格将减少20%。
The price will ___________ 20 percent.
【答案】　①be reduced to　②be reduced by ...，volunteers were required not to eat or drink for eight hours before the experiment.(P9)
……，要求志愿者在试验开始前八个小时不吃不喝。
2.volunteer vt.& vi.自愿做，义务做 n．志愿者
【典例】
She volunteered some information.
她主动提供了一些情况。
【拓展】
volunteer sth.自愿提供，自愿给予
volunteer to do sth.自愿干某事
volunteer oneself to do sth.自愿干某事
voluntary adj.志愿的；自愿的；主动的【运用】
?When she retired she did a lot of______ for the Red Cross.
她退休后为红十字会做了大量的义工。
?Two men__________ the missing climber.
两个人自告奋勇去寻找那位失踪的登山运动员。
?My daughter___________look after her little brother.
我女儿自告奋勇地照顾她的小弟弟。
【答案】? voluntary work
?volunteered to search for
? volunteered herself to One explanation is that women's sense of smell is better developed than that of men, and is linked to recognizing the smell of babies.
一种解释是：女人的嗅觉比男人的嗅觉发育得更好，且与识别婴儿的体味有关。
3.recognize vt.认出，辨认出；承认；意识到；(正式)承认
【典例】
I recognized his voice on the phone although he tried to pretend.
虽然他极力掩饰，我还是在电话里听出了他的声音。【拓展】
recognize that ...　　　　　 承认……
recognize ... as ... 承认……为……
be recognized as/to be ... 被公认为/承认是……
比较　recognize, realize
【运用】
1.用recognize和realize填空
①When I entered the room, I_________there was something wrong.
②I__________my old friend as soon as he got off the train.
【答案】　①realized　②recognized2.用recognize的适当形式填空
①He didn't ___________ he had made a big mistake.
他不承认自己犯下了大错。
②Han Han ____________ a brilliant young writer.
韩寒被公认为一个杰出的青年作家。
【答案】①recognize that ② is recognized as
However, why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men remains a puzzle for scientists.
然而，为什么令人愉快的气味不能减轻男士的痛苦对科学家们来说仍然是个谜。
4．puzzle n．谜，疑问；难题vt.迷惑，使困惑
【典例】
Tom is clever enough to solve puzzles in life.
汤姆很聪明，能解决生活中的难题。
What puzzles me is why they didn't show up.
令我不解的是为什么他们没有出现。
【拓展】
(1)puzzle about/over ...　　 苦苦思索……
puzzle sth. out 琢磨出……的答案
(2)puzzling adj. 令人困惑的
puzzled adj. 困惑的；迷惑不解的
puzzlement n. 迷茫，困惑
【运用】
完成句子
①He was studying the map and __________ the easiest way to cross the mountains.
他在仔细察看地图，想找出最容易穿过山区的道路。②He was trying __________ why he had been brought to the house.
他想弄明白自己为何被带到这所房子。
③Everyone was a bit by her sudden departure.
每个人都对她的突然离开有点儿困惑不解。
【答案】
①puzzled about
② to puzzle out
③puzzled
Scientists observe that making the most of our senses when we are young can keep us healthy later on in life.科学家说年轻时充分利用感觉会使我们在今后的生活中保持健康。
5.make the most/best of充分利用，尽量利用
【典例】
We must make the most of our resources.
我们必须善于利用我们的资源。
If you cannot have the best，make the best of what you have.
如果你不能拥有最好的，就把你拥有的变成最好的。
【运用】
完成句子
①你必须善于利用你的长处。
You must _____________your advantages.
②每种情况都蕴含着一个机会，要想办法最大限度地利用它。
Every situation is an opportunity.See the ways_______________.
【答案】　
①make the most/best of　
②to make the most/best of it
It is added that while our sense of sight is used too much, our senses of touch and smell have been ignored.
研究补充说，虽然我们的视觉被用得太多，但是我们的触觉和嗅觉一直被忽视。
6．ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会
【典例】
I made a suggestion, but they chose to ignore it.
我提了个建议，但他们不予理睬。
She ignored him and carried on with her work.
她没理他，继续干她的活。【拓展】
（1）ignorance n．无知；愚昧
be in ignorance of...对……无知
（2）ignorant adj.无知的；无学识的；愚昧的
be ignorant that不知道
be ignorant of/about sth.不知道某事
【运用】完成句子
①如果你忽视自己的饮食，必然会遇到麻烦。
If you________ ，trouble will follow.
②他的失败起因于他的无知。
His faiure resulted from _________ .
③我们对你们的计划完全不知情。
We are __________ your plans.
【答案】　①ignore your diet　②his ignorance　
③in complete ignorance ofWhile sleeping,wear a nightshirt that is pleasant to touch--it will make us sleep well.
睡觉时，穿一件摸上去很舒服的睡衣-------它会使我们睡得很沉。
这是“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，在这个结构中，不定式常与句中的主语构成
动宾关系，该不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。在该结构中，动词必须是及物动词；
若是不及物动词，要在该动词后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
(1)The boy is difficult to teach.
这男孩很难教。
(2)The chair is comfortable to sit on.
这椅子坐着挺舒服。
(3)I am not a person who is hard to get along with.
我不是一个难以相处的人。【运用】完成句子
①A nightshirt that____________(摸起来很舒适的) will make us sleep well.
②I think ______________________(冰太薄不能在上面溜冰)．
答案：
① is pleasant to touch
② the ice is too thin to skate on
名词性从句（1）
that，if，whether引导的名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，都不能用逗号与主句分开。
When we will start is not clear.(主语从句)
Mrs Black won't believe that her son has become a thief.(宾语从句)
My idea is that we should do it right now.(表语从句)
I had no idea that you were her friend.(同位语从句)
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
1．连接词：that。无词义，在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用，在宾语从句中有时可省略。
2．连接词：whether，if，as if。if，whether，as if有词义，if，whether的意思是“是否”，as if的意思是“似乎，好像”。这三个词在从句中也不作成分，只起连接作用。
whether与if的区别：
whether通常可以引导所有的名词性从句，但是if通常引导宾语从句。
二、主语从句
1．主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。在口语中it作形式主语时，that可以省略。
It doesn't matter so much whether you will come or not.
2．that引导主语从句在句首时，不能省略。
That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.三、表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be，look，seem等。另外，常用的还有The reason is that...等结构。引导表语从句的that一般不省略。
The problem is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time.
The reason why he was late for school is that he missed the early bus.
It looks as if it's going to rain.
当主语是表示“建议、命令、请求”的名词时，其后的表语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式是should do，should可省略。
My suggestion is that he(should)be sent to the hospital at once.四、宾语从句
1．宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。有些形容词如sure，afraid，anxious，aware，certain，confident，convinced，determined，glad，proud，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful，ashamed，disappointed，annoyed，pleased，satisfied，content等后面也可跟宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但如果主句谓语动词含有两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，第二个宾语从句及后面的宾语从句的引导词that不可省略。
I hope(that)everything is all right.
I am afraid(that)I've made a mistake.
She promised(that)she would come and see him sometimes and that she would never forget him.2．whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
(1)宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
I wonder if it doesn't rain.
(2)用if会引起误解时，就要用whether。
Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解)
(3)宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用时，可换成if。
I don't know whether or not the report is true.
I don't know whether/if the report is true or not.
(4)介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件状语从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don't know whether to go there.
Whether you will accept or not，I should give you my suggestions.
Please come to see me if you have time.
(5)宾语从句提前，要用whether引导。注意对比：
I don't know whether/if he will come.
Whether he will come I don't know.
3．否定转移
若主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，guess，imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。
I don't think this dress fits you well.
我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。4．作“命令、要求、建议”等动词的宾语从句中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的构成是“should＋动词原形”或省去should，直接用动词原形。这些动词主要有order，suggest，insist，recommend，require，demand，advise等。
She insisted that she not be sent to the countryside.她坚持不被派到农村去。
但是，如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲，insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination.他脸上的微笑表明他已经通过了考试。
5．doubt和wonder用于肯定结构时，后面有whether/if引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用that引导名词性从句。be sure用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接that引导名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/if引导名词性从句。
We doubt whether/if he can win the game.五、同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1．同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对某一名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。
The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
被同位语从句解释或说明的名词通常是抽象名词，常见的有news，fact，idea，suggestion，promise，message，possibility，conclusion，thought，order，report，rumor，word，information，hope，belief等。
2．同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting had been put off.3．同位语从句中被解释说明的是表示“建议、命令、要求”等的名词时，从句的谓语动词用should＋do的形式，should可以省略。这样的名词主要有suggestion，requirement，order，request，demand等。
4．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)定语从句中关系代词that既代替先行词，同时又在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当任何句子成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述被修饰名词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(第一个that引导的是定语从句，that在从句中作表语)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。(同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分)
I.观察下列句子，判断画线部分属于哪种名词性从句。
①The truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far.
②She had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man.
③The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research.
④It is believed that strong smells can affect the senses.
⑤Scientists are interested in whether the sense of smell is related to pain.
⑥One explanation is that women's sense of smell is better developed than that of men.
⑦Scientists used to believe that mothers recognize their children by sight only.
⑧Why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men remains a puzzle for scientists.
[自我总结]　
①⑥属于____，②③属于____，④⑧属于____，⑤⑦属于____。
【答案】　表语从句；同位语从句；主语从句；宾语从句II. 用适当的连词填空
1. ____________ he is ready to help others is well-known.
2. _____________ he will attend the meeting is not decided.
3. _____________ team will win the match is still unknown.
4. _____________ we need is your help.
5. ____________ he became a famous musician is known to all.
6. It’s a pity _______ she has made such a mistake.
7. That is _________ I didn’t attend the meeting.
8. __________ breaks the rule, he must be punished.
9. The possibility ___________ the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.
10. I have no idea ___________ he will be back.11. ____________ I am most interested in is American movies.
12. __________ he says is of no importance.
13. __________ he will come is certain.
14. ____________ he is often late for class is more than I can tell.
15. ______ is going to attend the important meeting has not been decided by the manager.
16. It is possible _________ they will complete the building in three months.
17. The news _________ a professor from USA will visit our school spreads all over the campus.
18. It depends on _______ he is ready or not.
19. You should make a decision ____________ you will go or stay.
20. The idea ________ we can master a foreign language in a short time is totally wrong.【答案】1. That 2. Whether 3. Which 4. What 5. That 6. that 7. why 8. Whoever 9. that 10. when 11. What 12. What 13. That 14. Why 15. Who 16. that 17. that 18. whether 19. whether 20. that
III.完成句子
1.It doesn’t matter __________________________________________.
你来不来都没有关系。
2．My suggestion is
_________________________________________.
我的建议是，我们多派些人去做这项工作。
3. I want to say thanks to
________________________________________’
我想对帮助过我的任何一个人说一声谢谢。4． Our income is now double ________________________________.
我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍了。
5． The fact ________________________ surprised us a lot.
事实是他什么也没说，这让我们很惊讶。
【答案】1.whether you will come or not　2.that we (should) send more people to do the work　3.whoever has helped me　4.what it was 10 years ago　5.that he had said nothing