2025届高考英语二轮复习：考点4 阅读理解 科学科普类—五年（2020—2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编（含解析）

考点4 阅读理解 科学科普类—五年（2020—2024年）高考英语真题专项分类汇编
一、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory(迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A.The stamp price has gone down. B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting. D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
二、【2024年新课标Ⅰ卷】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot," Daru explained. "Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image."
5.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
6.What does Daru's study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
7.What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
8.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
三、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional(情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
9.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A.It can be measured by an IQ test. B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills. D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
10.Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2
A.To explain a rule. B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact. D.To make a prediction.
11.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
12.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A.Its appeal to the public. B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application. D.Scientists with new perspectives.
四、【2023新课标Ⅱ卷】
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
13.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
14.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
15.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
16.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
五、【2020年新高考Ⅱ卷】
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush(灌木丛) in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy(树冠层) of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75% of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain—your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity(湿气) of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
17.What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph
A.They produce oxygen. B.They cover a vast area.
C.They are well managed. D.They are rich in wildlife.
18.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests
A.Heavy rains B.Big trees. C.Small plants. D.Forest animals.
19.Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other
A.For more sunlight. B.For more growing space.
C.For self-protection. D.For the detection of insects.
20.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Life-Giving Rainforests B.The Law of the Jungle
C.Animals in the Amazon D.Weather in Rainforests
六、【2020新高考Ⅰ卷】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
21.What is the recent study mainly about
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
22.What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in Paragraph 1 refer to
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
23.Why did the researchers hire the actor
A.To see how she would affect the participants.
B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
24.On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：A
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地)"可知,湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一,故A项正确。
2.答案：C
解析：理解词汇。画线词所在句形成了副词"Unfortunately"修饰整个句子的情况,因此,该句讲到的内容应该会偏消极一些。选项中acquire"获得"、export"出口"、distribute"分配;散布"都是中性词,只有"destroy"偏消极,代人验证"不幸的是,探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年,就将这些资源中的大部分破坏",故画线词与C项的意义最为接近。
3.答案：D
解析：理解具体信息。根据第三段中的"About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund...Since 1934, better than half a billion dollar s has gone into that Fund"可知,《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一个直接结果是政府筹到了钱,故D项正确。
4.答案：A
解析：理解文章主旨要义。阅读文章内容可知,本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及鸭票的作用和影响,故A项正确。
5.答案： B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段"Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records."可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在。故选B。
6.答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "和第三段"Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns."可知，Daru的研究集中于观测数据。故选C。
7.答案： C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it"可知，不当的采样方式会导致数据偏差。故选C。
二、
8.答案： D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image."可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
9.答案：D
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable... 'people skills'."可知,许多人错误地把情商看作一个人身上几乎所有的优秀品质,故D项正确。
10.答案：B
解析：理解目的。根据第二段的内容可知,作者在这一段首先陈述了一个观点,即我们更喜欢将情商描述为一组既可用于好的目的,也可用于坏的目的的特定技能,然后作者通过医生和骗子的例子来阐释这个观点,故B项正确。
11.答案：A
解析：理解观点、态度。根据第三段中的"the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful...has helped both the public and researchers...in everyday life"可知,作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的,故A项正确。favorable"肯定的,赞同的,支持的"。
12.答案：B
解析：理解段落主旨要义。根据最后一段的内容,尤其是"we hope...study of emotion. It is our hope that...point us in the right direction"可知,本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的希望和期待,故B项正确。
三、
13.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的"access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find"(城市居民越来越难以接触大自然)以及"it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild"(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。A项(袖珍公园现在很普遍)和C项(许多城市都人口过剩)在原文中均未提及。D项(人们喜欢住得靠近自然)有一定的迷惑性,根据原文,虽然人们愿意接近自然,但居住在城市里,作者并未说他们喜欢居住在哪里,更未将人们愿意靠近自然居住当作一种现象来描述。
14.答案：D
解析：推断。题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一句话"Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories...began to emerge"(在320份提交的材料中,一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现)可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。
15.答案：C
解析：推断。题干间的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break"可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,周内可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。A项(散步是接近自然的最佳方式)和D项(自然语言会提高工作绩效)原文未提及,B项(年轻人太忙无法与自然交流)与原文矛盾。
16.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前,我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段 Kahn的话"And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it"(为了实现这一点,我们还需要保护自然,以便与之互动)可知,我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故B项正确。
四、
17.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.(热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。)可知,热带雨林有丰富的野生动物,故选D。
18.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy(树冠层) of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.(热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系,高大的树木有枝干,树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。)可知,大树有助于热带雨林生存,故选B。
19.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.(科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。)可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护,故选C。
20.答案：A
解析：标题判断题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次,热带雨林就是地球之肺—它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳,并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后,雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%,而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云,这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”,故选A。
五、
21.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的"According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
22.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"contrary to"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier people"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
23.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的"To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
24.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。