2025届高三英语二轮复习：基本句型课件(共39张PPT)

(共39张PPT)
语法常识
一、英语10大词类：
词类又叫词性，单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类：
1 名词 noun （n.） campus 2 代词 pronoun （pron.） he
3 形容词 adjective （adj.） anxious 4 副词 adverb （adv.）anxiously
5 动词 verb （v.） explore 6 数词 numeral （num.）fifth
7 冠词 article （art.）a/an/the 8 介词 preposition （prep.）from
9 连词 conjunction （conj.）but 10 感叹词 interjection （interj.） oh
前六类是可以在句子中独立担任成分的实词，
后四类是不能在句子中独立担任成分的虚词。
英语句子成分与词类的关系：
1. 主语多由名词或代词担任；
2. 谓语由动词充当；
3. 宾语分为动宾和介宾，由名词或代词充当；
4. 表语位于系动词之后，多由名词或形容词充当；
5. 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的，多由形容词充当；
6. 状语修饰动词或全句，多由副词充当；
7. 补足语补充说明宾语或主语；
8. 同位语多由名词充当，用来说明或解释另一名词;
9. 独立成分一般是插入语、呼语、感叹语。
二、英语句子的9大句子成分：
主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语，间接宾语，复合宾语）、补足语、定语、状语、同位语和独立成分。
一）、主语：
1.主语是句子要说明的人或物，是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。
2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定式或动名词）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词等充当。
1) We often speak English in class.（ ）
2) One-third of the students in this class are girls.（ ）
3) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（ ）
4) Smoking does harm to the health.（ ）
5) The rich should help the poor.（ ）
6) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（ ）
7) It is necessary to master a foreign language.（ ）
代词/名词
数词
不定式
动名词
名词化的形容词
名词性从句
it做形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式
1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.
2. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
3. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
5. The teacher was kind and friendly.
The maths homework looks easy.
主语 subject
Exploration:
1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.
2. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
3. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
5. The teacher was kind and friendly.
The maths homework looks easy.
二）、谓语：
1. 说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般放在主语的后面。
2. 分类：
1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成.
如：He practices running every morning.
2）复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成.如：
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成.
如：We are students.
系动词不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
Exploration:
1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.
2. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
3. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
5. The teacher was kind and friendly.
The maths homework looks easy.
谓语 predicate
谓语表述主语的动作或状态，由简单动词或者动词短语构成。
Exploration:
1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.
2. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
3. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
5. The teacher was kind and friendly.
The maths homework looks easy.
三）、宾语：
动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后。
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（ ）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（ ）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（ ）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（ ）
He pretended not to see me.（ ）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（ ）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（ ）
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语(indirect object)+直接宾语(direct object)）,
例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
(2)．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
名词
代词
数词
名词化形容词
不定式短语
动名词短语
宾语从句
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.
医生经常建议我们多注意饮食。(us为宾语；to pay more attention to our diets 为宾语补足语)
Exploration:
1. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
2. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
3. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
宾语是动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词之后。
名词、代词、数词等均可用作宾语。
宾语 object
直接宾语(DO)多指物，间接宾语(IO)多指人。间接宾语通常置于直接宾语之前，若放在其后，一般须加介词for 或 to。
Exploration:
1. I miss my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
2. He told us a funny story.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
3. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.
I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
四)、表语：
位于系动词（be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后,表主语的性质、状态和特征。
Our teacher of English is an American.（ ）
Is it yours （ ）
The weather has turned cold.（ ）
The speech is exciting.（ ）
Three times seven is twenty one （ ）
His job is to teach English.（ ）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（ ）
The machine must be out of order.（ ）
Time is up. The class is over.（ ）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
（ ）
名词
代词
形容词
分词
数词
不定式
动名词
介词短语
副词
表语从句
be动词
感官系动词look, smell, sound, taste, feel
持续系动词keep, remain, stay, stand
变化系动词become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall
表象性系动词seem, appear
结果性系动词prove, turn out
五)、定语：
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语.定语可由以下等成分表示：
Qingzhou is a beautiful city.（ ）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country( ）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（ ）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（ ）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（ ）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（ ）
This is the girl whose name is LiMei.( )
形容词
分词
名词
代词
不定式短语
介词短语
定语从句
六）、状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语.可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（ ）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（ ）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（ ）
He is in the room making a model plane.（ ）
Once you begin, you must continue.（ ）
副词及副词性词组
介词短语
不定式短语
分词短语
状语从句
七）、补语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let, keep 等。如：
His father named him Dongming.（ ）
They painted their boat white.（ ）
Let the fresh air in.（ ）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（ ）
We saw her entering the room.（ ）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（ ）
名词
形容词
副词
不定式短语
现在分词
介词短语
Exploration:
1. We________ must act. / He, ______________, talked too much.
4. My wife, ________, calls me a “movie fan”.
同位语用来说明或解释同一事物，通常放在其所说明的名词或代词之后。名词、代词、数词等均可用作同位语。
同位语 appositive
each
my little brother
Susan
Exploration:
2. ______, I miss my grandma.
4. I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful,
_______________.
6.____________, there’s a lot to explore at senior high.
独立成分，是一种与全句没有语法关系的成分。感叹语言、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。
独立成分 independent element
Oh
by the way
Believe me
三大句式
简单句（8种）
并列句：并列连接词(but,and,or,so）连结两个以上的简单句
复合句
名词性从句（主、宾、表、同）
形容词性从句(定语从句)
副词性从句（状语从句）
三、句子形式（结构——简单句、并列句、复合句)
简单句的八种基本句型
基本句型一： S V （主＋谓）
基本句型二： S V P （主＋系＋表）
基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： S V IO DO（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型六：S V A （主＋谓＋状）
基本句型七：S V O A （主＋谓＋宾＋状）
基本句型八：存现句：There be 结构
They arrived.
She plans to travel.
He looked worried.
Her father buy her a dictionary.
You should keep the room clean.
They arrived this morning.
There is/are/was/were/ will be / has (have) been/ must be/ used to be/ ......
There live/ stand/ come/ exist/ arrive
She plans to travel this sunday.
基本句式一：S V(主＋谓)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，能表达完整的意思，但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。
We │will learn│ from 8：00 am to 10：00 am. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)
我们将要从上午8点至10点学习。
In order to keep fit，we │should exercise│ regularly.
为了保持健康，我们应该经常锻炼。
基本句式二：S V P(主＋系＋表)
该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下：
1．状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。
He │is│ a teacher.他是一名教师。
2．持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay等。
This matter │remains│ a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。
3．表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look等。
He │seems│ (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。
基本句式二：S V P(主＋系＋表)
4．感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look，feel，smell，sound，taste等。
This kind of cloth │feels│ very soft.
这种布手感很软。
5．变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go等。
She │grew│ rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就变富了。
6．终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。
His plan │turned out│ a success.
他的计划终于成功了。
基本句式二：S V P(主＋系＋表)
[名师指津]　
使用系动词时要注意：
(1)其后常接形容词作表语。试比较：
The food tastes quite delicious.
这种食物品尝起来很美味。
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.
厨师长正在认真品尝这道鱼。
注意：在第一句中，taste作系动词，后面接形容词作表语。在第二句中，taste作实义动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词作状语。
(2)英语中某些动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态；而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。
The apple is tasted good.(×)
The apple tastes good.(√)
注意：因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态。
基本句式三：S V O(主＋谓＋宾)
该句型的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语，构成主谓宾结构。
He │has refused│ to help them.
他拒绝帮助他们。
He │admitted│ that he was mistaken.
他承认犯了错误。
As an outgoing girl，I │get along well with│ my classmates.
作为一个外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。
基本句式四：S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。
I │showed│ him│ my pictures.
我给他看了我的照片。
She │cooked│her husband│a delicious meal.
她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。
He │taught│me│ how to run the machine.
他教我如何开机器。
[名师指津]　
双宾语结构有时可以用for或to进行替换，如上面第一、二句可以改为：
I │showed│my pictures│ to him.
She │cooked│a delicious meal│ for her husband.
常带双宾语的动词（分为A、B两类）
A：动词后加to
give 给
show 给……看
send 寄，打电报
bring 带……
read 读……
pass 递给……
lend 借给……
leave 留给……
hand 交给……
tell 告诉……
return 把……还给…
write 给……写信
throw 扔……
promise 答应……
refuse 拒绝
B：动词后加for
make 生产，制造
buy 买
do 做
get 得到
play 演奏
order 点
sing 唱歌
pay 为……交钱
基本句式五：S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式：
1．名词/代词宾格＋名词
The war │made│him│ a soldier.
战争使他成为一名战士。
2．名词/代词宾格＋形容词
New methods │make│the job│ easy.
新方法使这项工作变得轻松。
3．名词/代词宾格＋介词短语
I │often find│him│ at work.我经常发现他在工作。
基本句式五：S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
4．名词/代词宾格＋动词不定式
The teacher │asked │ the students│ to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。
5．名词/代词宾格＋现在分词
I │saw│a cat│ running across the road.
我看见一只猫正跑过马路。
6．名词/代词宾格＋过去分词
I │saw│the boy│ taken away by two men.
我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。
基本句型（六）：there be (存在句）
1、There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的补充语在数上一致，即“就近原则”，如：
There are five books,two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler,two pens and five books in the school bag.
2、如果主语是复数名词，却表示一笔金额或一个总数或表达一个单个概念时，则仍用单数be形式，如：
There is five hundred dollars to pay.
there be和have区别
there be表示某地有某物，含有、存在的意思；
have/has表示“某人（物）有……”，含有所有、拥有的意思。
如：There was a speech in our school last night.
今晚在我们学校有一场演讲。
They have a beautiful home.
他们有一个漂亮的家。
划分句子中的成分
1.Max meets Amy in the dining hall.
2.I want to make a good first impression.
3.He even told us a funny story.
S
V
O
A
S
V
O
S
V
IO
DO
4.I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
5.There is a lot to explore at senior high.
6. People spoke too quickly.
7.The teacher lets the students do cool experiment.
S
V
O
C
S
V
A
S
V
O
C
There be 存现句
并列句
并列句一般由并列连词（and, or, but等）连接的两个或
两个以上的分句。
用并列连词将简单句连成并列句。
For example:
He told us a funny story and all of us laughed.
The teacher was kind and friendly and the maths homework looks easy.
He told us a funny story but he talked too much.
My mum bought me a new dictionary, but I missed my grandma.
I had my first maths class at senior high school, where the teacher
was kind and friendly.
He, who told us a funny story, talked too much.
I found that my classmates and teachers were friendly and helpful.
There’s a lot to explore at senior high, so we must act.
主从复合句: 由一个主句和一个或者几个从句所构成的句子，中间用从属连词连接。
Practice:（Identify the sentence patterns and translate them.)
1. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
2. I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this
week.
3. Study hard and you will succeed.
Study hard or you’ll fall behind.
4. You think you are going to change the world, but in the end,
the world changes you.
(简单句)
(简单句)
(并列句)
(并列句)
你认为你能改变这个世界，但最终，这个世界改变了你。
5. That English is important is known to us.
6. What she said was reasonable.
7. The problem is whether we should accept their invitation.
8. Father asked Anne when she would go to bed.
(含有主语从句的复合句)
(含有主语从句的复合句)
(含有表语从句的复合句)
(含有宾语从句的复合句)
9. The news that they won the match is true.
10. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
11. Don’t get off until the bus has stopped.
12. October 1, 1949 is the day when the People’s Republic of China
was found.
(含有同位语从句的复合句)
(含有定语从句的复合句)
(含有状语从句的复合句)
(含有定语从句的复合句)
四、句子的种类（用途）
陈述句
祈使句: 用来表示请求、命令、建议等。祈使句通常省略主语（you），以动词原形开头。
疑问句
感叹句
用五种基本句式翻译句子
1．在这种环境下，师生们正生活快乐，工作努力。(S V)
2．在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(S V P)
3．现在，在中学课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。(S V P)
4．最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(S V O)
In the environment，teachers and students are living happily and working hard.
In my opinion，a person without friends will never be happy.
Nowadays，after class activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.
Finally，we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.
用五种基本句式翻译句子
5．同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。(S V O O)
6．事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。 (S V O C)
7．你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。 (S V O C)
8．作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。 (S V O C)
At the same time，parents are giving their children too much protection.
In fact，he inspired me to major in English in college.
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
As a middle school student，I consider English a very important subject.
语法填空
Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earth's climate. One of the oceans' most important climate 1.________ (function) is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2)，one of the gases that cause global warming.2.________ (cover) 70% of the surface of the globe，oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does. The oceans 3 .________ (absorb) huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years. In fact，the oceans are saving us 4.________ faster climate change—they are putting a brake on the climate system.5.________ bad news is that the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming. Once the oceans come up against a greenhouse-gas warmed earth，the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6.________ (hot)．
functions
Covering
have absorbed
from
The
hotter
语法填空
Another important role 7.________ (play) by the oceans is that of distributor. The ocean's currents carry oxygen，nutrients (营养物) and heat throughout the globe，just 8.________ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body. The ocean distributes 25% to 50% of energy 9.________ the planet receives from the sun. For example，the Gulf Stream (墨西哥湾流) carries heat across the Atlantic. This warm current makes northwestern Europe warmer than it would 10.________ (normal) be.
played
as/like
that/which
normally