2025届高考英语二轮复习：句子成分和长难句分析课件(共45张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2025届高考英语二轮复习：句子成分和长难句分析课件(共45张PPT) |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 5.8MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-11-10 10:48:21 | ||
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文档简介
(共45张PPT)
子
成
句
分
8大句子成分
sntence constituents
主
句首
动作发出者
谓
实意
动词
助动词+V
情态动词+V
宾
动+宾
介+宾
表
系动词之后
be
感官系动词
状态系动词
表象系动词
变化系动词
定
修饰限定名词
状
补
宾语补足语
系动词
动词短语
同
对名词补充，解释说明
对宾语补充说明
主
1)[ ]The students all love their English teacher.
2)[ ]Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
3)[ ]They come from the countryside.
4)[ ]It is very hard to understand the old man.
5)[ ]Whether there is life on the Mark is still unknown.
6)[ ]Environmental protection is of vital importance.
n.
doing
pron.
to do
句子
主语：放在__________，动作发出者
句首
名短
谓
1)[ ]They always ignore their children.
2)[ ]She lived in a tiny house with her puppy.
3)[ ]He is a teacher!
4)[ ]We can’t be addicted to games too much.
5)[ ]They were playing on the beach.
6)[ ]She always turned down TV at 9 p.m.
vt.
vi.
系
情态+v
助+v
放在__________，可做谓语的只有_______，表示主语发出的动作，说明主语是什么或状态的词。
主语之后
动词
动短
________：_________ ___________
1)[ ]I like Chinese cuisine very much.
2)[ ]He certainly did not want to join us.
3)[ ]We expected that more people will join us.
4)[ ]I am fond of appreciating the moon with my friends.
5)[ ]They decided to refuse their proposals.
6)[ ]We are talking about Teacher’s Day.
宾
实意动词后
动作承受者
介词之后
n.
pro.
句子
doing
to do
名短
1)[ ]They are tour guides.
2)[ ]That ice cream tastes wonderful.
3)[ ]The exquisite gifts are theirs.
4)[ ]My lucky number is 10.
5)[ ]Our goal is to carve a stone statue.
6)[ ]What she likes most is reading alone in library.
7)[ ]The reason why I am late is that my mother is ill.
表
系动词
n.
v-ing
to do
数词
pro.
adj.
句子
表语：放在___________之后的成分
感官:sound,taste,smell,feel,touch
变化:turn,get变得，become, grow
状态:stay,keep,remain保持
表象：seem,appear
be: am is are was were
定语：修饰___________________,相当于______________的作用。
1)[ ]They are distinguished bridge designer.
2)[ ]The man who is talking with our teacher is headmaster.
3)[ ]What is the box on the chair
4)[ ]Could you bring me something to drink
5)[ ]Do you know the girl standing here alone
6)[ ]The book written by Wang Li is a hit among the young.
7)[ ]There are some excellent cities famous for food.
8)[ ]This is a broken vase.
定
名词或名词词组
adj.
句子
介短
to do
v-ing
vp.p.
形容词短语
形容词
vp.p.
找出下列句中的定语。
1.I know it is a city famous for kites.
2.The basic ideas behind the festival remains the same.
3.The happiness coming from your circle will also spread to other circles.
4.People's ideas and knowledge about Scotsmen wearing these kilts come from films and television.
5. I have many letters to write.
6.We met a group of pupils returning from school.
7.The bird in the tree flew away.
8.I know the actor suitable for the role.
9.I got a number of pictures taken by that girl.
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1)[ ]Unluckily，I lost all my luggage.
2)[ ] If I study hard, I will live a better life in the future.
3)[ ]Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
4)[ ]They went to Shanghai to have a meeting.
5)[ ]Please park the car in front of the building.
6)[ ]Seen from the top,the mountain is large.
7)[ ] Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.
8)[ ] In the classroom, there are many students.
9)[ ]Safe and sound,we went home.
状
adv
句子
V-ing
To do
介短
vp.p.
句子
介短
状语的作用是修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子，进一步说明动作的状态，方式，时间，处所，程度，方式，原因，目的，结果和伴随情况等。
adj
1)[ ]His mother always asks him to help her
with housework.
2)[ ]I saw him cleaning the window yesterday.
3)[ ]I will have my car washed tomorrow.
4)[ ]We should always keep our rooms clean.
5)[ ]We found him at school.
6)[ ]Don’t make everybody your enemy!
宾补
to do
v-ing
v-p.p.
adj.
宾语补足语：即宾语的补语，对宾语________________。
介短
名词/名短
补充说明
同
1)[ ]Mr. Liu, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
2)[ ]We students should study hard.
3)[ ]Mary told us the news that their team had won the
match.
名短
名词
句子
同位语：对一个名词或名词短语进行__________________
的成分。
解释，补充说明
1.They didn't know what had impressed her so much.
A B C
2.I don't like the picture on the wall.
A B C D
3.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
A B C D
4 My brother hasn't done his homework.
A B C
5 People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
主
谓
宾（从句）
主
谓
宾
定
主
定
谓
宾
主
谓
宾
主
定
谓
宾
根据句子写出每一字母标记部分的成分
6. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
A B C D
7. They made him monitor of the class.
A B C D E
8. You will find it useful after you leave school.
A B C D E
9.The strong and confident boy went to school on Friday.
A B C D F
10. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C
主
定
谓
宾（从句）
主
谓
宾
宾补
定
主
谓
宾
宾补
状
定
主
谓
状
状
状
主
谓
11. She wants the children to read newspapers in the reading room.
A B C D E
12.When seeing the picture of Kobe and his daughter, I was sad. It
A B C D E
seems as if/though they had been alive.
F G
13. Before 1996, people belonging to two major language groups lived in the land that we all call Great Britain.
A
B C
E F G
主
谓
宾
宾补
状
状
主
谓(系）
谓（系）
表（从句）
状
主
定
谓
状
定（从句）
表
主
14. The old engineer’s eyes still shone brightly in the wrinkled
brown face and his step as he came across the room was steady.
15. Feeling tired and hungry, he returned home with a bag of
vegetables from a big shopping center which was just
opened yesterday.
A B C D
E F G H
E F G H I
E F
G
谓
状
状
主
状
谓(系）
表
状
主
谓
状
状
定（从句）
状
状
主
16. China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song that we learn at the beginning of primary school.
A B C D
A B C
主
同
谓(系）
表
定
状
定
难
句
长
分
析
1.He works hard.
2.He works hard for a company.
4.Living with his son, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002.
5.Living with his son, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002 and most of his workmates show great respect for him.
3.He works hard for a company which was founded in 2002.
长难句=主干（简单句）+修饰成分
主+谓（vi）
主+谓+宾
主+系（谓）+表
主+谓+宾+宾
主+谓+宾+补
I will go there.
She likes orange.
He gives me a book.
We are students.
They call me Sandra.
简单句
同
特殊句式
形容词
副词
并列
三大从句
介词短语
非谓语动词
主干
简单句
长难句=主干+修饰成分
非
谓
语
动
词
定义：非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。
起止标识：从动词不定义（to do）、动名词（doing）或分词（现在分词doing或过去分词done）开头，到以下四种情况终止。
①到句尾终止,如：Lisa is a student (majoring English).
②到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my oral English), I often talk with my foreign friends.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked to the hall, (waving )to the audience.
④到下一个谓语动词终止，如: Cindy, (singing a happy song), walked to the end of the classroom.
介词短语
定义：从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。
起止标识：标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止(如果是由两个名词构成的名词短语，则以第二个名词为终止)，如： at school, in the lecture hall, in the beautiful park, during my summer holiday, over the last few years, on the desk,after tomorrow morning ,after a short break ,
in the following three years等
从句
定义：从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。
起止标识：标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。
①到句尾终止，如：Lisa is an English major (who majors in English Literature).
②到句中的逗号终止，如： (If you are not available), I will do it by myself.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing.
④到一下个谓语动词终止，如： (Whoever is interested in the project) can take an active part.
副词
形容词
定义：形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，一般置于名词之前，如a fabulous movie；形容词短语也可以用来修饰名词，不过一般放在名词之后,如a city famous for flowers; a job suitable for the young.
定义：副词用来修饰形容词、动词、句子等，往往带有-ly等后缀。
①可置于整句之前，如： Unfortunately, he failed to make it.
②可置于整句之后，如： My parents gave out presents individually.
③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：
The dress looks extremely gorgeous.
The boy immediately spotted his lost luggage.
We should take action immediately.
④可置于形容词或副词之前，如： It is an extremely wonderful movie.
特殊句式
2.倒装句
3.虚拟语气
1.强调句
4.独立主格
特殊
句式
It is/was+强调部分+that/who+其他部分
完全倒装
部分倒装
谓语动词+主语
助动词/情态动词/be+主语+动词
独立主格和非谓语最大的区别：
有自己独立的逻辑主语
1.The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.
2.The problem solved, we went home.
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
1. China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song that
we learn at the beginning of primary school and sing at every flag-raising ceremony.
China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song 【that
we learn (at the beginning) (of primary school) and sing ( at every flag-raising ceremony). 】
翻译：中国的国歌是《义勇军进行曲》，这首歌是我们小学一年级开始学的，在每次升旗仪式上都会唱。
翻译tip:当一个名词有多个后置定语时，一般从最后的定语倒着往前翻。A is a song that we learn at the beginning of primary school这个句子，就可以先翻of primary school，再翻at the beginning
同位语
2. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, after merging for 10 years, Beijing Opera finally formed, and became the biggest of all operas in China.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, after merging for 10 years, Beijing Opera finally formed, and became the biggest of all operas in China.
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翻译：在19世纪末和20世纪初，经过10年的融合，京剧最终形成，
成为中国所有戏剧中最大的剧种。
( )
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
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3. Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.
Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.
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翻译：装在大象项圈里手机SIM卡，当它们靠近农田的时候会自动发出短信，使得野生动物的工作人员赶走他们，而不是射杀它们。
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
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4.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem定理 had baffled使难住 and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab Polytechnique(工艺学校).
mathematician数学家
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
4.(First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format) (in the seventeenth century), the theorem定理 had baffled使难住 and beaten the finest mathematical minds, (including a French woman scientist) (who made a major advance) (in working out the problem), and (who had to dress like a man) (in order to be able to study) (at the Ecolab Polytechnique (工艺学校) ).
翻译:17世纪，首次被法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，这个定理难住了当时最出色的数学家，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个问题的过程中取得重大进展。她为了能在Ecolab工艺学校学习，不得不打扮得像个男人。
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
5. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.(2023新课标I)
(In part one), I describe the philosophical foundations (of digital minimalism极简主义), (starting with an examination of the forces)( that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable), (before moving on to a detailed discussion)(of the digital minimalism philosophy).(2023新课标I)
翻译:在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了使许多人的数字生活越难越难以忍受的力量，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
6. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.(2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
(At the end of the thirty days), you will (then) add back a small number of (carefully)( chosen) online activities (that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things (you value)).(2023新课标I)
翻译:在三十天结束时，你随后将重新添加少量经过精心挑选的线上活动，你认为这些活动将为你所珍视的事物带来巨大的益处。
7. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text.(2024新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:当实验人员从设置简单的任务（如确定一篇阅读文章的主旨大意）转向那些需要心理学抽象能力的任务（比如从文中得出推论）时，纸质阅读的好处尤其明显。
The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text .(2024新课标I)
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8. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. (2024新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
“(With the rise of technology) it is easy for people to make observations (of different species) (with the aid of a mobile application),” said Barnabas Daru, 【who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 】(2024新课标I)
翻译:“随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序观察到不同的物种”。该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Daru说。
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9.In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.(2024新课标II)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:在不恰当的人手中，这样一本书可能像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样难以处理，但庆幸的是，Campbell有二十多年将复杂内容转化为易于理解的内容的专业经验。
9. (In the wrong hands), such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code )(代码) (that powers AI) but, (thankfully), Campbell has (more than two decades’ professional) experience (translating the heady into the understandable).
这个句子很特殊，such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code 的主干结构是：主系表。我们可以把划线的整个句子理解为表语，表语中用到了“as + adj+ as+ sth”和“be +adj+(for sb) to do”两个结构。
10. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(2024新课标II)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:她写这本书是从一个商人的实用角度，而非学者，从而使得这本书成为通俗易懂且内容丰富，最终会让你像人工智能一样聪明的指南。
10. She writes (from the practical angle)(of a business person) (rather than as an academic),【making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close , will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 】
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11. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(2024浙江)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:但是尽管我们已经重塑周围的世界，大幅度降低获取热量的成本和精力，我们依然拥有几千年前的大脑，这种不匹配正是我们很多人难以抵制明知不该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。
But (as we’ve reshaped the world around us), (dramatically) (reducing the cost and effort)( involved in obtaining calories), we (still) have the same brains (we had thousands of years ago), and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
第二个分句很特殊，表语不是一个单词或短语，而是一整个句子。我们可以把这种整句当成单个成分，即表语。
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12. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.(2024全国甲)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:政府在努力采取措施解决这个问题，尤其是Volga河东部的贫穷农村地区，包括通过视频聊天来安排医生预约和扩大财政援助，来激励医生在Krasnoyarsk等国家的偏远地带行医。
The government has struggled to come up with measures (to address the problem), (particularly)( in the poorer, rural areas east) (of the Volga River), 【including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk】.
struggle to do 和come up with 是固定搭配。我们可以把struggle to come up with当成一复合谓语，measures是宾语。
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13. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.(2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的，被允许讨论的群体时，这些群体得出的平均值比那些从同样数量的独立群体得出的平均值更准确。
The key finding (of the study) was【 that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 】
这个句子的主干是the key finding was【 】。
我们把整个括号里面的表语从句当成一个整体，也就是表语。
(
)
( )
(
)
( )
( )
14. Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.(2023全国乙卷)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译：尽管英国的美食名声不太好，但它培养出越来越多的顶级厨师，
他们经常出现在电视屏幕上，他们的食谱书也经常荣登畅销书排行榜榜首。
【Even though Britain has a reputation (for less-than-impressive cuisine) 】, it is producing more top class chefs【who appear frequently on our television screens 】 and【whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists】.
( )
( )
15. If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:如果你想要讲述整个世界的历史，一段不偏袒人类某一部分的历史。你不能仅通过文字来实现。因为世界上只有一部分地区曾经有过文字。而在大多数的时间里，世界上的大部分地区是没有文字的。
[If you want to tell the history (of the whole world) ], [a history (that does not privilege one part of humanity) ], you cannot do it (through texts alone), (because only some of the world has ever had texts), while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
( )
( )
a history that does not privilege one part of humanity在这里做从句中history的同位语，补充说明的作用。
16. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.(2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:多亏了这些电视厨师，而非任何广告宣传活动，英国人才从肉加两种蔬菜的传统菜肴和即食餐转变过来，在他们的烹饪习惯上变得更具冒险精神。
16. It’s (thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign) that Britons are turning away (from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals) and becoming more adventurous(in their cooking habits).(2023全国乙)
特殊句型：强调句，强调原因状语。
17. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. (2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译：加勒比海地区的泰诺人、澳大利亚土著人、贝宁的非洲人和印加人都出现在这本书中，他们现在能够通过他们制作的物品有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过物品讲述的历反过来又为他们发声。
The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, (all of whom appear in this book ), can speak (to us) (now) of their past achievements ( most powerfully) (through the objects)( they made): a history ( told through things) gives them back a voice.
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18. The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和原因，然后，如果你认为它适合你的话，教会你如何采用这种理念。
The goal (of this book) is to make the case for digital minimalism, 【including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works】, and then【to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you 】.
主干很特殊，表语不是一个单词或短语，而是一整个句子。我们可以把这种整句当成单个成分，即表语。
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)
digital minimalism数字极简主义
make the case for为…辩护或提供论据
子
成
句
分
8大句子成分
sntence constituents
主
句首
动作发出者
谓
实意
动词
助动词+V
情态动词+V
宾
动+宾
介+宾
表
系动词之后
be
感官系动词
状态系动词
表象系动词
变化系动词
定
修饰限定名词
状
补
宾语补足语
系动词
动词短语
同
对名词补充，解释说明
对宾语补充说明
主
1)[ ]The students all love their English teacher.
2)[ ]Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
3)[ ]They come from the countryside.
4)[ ]It is very hard to understand the old man.
5)[ ]Whether there is life on the Mark is still unknown.
6)[ ]Environmental protection is of vital importance.
n.
doing
pron.
to do
句子
主语：放在__________，动作发出者
句首
名短
谓
1)[ ]They always ignore their children.
2)[ ]She lived in a tiny house with her puppy.
3)[ ]He is a teacher!
4)[ ]We can’t be addicted to games too much.
5)[ ]They were playing on the beach.
6)[ ]She always turned down TV at 9 p.m.
vt.
vi.
系
情态+v
助+v
放在__________，可做谓语的只有_______，表示主语发出的动作，说明主语是什么或状态的词。
主语之后
动词
动短
________：_________ ___________
1)[ ]I like Chinese cuisine very much.
2)[ ]He certainly did not want to join us.
3)[ ]We expected that more people will join us.
4)[ ]I am fond of appreciating the moon with my friends.
5)[ ]They decided to refuse their proposals.
6)[ ]We are talking about Teacher’s Day.
宾
实意动词后
动作承受者
介词之后
n.
pro.
句子
doing
to do
名短
1)[ ]They are tour guides.
2)[ ]That ice cream tastes wonderful.
3)[ ]The exquisite gifts are theirs.
4)[ ]My lucky number is 10.
5)[ ]Our goal is to carve a stone statue.
6)[ ]What she likes most is reading alone in library.
7)[ ]The reason why I am late is that my mother is ill.
表
系动词
n.
v-ing
to do
数词
pro.
adj.
句子
表语：放在___________之后的成分
感官:sound,taste,smell,feel,touch
变化:turn,get变得，become, grow
状态:stay,keep,remain保持
表象：seem,appear
be: am is are was were
定语：修饰___________________,相当于______________的作用。
1)[ ]They are distinguished bridge designer.
2)[ ]The man who is talking with our teacher is headmaster.
3)[ ]What is the box on the chair
4)[ ]Could you bring me something to drink
5)[ ]Do you know the girl standing here alone
6)[ ]The book written by Wang Li is a hit among the young.
7)[ ]There are some excellent cities famous for food.
8)[ ]This is a broken vase.
定
名词或名词词组
adj.
句子
介短
to do
v-ing
vp.p.
形容词短语
形容词
vp.p.
找出下列句中的定语。
1.I know it is a city famous for kites.
2.The basic ideas behind the festival remains the same.
3.The happiness coming from your circle will also spread to other circles.
4.People's ideas and knowledge about Scotsmen wearing these kilts come from films and television.
5. I have many letters to write.
6.We met a group of pupils returning from school.
7.The bird in the tree flew away.
8.I know the actor suitable for the role.
9.I got a number of pictures taken by that girl.
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1)[ ]Unluckily，I lost all my luggage.
2)[ ] If I study hard, I will live a better life in the future.
3)[ ]Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
4)[ ]They went to Shanghai to have a meeting.
5)[ ]Please park the car in front of the building.
6)[ ]Seen from the top,the mountain is large.
7)[ ] Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.
8)[ ] In the classroom, there are many students.
9)[ ]Safe and sound,we went home.
状
adv
句子
V-ing
To do
介短
vp.p.
句子
介短
状语的作用是修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子，进一步说明动作的状态，方式，时间，处所，程度，方式，原因，目的，结果和伴随情况等。
adj
1)[ ]His mother always asks him to help her
with housework.
2)[ ]I saw him cleaning the window yesterday.
3)[ ]I will have my car washed tomorrow.
4)[ ]We should always keep our rooms clean.
5)[ ]We found him at school.
6)[ ]Don’t make everybody your enemy!
宾补
to do
v-ing
v-p.p.
adj.
宾语补足语：即宾语的补语，对宾语________________。
介短
名词/名短
补充说明
同
1)[ ]Mr. Liu, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
2)[ ]We students should study hard.
3)[ ]Mary told us the news that their team had won the
match.
名短
名词
句子
同位语：对一个名词或名词短语进行__________________
的成分。
解释，补充说明
1.They didn't know what had impressed her so much.
A B C
2.I don't like the picture on the wall.
A B C D
3.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
A B C D
4 My brother hasn't done his homework.
A B C
5 People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
主
谓
宾（从句）
主
谓
宾
定
主
定
谓
宾
主
谓
宾
主
定
谓
宾
根据句子写出每一字母标记部分的成分
6. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
A B C D
7. They made him monitor of the class.
A B C D E
8. You will find it useful after you leave school.
A B C D E
9.The strong and confident boy went to school on Friday.
A B C D F
10. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C
主
定
谓
宾（从句）
主
谓
宾
宾补
定
主
谓
宾
宾补
状
定
主
谓
状
状
状
主
谓
11. She wants the children to read newspapers in the reading room.
A B C D E
12.When seeing the picture of Kobe and his daughter, I was sad. It
A B C D E
seems as if/though they had been alive.
F G
13. Before 1996, people belonging to two major language groups lived in the land that we all call Great Britain.
A
B C
E F G
主
谓
宾
宾补
状
状
主
谓(系）
谓（系）
表（从句）
状
主
定
谓
状
定（从句）
表
主
14. The old engineer’s eyes still shone brightly in the wrinkled
brown face and his step as he came across the room was steady.
15. Feeling tired and hungry, he returned home with a bag of
vegetables from a big shopping center which was just
opened yesterday.
A B C D
E F G H
E F G H I
E F
G
谓
状
状
主
状
谓(系）
表
状
主
谓
状
状
定（从句）
状
状
主
16. China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song that we learn at the beginning of primary school.
A B C D
A B C
主
同
谓(系）
表
定
状
定
难
句
长
分
析
1.He works hard.
2.He works hard for a company.
4.Living with his son, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002.
5.Living with his son, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002 and most of his workmates show great respect for him.
3.He works hard for a company which was founded in 2002.
长难句=主干（简单句）+修饰成分
主+谓（vi）
主+谓+宾
主+系（谓）+表
主+谓+宾+宾
主+谓+宾+补
I will go there.
She likes orange.
He gives me a book.
We are students.
They call me Sandra.
简单句
同
特殊句式
形容词
副词
并列
三大从句
介词短语
非谓语动词
主干
简单句
长难句=主干+修饰成分
非
谓
语
动
词
定义：非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。
起止标识：从动词不定义（to do）、动名词（doing）或分词（现在分词doing或过去分词done）开头，到以下四种情况终止。
①到句尾终止,如：Lisa is a student (majoring English).
②到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my oral English), I often talk with my foreign friends.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked to the hall, (waving )to the audience.
④到下一个谓语动词终止，如: Cindy, (singing a happy song), walked to the end of the classroom.
介词短语
定义：从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。
起止标识：标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止(如果是由两个名词构成的名词短语，则以第二个名词为终止)，如： at school, in the lecture hall, in the beautiful park, during my summer holiday, over the last few years, on the desk,after tomorrow morning ,after a short break ,
in the following three years等
从句
定义：从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。
起止标识：标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。
①到句尾终止，如：Lisa is an English major (who majors in English Literature).
②到句中的逗号终止，如： (If you are not available), I will do it by myself.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing.
④到一下个谓语动词终止，如： (Whoever is interested in the project) can take an active part.
副词
形容词
定义：形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，一般置于名词之前，如a fabulous movie；形容词短语也可以用来修饰名词，不过一般放在名词之后,如a city famous for flowers; a job suitable for the young.
定义：副词用来修饰形容词、动词、句子等，往往带有-ly等后缀。
①可置于整句之前，如： Unfortunately, he failed to make it.
②可置于整句之后，如： My parents gave out presents individually.
③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：
The dress looks extremely gorgeous.
The boy immediately spotted his lost luggage.
We should take action immediately.
④可置于形容词或副词之前，如： It is an extremely wonderful movie.
特殊句式
2.倒装句
3.虚拟语气
1.强调句
4.独立主格
特殊
句式
It is/was+强调部分+that/who+其他部分
完全倒装
部分倒装
谓语动词+主语
助动词/情态动词/be+主语+动词
独立主格和非谓语最大的区别：
有自己独立的逻辑主语
1.The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.
2.The problem solved, we went home.
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
1. China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song that
we learn at the beginning of primary school and sing at every flag-raising ceremony.
China’s national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is a song 【that
we learn (at the beginning) (of primary school) and sing ( at every flag-raising ceremony). 】
翻译：中国的国歌是《义勇军进行曲》，这首歌是我们小学一年级开始学的，在每次升旗仪式上都会唱。
翻译tip:当一个名词有多个后置定语时，一般从最后的定语倒着往前翻。A is a song that we learn at the beginning of primary school这个句子，就可以先翻of primary school，再翻at the beginning
同位语
2. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, after merging for 10 years, Beijing Opera finally formed, and became the biggest of all operas in China.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, after merging for 10 years, Beijing Opera finally formed, and became the biggest of all operas in China.
( )
( )
( )
( )
翻译：在19世纪末和20世纪初，经过10年的融合，京剧最终形成，
成为中国所有戏剧中最大的剧种。
( )
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
( )
3. Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.
Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.
(
)
( )
(
)
翻译：装在大象项圈里手机SIM卡，当它们靠近农田的时候会自动发出短信，使得野生动物的工作人员赶走他们，而不是射杀它们。
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
( )
[
(
]
)
4.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem定理 had baffled使难住 and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab Polytechnique(工艺学校).
mathematician数学家
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
4.(First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format) (in the seventeenth century), the theorem定理 had baffled使难住 and beaten the finest mathematical minds, (including a French woman scientist) (who made a major advance) (in working out the problem), and (who had to dress like a man) (in order to be able to study) (at the Ecolab Polytechnique (工艺学校) ).
翻译:17世纪，首次被法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，这个定理难住了当时最出色的数学家，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个问题的过程中取得重大进展。她为了能在Ecolab工艺学校学习，不得不打扮得像个男人。
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
5. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.(2023新课标I)
(In part one), I describe the philosophical foundations (of digital minimalism极简主义), (starting with an examination of the forces)( that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable), (before moving on to a detailed discussion)(of the digital minimalism philosophy).(2023新课标I)
翻译:在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了使许多人的数字生活越难越难以忍受的力量，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
6. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.(2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
(At the end of the thirty days), you will (then) add back a small number of (carefully)( chosen) online activities (that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things (you value)).(2023新课标I)
翻译:在三十天结束时，你随后将重新添加少量经过精心挑选的线上活动，你认为这些活动将为你所珍视的事物带来巨大的益处。
7. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text.(2024新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:当实验人员从设置简单的任务（如确定一篇阅读文章的主旨大意）转向那些需要心理学抽象能力的任务（比如从文中得出推论）时，纸质阅读的好处尤其明显。
The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text .(2024新课标I)
( )
( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
8. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. (2024新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
“(With the rise of technology) it is easy for people to make observations (of different species) (with the aid of a mobile application),” said Barnabas Daru, 【who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 】(2024新课标I)
翻译:“随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序观察到不同的物种”。该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Daru说。
( )
( )
( )
(
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9.In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.(2024新课标II)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:在不恰当的人手中，这样一本书可能像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样难以处理，但庆幸的是，Campbell有二十多年将复杂内容转化为易于理解的内容的专业经验。
9. (In the wrong hands), such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code )(代码) (that powers AI) but, (thankfully), Campbell has (more than two decades’ professional) experience (translating the heady into the understandable).
这个句子很特殊，such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code 的主干结构是：主系表。我们可以把划线的整个句子理解为表语，表语中用到了“as + adj+ as+ sth”和“be +adj+(for sb) to do”两个结构。
10. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(2024新课标II)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:她写这本书是从一个商人的实用角度，而非学者，从而使得这本书成为通俗易懂且内容丰富，最终会让你像人工智能一样聪明的指南。
10. She writes (from the practical angle)(of a business person) (rather than as an academic),【making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close , will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 】
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11. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(2024浙江)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:但是尽管我们已经重塑周围的世界，大幅度降低获取热量的成本和精力，我们依然拥有几千年前的大脑，这种不匹配正是我们很多人难以抵制明知不该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。
But (as we’ve reshaped the world around us), (dramatically) (reducing the cost and effort)( involved in obtaining calories), we (still) have the same brains (we had thousands of years ago), and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
第二个分句很特殊，表语不是一个单词或短语，而是一整个句子。我们可以把这种整句当成单个成分，即表语。
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12. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.(2024全国甲)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:政府在努力采取措施解决这个问题，尤其是Volga河东部的贫穷农村地区，包括通过视频聊天来安排医生预约和扩大财政援助，来激励医生在Krasnoyarsk等国家的偏远地带行医。
The government has struggled to come up with measures (to address the problem), (particularly)( in the poorer, rural areas east) (of the Volga River), 【including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk】.
struggle to do 和come up with 是固定搭配。我们可以把struggle to come up with当成一复合谓语，measures是宾语。
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13. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.(2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的，被允许讨论的群体时，这些群体得出的平均值比那些从同样数量的独立群体得出的平均值更准确。
The key finding (of the study) was【 that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 】
这个句子的主干是the key finding was【 】。
我们把整个括号里面的表语从句当成一个整体，也就是表语。
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14. Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.(2023全国乙卷)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译：尽管英国的美食名声不太好，但它培养出越来越多的顶级厨师，
他们经常出现在电视屏幕上，他们的食谱书也经常荣登畅销书排行榜榜首。
【Even though Britain has a reputation (for less-than-impressive cuisine) 】, it is producing more top class chefs【who appear frequently on our television screens 】 and【whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists】.
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15. If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:如果你想要讲述整个世界的历史，一段不偏袒人类某一部分的历史。你不能仅通过文字来实现。因为世界上只有一部分地区曾经有过文字。而在大多数的时间里，世界上的大部分地区是没有文字的。
[If you want to tell the history (of the whole world) ], [a history (that does not privilege one part of humanity) ], you cannot do it (through texts alone), (because only some of the world has ever had texts), while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
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a history that does not privilege one part of humanity在这里做从句中history的同位语，补充说明的作用。
16. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.(2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:多亏了这些电视厨师，而非任何广告宣传活动，英国人才从肉加两种蔬菜的传统菜肴和即食餐转变过来，在他们的烹饪习惯上变得更具冒险精神。
16. It’s (thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign) that Britons are turning away (from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals) and becoming more adventurous(in their cooking habits).(2023全国乙)
特殊句型：强调句，强调原因状语。
17. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. (2023全国乙)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译：加勒比海地区的泰诺人、澳大利亚土著人、贝宁的非洲人和印加人都出现在这本书中，他们现在能够通过他们制作的物品有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过物品讲述的历反过来又为他们发声。
The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, (all of whom appear in this book ), can speak (to us) (now) of their past achievements ( most powerfully) (through the objects)( they made): a history ( told through things) gives them back a voice.
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18. The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (2023新课标I)
一找主干；二找修饰成分:用括号括起来；并列用圆圈。
翻译:这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和原因，然后，如果你认为它适合你的话，教会你如何采用这种理念。
The goal (of this book) is to make the case for digital minimalism, 【including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works】, and then【to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you 】.
主干很特殊，表语不是一个单词或短语，而是一整个句子。我们可以把这种整句当成单个成分，即表语。
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digital minimalism数字极简主义
make the case for为…辩护或提供论据