考点分类练(三) 推理判断题(1)
Passage 1 (2024江西赣州一模)
主题:兄妹故事 词数:342 难度:★★★☆☆
Atop a hill in a garden,three children were having a heated discussion.“It’s not fair!” Mag threw her bike to the ground.“Why won’t you let me have a go ” Paul exchanged glances with his friend Billy,both planning a bike ramp(坡道) for an upcoming stunt(特技) bike competition.“You’re too young for it,” Paul declared.Upset,Mag ran away.
Paul and Billy set out to build a bike ramp out of a wooden board and an upturned metal bucket.One end of the board rested on the ground while the other rested on the bucket.The hilly terrain seemed perfect for their plan.However,each attempt to ride the ramp ended with the board out of place.
Determined to secure the board,Paul rushed to his father’s shed and returned with four leftover house bricks.Placing them strategically,he hoped it would now hold for their stunt attempts.
Paul gave Billy the thumbs-up,who was waiting at the hill’s highest point.Billy raised himself off his seat.Riding down,he faced the strong wind,his helmet swinging.Absorbed in their testing,neither noticed Mag approaching with her own plan.
Hidden behind a tree,Mag,seeing her chance,kicked the board off the bucket.Just at that moment,Billy’s bike arrived and he simply could not brake in time.With no ramp,the bike swung violently off course,heading directly toward the shed.
Reacting swiftly,Paul leaped aside,avoiding the bike’s path while Billy hit the shed door with a loud bang.Mag,realizing her fault,began to sob in regret.
“Why did you do that ” Paul,dusting himself down,turned to face his sister.Tearfully,Mag blurted,“You guys said I couldn’t have a go... ”
Paul’s anger faded away.He said gently,“You can’t take part in the sport,but you can help us rebuild the ramp.” Smiling weakly,Mag put her hand in her big brother’s.They headed over to help Billy,who was a little shaken but otherwise unhurt.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲的是三个孩子玩户外自行车特技的故事。
1.Why did Mag feel “It’s not fair!”
A.She didn’t have a good bike.
B.She was too young to ride a bike.
C.She was refused to build the ramp.
D.She was left out of the stunt bike training.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“‘Why won’t you let me have a go ’Paul exchanged glances with his friend Billy,both planning a bike ramp for an upcoming stunt bike competition.”可知,Mag会觉得“这不公平!”是因为她不能参加特技自行车训练。
2.What was Mag’s plan
A.To build her own bike ramp.
B.To apologize for her fault.
C.To damage the bike ramp.
D.To beg for Paul’s permission.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Absorbed in their testing,neither noticed Mag approaching with her own plan.”,第五段中的“Hidden behind a tree,Mag,seeing her chance,kicked the board off the bucket.”和“With no ramp,the bike swung violently off course,heading directly toward the shed.”可知,Mag的计划是破坏自行车坡道。
3.How did Mag feel before witnessing Billy hit the shed door
A.Regretful. B.Cheerful.
C.Expectant. D.Angry.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Upset,Mag ran away.”可知,刚开始Mag很不高兴,再根据倒数第三段中的“...Billy hit the shed door with a loud bang.Mag,realizing her fault,began to sob in regret.”可知,Mag在看到Billy撞在小屋的门上之前是生气的,看见那一幕之后是后悔的,故选D项。
4.What was Paul like in the story
A.Ambitious and selfless.
B.Caring and understanding.
C.Warm-hearted and courageous.
D.Humble and considerate.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Paul’s anger faded away.He said gently,‘You can’t take part in the sport,but you can help us rebuild the ramp.’”和“They headed over to help Billy,who was a little shaken but otherwise unhurt.”可知,Paul很理解Mag为什么那么做,所以就不生气了,他也很关心Billy的状况,因此可用caring和understanding来描述Paul。
Passage 2 (2024江苏苏锡常镇一模)
主题:给予能够带来幸福 词数:354
难度:★★★★☆
I grew up hearing that it is better to give than to receive,and the older I get,the more I aim to take this message to heart.Nevertheless,here I am,in the midst of the holiday season stressed out about gifts I have not yet purchased.
How did gift buying become an emotionally fraught chore(苦差事) For a moment,it’s easy to question if it’s worth it.But science tells me that giving makes us feel good.
“The act of giving actually does improve your happiness,” says Michael Norton,a psychologist at Harvard Business School.He has published several studies on the effects of giving.
In one experiment that included about 700 people,the researchers randomly assigned participants to make either a purchase for themselves,or for a stranger.Afterwards,the participants reported how happy they felt.It turned out that giving to others led to a significant happiness boost,whereas spending on oneself didn’t move the needle.
“If you take $5 out of your pocket today,the science really does show that spending $5 on yourself doesn’t do much for you,” Norton says.“But spending that $5 on somebody else is more likely to increase your happiness.”
Take a scarf.If you buy one for yourself,it’s just another thing you don’t necessarily need.But if you buy a scarf for someone else,“you’ve shown them that they’re important to you,” Norton says.Either way,it’s just a scarf.“But it can either be a throwaway object or something that enhances a relationship between two people,” he says.
So,there’s evidence that generosity promotes happiness,but the process of shopping,wrapping and schlepping(搬) gifts can be tiresome—or even extremely annoying considering all of our day-to-day demands and other holiday stressors.
Studies also show when people are given something they are more likely to give back.Reciprocity(互惠) is a foundation of good relationships and when we surround ourselves with generous people,we tend to feel the same.Feeling that spirit of giving and the connection it can bring is what the holidays are all about.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了给予能够带来幸福。
5.Why does the author mention his own experience in paragraph 1
A.To make a prediction.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To present a reason.
D.To clarify a concept.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知,第一段讲述了虽然作者明白给予比接受好,但在节日期间自己总是因为买礼物的事情感到很有压力。接着第二段承上启下,从作者买礼物的经历引出科学表明给予让人感觉良好,结合下文内容可知,本文围绕给予能够带来幸福展开,由此可推测出,第一段提到作者自己的经历是为了引出话题。
6.How does Norton illustrate his opinion in paragraphs 5 and 6
A.By listing data.
B.By giving examples.
C.By making comments.
D.By telling personal experiences.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第五段和第六段内容可知,这两段分别以5美元和一条围巾的例子讲述了给予的重要性。
7.Why is preparing a gift sometimes an emotionally fraught chore
A.It’s difficult and expensive.
B.It happens frequently.
C.It’s not valued by others.
D.It requires much effort.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可推知,由于准备礼物需要花费精力,所以它有时是个苦差事。
8.What can we learn about giving gifts from the text
A.It is not worth the effort.
B.It is a must to enhance a relationship.
C.It brings about emotional benefits.
D.It gains popularity during holidays.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But science tells me that giving makes us feel good.”和第三段中的“The act of giving actually does improve your happiness”可知,给予会让人感觉良好,提升幸福感,由此可推测出,送礼物能够带来情绪上的益处。
Passage 3 (2024山东济南一模)
主题:有声书 词数:359 难度:★★★★★
Like many people over the past few years,I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature.I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting.My consumption of new books has doubled as a result—but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension.
The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel,both at the University of Chicago,and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing.According to this view,we have two ways of assessing information.System 1 is intuitive(直觉的),relying on natural ability and feeling.It is quick,but likely exposed to misinformation.System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning.It is mentally demanding.When it is engaged,we think our way through the material step by step.For decades,psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using.As one example,consider the following question:How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark(方舟) If you answered two,you were probably only considering the core of the question,which is System 1 thinking.To get to the right answer—zero,you need to think more carefully about the wording,which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark,not Moses.That is the kind of analytical process.
Keysar and Geipel’s brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form—seeing vs.hearing—of the information would make a difference.They found that it did:when answering these kinds of simple questions,participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud,rather than written.
A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study.For this reason,I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears.But I won’t stop listening to novels.I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕作者使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历和体验展开,并引入了一项关于信息处理方式的研究,以此为基础探讨了有声书可能对阅读理解产生的影响。
9.What does the author think of listening to audiobooks
A.It is economical.
B.It is demanding.
C.It is time-consuming.
D.It is relaxing.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Like many people over the past few years,I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature.I find it far more comfortable to ‘read with my ears’ while my eyes are resting.”以及最后一段中的“But I won’t stop listening to novels.I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.”可知,作者认为听有声读物会让人放松。
10.Which of the following best describes System 2 model
A.Fairly reliable.
B.Fully automatic.
C.Question-centered.
D.Emotion-involved.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning.It is mentally demanding.When it is engaged,we think our way through the material step by step.”可知,System 2涉及使用逻辑推理进行信息处理,它要求精神上的努力,通过一步一步地思考材料来得出结论。因此,System 2的结果相对可靠得多。
11.Why is the Ark mentioned in paragraph 3
A.To present a fact.
B.To illustrate a view.
C.To introduce a topic.
D.To draw a conclusion.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“As one example,consider the following question:How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark If you answered two,you were probably only considering the core of the question,which is System 1 thinking.To get to the right answer—zero,you need to think more carefully about the wording,which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark,not Moses.That is the kind of analytical process.”可知,作者提到方舟是为了举例说明一个观点,即System 1和System 2在处理信息时的不同方式。通过提出“摩西在方舟上带了多少种动物 ”的问题,并解释正确答案是如何通过更仔细地考虑措辞得出的,作者展示了System 2涉及的逻辑推理过程。因此,提及方舟是为了阐明关于信息处理方式的观点。
12.What does the author intend to tell us
A.Listening to books comes at a price.
B.Reading non-fiction books benefits.
C.Critical thinking is a must in reading.
D.Ways of processing information differ.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据文章内容可知,作者通过分享自己使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历,以及引入关于信息处理方式的研究,意在表明听书可能会以理解为代价。文章提到,尽管听书让作者增加了阅读量,但研究结果显示,听书在处理某些信息时可能不如阅读书面材料准确。特别是对于那些需要逻辑研究的信息,听书可能导致更多的错误。因此,作者认为听书是有代价的,特别是在理解方面。考点分类练(四) 推理判断题(2)
Passage 1
主题:盲人到塔上参观 词数:384 难度:★★★☆☆
It was a sunny winter day.I had gone up and down the tower when,outside the little door at the foot,a blind man came toward me.He was a pale,thin man with dark glasses.He kept close to the inner wall of the courtyard.On reaching the door,he touched it and sharply turned inside.In a moment,he disappeared up the staircase.I stood still,looking at the little sign that said “To the Tower...”.I felt obliged to follow.
I didn’t follow closely.I caught up with him in the ticket office.There I was surprised to see the attendant selling him a ticket as though he were any other visitor.With the ticket in one hand and touching the wall with the other,he reached the staircase leading to the hallway.
“That man is blind,” I said to the attendant,but he showed no concern.“He’s blind,” I repeated.He didn’t answer,looking at me vacantly.
“Perhaps he wants to jump,” I said.But his chair was too comfortable.He didn’t stir.He still looked down at a crossword puzzle he had begun.I turned toward the staircase.
“The ticket,” the attendant said,rising from his chair.It seemed the only thing that could move him.After purchasing my ticket,I hurried up the staircase.
The man hadn’t gone as far as I imagined.After ten minutes,I approached him.“Excuse me,” I said as politely as I could,“but I am very curious to know why you came up.”
“You’d never guess,” he said.
“Not the view,I take it,or the fresh air on this winter day,” I said.
He smiled.“Coming up the stairs,one can feel the change—the cool staircase suddenly becomes quite warm and how up here behind the wall there is shade,but as soon as one goes opposite a narrow window one finds the sun.In all of Siena there is no place so good as here.”
He moved into the sunlight.Then he stepped into the shade.“Light,shade,light,shade,” he said,and seemed as pleased as a child who,in a game of hopscotch,jumps from square to square.
We went down the tower together.I left him,gladdened as one can only be by the sunlight.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者看到一个盲人买票到塔上去参观,他跟上去,后来得知原来盲人是来塔上感受光影变化的,盲人也能感受到世界的美好。
1.Why did the author follow the blind man
A.To offer timely help.
B.To satisfy his curiosity.
C.To teach him a lesson.
D.To prevent him from climbing up.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。由文章第一段中的“On reaching the door,he touched it and sharply turned inside.In a moment,he disappeared up the staircase.I stood still,looking at the little sign that said ‘To the Tower...’.I felt obliged to follow.”以及下文推测可知,作者跟随盲人是为了及时为他提供帮助。故选A项。
2.What was the attendant’s attitude to visitors
A.Enthusiastic. B.Concerned.
C.Indifferent. D.Skeptical.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。由文章第三段中的“He didn’t answer,looking at me vacantly.”以及第四段中的“He still looked down at a crossword puzzle he had begun.I turned toward the staircase.”可知,服务人员对来访者漠不关心。故选C项。
3.What encouraged the blind man to climb the tower
A.The fresh air on the top.
B.The pleasant childhood memories.
C.The fantastic view from the tower.
D.The striking contrast between light and shade.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。由文章倒数第三段“He smiled.‘Coming up the stairs,one can feel the change—the cool staircase suddenly becomes quite warm and how up here behind the wall there is shade,but as soon as one goes opposite a narrow window one finds the sun.In all of Siena there is no place so good as here.’”以及倒数第二段中的“Light,shade,light,shade”可知,明暗之间的鲜明对比促使盲人爬上了那座塔。
4.What message does the writer want to convey in the text
A.Nature is the best gift for humanity.
B.When one door shuts,another opens in life.
C.Every individual can appreciate beauty in life.
D.The disadvantaged deserve care from the society.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“He moved into the sunlight.Then he stepped into the shade.‘Light,shade,light,shade,’he said,and seemed as pleased as a child who,in a game of hopscotch,jumps from square to square.”以及上下文可知,文章主要讲述了一次作者看到一个盲人买票到塔上去参观,他跟上去,后来得知原来盲人是来塔上感受光影变化的,盲人也能感受到世界的美好,从而表达每个人都能欣赏生活中的美。
Passage 2 (2024江西九江二模)
主题:研究发现 词数:332 难度:★★★★☆
When a scent moved gently through the air in the bedrooms of older adults for two hours every night for just six months,their memories skyrocketed.Participants in this study by UCI (University of California,Irvine) Centre reaped a 226% increase in cognitive(认知的) capacity compared to the control group.The researchers say the finding transforms the long-known tie between smell and memory into an easy,non-invasive(无创的) technique for strengthening memory and potentially preventing dementia.The team’s study appears in Frontiers in Neuroscience.
The study was conducted through the UCI Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory.It involved men and women aged 60 to 85 without memory disorders.They were each given a diffuser (扩散器) and seven small bottles,each containing a single and different natural oil.People in the enriched group received full-strength bottles.Control group participants were given the oils in tiny amounts.Participants put a different bottle into their diffuser each evening prior to going to bed,and it remained active for two hours as they slept.
People in the enriched group showed a 226% increase in cognitive performance compared to the control group,as measured by a word list test commonly used to evaluate memory.CT imaging revealed better integrity brain pathway.The pathway affects decision-making ability and usually becomes less powerful with age.Participants also reported sleeping more soundly.
Scientists have long known that the loss of olfactory capacity,or ability to smell,can predict development of nearly 70 different kinds of diseases including Alzheimer’s and other dementia.Researchers have previously found that exposing people with moderate dementia to up to 40 different scents twice a day over a period of time boosted their memories and language skills,alleviated depression and improved their olfactory capacities.Later,the UCI team decided to try making this technique easier for older adults.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加州大学尔湾分校神经科学家进行了一项为期六个月的研究,研究发现,老年人的卧室里每晚持续两个小时的香味,会使老人的记忆激增。
5.What does the underlined word “skyrocketed” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A.Dramatically declined.
B.Slightly improved.
C.Severely weakened.
D.Significantly increased.
答案 D
解析 词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Participants in this study by UCI (University of California,Irvine) Centre reaped a 226% increase in cognitive capacity...strengthening memory and potentially preventing dementia.”可知,香味可以极大地提高老年人的记忆力,因此推断画线词与D项“显著提高”意思相近。故选D项。
6.What do we know about the experiment described in paragraph 2
A.All of the bottles contain the identical natural oil.
B.The given oil amount varies from group to group.
C.Each participant is distributed eight oil-filled bottles.
D.No requirement is for participants except age and sex.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知,给的精油量因组而异。故选B项。
7.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage
A.To report a study on scent exposure boosting memory.
B.To show a method to predict development of diseases.
C.To reveal the relationship between smell and memory.
D.To draw public attention to memory loss in older adults.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The researchers say the finding transforms the long-known tie between smell and memory into an easy,non-invasive technique for strengthening memory and potentially preventing dementia.The team’s study appears in Frontiers in Neuroscience.”以及下文内容可知,文章主要介绍了加州大学尔湾分校神经科学家进行了一项为期六个月的研究,研究发现,老年人的卧室里每晚持续两个小时的香味,会使老人的记忆激增。作者的写作目的是报告一项关于接触气味会促进记忆的研究。故选A项。
8.What will the follow-up paragraph most probably talk about
A.The approach to enhancing language skills.
B.The reason behind simplifying the technique.
C.The possibility of relieving severe depression.
D.The solution to recovering olfactory capacities.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Researchers have previously found that exposing people with moderate dementia to up to 40 different scents...easier for older adults.”可知,接下来团队决定尝试简化这项技术,让老年人更容易使用这项技术,提高他们的记忆力和语言技能,减轻抑郁,提高嗅觉能力。故选B项。
Passage 3 (2024山东临沂一模)
主题:研究发现 词数:342 难度:★★★★★
When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972,he referred to his subjects—a Ugandan group called the Ik—as “the loveless people”.After two years of observations,he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts(本能):cheat,thievery,and pitilessness.But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look,they identified a community that shared everything.“Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine(饥荒).All he saw is what happens when people are starving,” says Aktipis.But her team revealed that despite living under pressure,the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought.“It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives,”she says.By studying the unique,selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist,the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points.They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need,without expecting any repayment.Also,a world away,in New Mexico,while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return,they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties,such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems.Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone.Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example:It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live,which means millions of Americans can’t afford it.But in a system built on neighboring,pooled costs(合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述Athena Aktipis通过研究一个被称作Ik人的乌干达群体发现,他们非常重视互相帮助,Aktipis认为利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益,可以通过合作建立一个对抗集体困难的制度。
9.What did Turnbull think of the Ik people
A.Heartless. B.Helpful.
C.Restless. D.Generous.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972,he referred to his subjects—a Ugandan group called the Ik—as ‘the loveless people’.”可知,Turnbull认为Ik人很无情,故选A项。
10.What does the underlined word “altruism” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Trying to be strong and tough to survive.
B.Making full use of the surrounding resources.
C.Being devoted to themselves or their relatives.
D.Caring about the needs and happiness of others.
答案 D
解析 词句猜测题。根据第一段末句“But her team revealed that despite living under pressure,the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.”及画线词下文“It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives”可知,Ik人会互相帮助,故画线词所在句意为“Aktipis认为,利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益”,altruism意为“利他主义”。
11.What does paragraph 3 intend to convey
A.Friendships guarantee a well-being life.
B.Folks assist each other to get support.
C.Cooperation is a good and natural instinct.
D.People tend to provide resources for free.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容可知,本段旨在通过两个例子表明,合作是一种良好而自然的本能。
12.How does Aktipis intend to apply her findings
A.By designing a policy for public health.
B.By monitoring individual health histories.
C.By creating a system against collective hardship.
D.By lowering insurance prices for individual victims.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems.Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone.”以及“But in a system built on neighboring,pooled costs would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters.”可知,Aktipis打算通过建立一个对抗集体困难的制度来应用她的发现。考点分类练(五) 推理判断题(3)
Passage 1 (2024山东聊城一模)
主题:独处 词数:306 难度:★★★☆☆
A few years ago,I walked into Panera and placed my order.As I sat down,I noticed that at the table next to me,there was an older man with a cap eating his soup alone.At the sight of this,a feeling of sadness began to wash over me.Why was he eating alone Was he lonely Did he want someone to keep him company
This wasn’t the first time I’d felt sad when I noticed someone eating alone.I automatically assume they’re lonely and need someone to be there for them.For some reason,eating with other people is the norm.Modern society has evolved to the point where most people eat with others and do almost every activity together.If we need to get lunch before a class,we’d rather ask around to see if someone will come with us.But is it possible we just don’t want to appear lonely
For me,it’s easy to get pressured to have to be around other people when I see everyone else around me accompanied by a friend almost all the time.So many people are always around someone else,and that may make people think we always need someone with us to feel better about ourselves.
But that’s not true.We can enjoy being alone.Not everyone needs to be constantly surrounded by friends to be happy.And we shouldn’t be afraid to eat alone if that’s what we want to do.We don’t have to do what everyone else does.
Ultimately,I don’t think I’ll ever not get sad if I see someone eating alone,but I’ll bear in mind that maybe they just want a break from the world,or that maybe they prefer it that way.It’s important to realize seeing someone doing something alone doesn’t always mean they’re lonely.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的是作者对独处的一些看法。
1.Why does the author mention her experience at Panera a few years ago
A.To introduce the topic of caring for old people.
B.To start the discussion about people eating alone.
C.To describe a memorable encounter.
D.To illustrate the benefits of eating alone outside.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Why was he eating alone Was he lonely Did he want someone to keep him company ”和第二段中的“This wasn’t the first time I’d felt sad when I noticed someone eating alone.I automatically assume they’re lonely and need someone to be there for them.”可知,作者提到她几年前在Panera的经历是为了开始讨论人们独自吃饭的问题。
2.What does the author think of the norm of eating with other people
A.It is a good way to avoid awkwardness.
B.It helps maintain social connections.
C.It is common but deserves questioning.
D.It is unreasonable and unacceptable.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For some reason,eating with other people is the norm.Modern society has evolved to the point...is it possible we just don’t want to appear lonely ”可知,作者认为和别人吃饭的这种做法很常见,但值得质疑。
3.How does the author feel when people around her have company but she doesn’t
A.Uncomfortable. B.Isolated.
C.Envious. D.Relaxed.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“For me,it’s easy to get pressured to have to be around other people when I see everyone else around me accompanied by a friend almost all the time.”可知,当她周围的人都有人陪伴,而她却没有时,作者感到不舒服。
4.What message does the author want to convey
A.Social relationships are unnecessary.
B.People need to be alone to recharge.
C.Loneliness is unavoidable in our daily life.
D.Being alone doesn’t equate to loneliness.
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“It’s important to realize seeing someone doing something alone doesn’t always mean they’re lonely.”可知,作者想要传达的信息是独处并不等于孤独。
Passage 2 (2024湖南常德一模)
主题:完美主义 词数:351 难度:★★★☆☆
“So,Mr.Albert,you’ve told us about your strengths but what about your weaknesses ” It’s a common interview question.To which a classic humblebrag (谦虚自夸) reply is,“Well,I must admit that I’m a bit of a perfectionist.” After all,what company wouldn’t want to employ somebody who seeks perfection But it turns out that there is a profound difference between high-achievers and perfectionists.In a cruel irony,the perfectionist traits could actually prevent someone from achieving their full potential.
The roots of perfectionism actually lie in a deep desire to feel perfect.Most often a perfectionist personality is formed in reaction to some form of childhood trauma.For example,following her parents’ divorce,a young girl might strive to always be good,to always be perfect because at some level she believes that it must have been her fault that her parents separated.So as long as she is perfect,nothing so terrible would happen again.
Given such origins,it appears that the thinking and emotional styles associated with perfectionism are particularly dangerous to mental health.Think of the harshest and merciless perfectionists you know.They always,always,always find fault.Their cognitive(认知) styles include all-or-nothing thinking,where only perfection is seen as an acceptable result;fear of failure,where a perfectionist is driven by fear rather than pulled by the prospect of success in their endeavors;defensiveness in the face of constructive criticism.All of these seem to be linked to a wide range of psychological problems including eating disorders,anxiety and depression,and even suicide.
Changing this mindset is the key to treating the condition when it becomes a disorder but it is difficult to achieve.Perfectionists are essentially in an abusive relationship with themselves.It’s hard enough to withdraw from abusive relationships with others.How much harder is it when you yourself are the abuser So perhaps a better answer to the interview question posed at the start of this article would be,“I used to be a perfectionist but now I’m well on the road to recovery.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了完美主义的特质实际上可能会阻碍一个人充分发挥自己的潜力,解释了完美主义产生的原因以及对心理造成的危险。
5.Why does the author mention the interview question in paragraph 1
A.To provide an example.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To support the argument.
D.To attract readers’ interest.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“After all,what company wouldn’t want to employ somebody who seeks perfection But it turns out that there is a profound difference between high-achievers and perfectionists.In a cruel irony,the perfectionist traits could actually prevent someone from achieving their full potential.”可知,作者在第一段提到了面试问题是为了引入话题。
6.Who will most probably become a perfectionist
A.A high-achiever.
B.A person who always finds fault.
C.An overconfident man.
D.A son of a violent alcoholic father.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Most often a perfectionist personality is formed in reaction to some form of childhood trauma...nothing so terrible would happen again.”可知,完美主义常形成于童年创伤,因此暴力酗酒父亲的儿子最有可能成为完美主义者。故选D项。
7.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Perfectionism often has three different types.
B.Perfectionism has a bad effect on physical health.
C.Perfectionism is caused by high personal standard.
D.Perfectionism is a risk factor for psychological disorders.
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容可知,第三段主要讲了完美主义是心理障碍的危险因素。
8.What does the author think of perfectionism
A.It’s hard for people to get rid of it.
B.It drives people to achieve success.
C.It’s more of a strength than a weakness.
D.It inevitably leads to mental problems.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Changing this mindset is the key to treating the condition when it becomes a disorder but it is difficult to achieve.”可知,作者认为人们很难摆脱完美主义。故选A项。
Passage 3 (2024浙江杭州一模)
主题:原谅 词数:340 难度:★★★★☆
Is forgiveness against our human nature To answer our question,we need to ask a further question:What is the essence of our humanity For the sake of simplicity,people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.The first view involves dominance and power.In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness,Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows.Those who forgive are against their basic nature,much to their harm.In his opinion,forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others,who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation,mutual respect,and even love as the basis of who we are as humans.Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings,we need both to receive love from and offer love to others.Without love,our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart.Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.For example,how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans,forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness,shown through scientific studies,is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony.Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger.At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments.Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note,when we take a Classical philosophical perspective,that of Aristotle,we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality.We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive,but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.The actuality of forgiving,its actual appropriation in conflict situations,develops with practice.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证,通过对比不同的人类本性观点,分析了“原谅”在个体和社区中的作用和意义。
9.What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness
A.People should offer mercy to others.
B.Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C.Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D.People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness...who might then take advantage of them.”可知,Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性,对他们造成了很大的伤害,他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时,也在损害自己的幸福。
10.What does the example in paragraph 2 illustrate
A.To forgive is to love.
B.To dominate is to harm.
C.To fight is to grow.
D.To give is to receive.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文“Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings,we need both to receive love from...does not make for harmonious interactions.”可知,没有爱,我们与他人的联系就会破裂,控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动;奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度,它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。“For example,how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony ”以奴隶社会举例,以反问的方式来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福,即控制就是伤害。
11.What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness
A.Favorable. B.Reserved.
C.Objective. D.Skeptical.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段内容可知,作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学和心理学完整性中起关键作用,指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐,并且能够打破愤怒的循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系,让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对原谅持支持的态度。
12.What is the message of the last paragraph
A.Forgiveness is in our nature.
B.Forgiveness grows with time.
C.It takes practice to forgive.
D.Actuality is based on potentiality.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点,指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力,而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此,原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为,而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。考点分类练(六) 推理判断题(4)
Passage 1 (2024安徽安庆二模)
主题:冬季度假的去处和活动 词数:265
难度:★★☆☆☆
Winter vacations don’t have to be about snow.From scenic coastal journeys to wildlife watching,we have found a trip for every type of winter wanderer.Here’re some hot spots.
Road-trip down Oregon’s scenic coast
One of Oregon’s Seven Wonders,this 363-mile stretch of coastline is filled with landscapes,waves,headlands,and winter storms.There’s no shortage of stops on the scenic route from Astoria to Brookings.Visit coastal communities,spot sea lions at Shore Acres State Park,watch dancing jellyfish at the Oregon Coast Aquarium,and explore 79 state parks.
Enjoy the light show in San Antonio,Texas
From late November to early January,millions of twinkling lights decorate the San Antonio River Walk in an eye-catching display.Riverboats carrying diverse mix of bell choirs,folk groups,and Latino bands fill the air with carols on evenings through late December.
Soak in New Mexico’s natural hot springs
With more than 300 days of sunshine a year,5 national forests,and 17 national parks and monuments,New Mexico is a paradise(乐园) of outdoor adventure.After an active day,loosen up your muscles in comfortable mineral springs.
Celebrate New Year’s Day with the mummers (哑剧演员) in Philadelphia
On New Year’s Day,thousands of brightly costumed people take to the streets of Philadelphia for the annual Mummers Parade,the oldest continuous folk parade in the U.S.The people line the streets of the City of Brotherly Love from JFK Boulevard down Broad Street to watch the mummers flood the city in an explosion of color,music,and dance.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要为读者介绍了一些冬季度假的热门去处和活动。
1.Where should visitors go if they want to explore coastal life
A.Oregon. B.San Antonio.
C.New Mexico. D.Philadelphia.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“One of Oregon’s Seven Wonders,this 363-mile stretch of coastline is filled with landscapes,waves,headlands,and winter storms.”可知,如果游客想探索海岸生活,他们应该去俄勒冈州。
2.What is the right time for enjoying the light show
A.October 26. B.November 1.
C.December 16. D.February 4.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的“From late November to early January,millions of twinkling lights decorate the San Antonio River Walk in an eye-catching display.Riverboats carrying diverse mix of bell choirs,folk groups,and Latino bands fill the air with carols on evenings through late December.”可知,灯光秀的时间是11月末到1月初,结合选项可知12月16日最适合。
3.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.A history book. B.A travel brochure.
C.A course plan. D.An art journal.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段“Winter vacations don’t have to be about snow.From scenic coastal journeys to wildlife watching,we have found a trip for every type of winter wanderer.Here’re some hot spots.”可知,这篇文章介绍的是旅游目的地和活动,因此它可能来自一本旅游手册。
Passage 2 (2024陕西宝鸡二模)
主题:研究发现 词数:365 难度:★★★☆☆
Smartphones provide a palm(手掌)-size window to the world,enabling us to do almost anything at the touch of a button.Smart homes look after themselves,and virtual meetings mean that for many,time spent commuting is a thing of the past.
So we should have more free time.Time which is now spent sleeping,relaxing or simply doing nothing—right We recently interviewed 300 people across Europe to understand how they used digital devices in day-to-day life.This research showed that people want to avoid empty periods of time in their lives,so they fill those periods performing tasks,some of which wouldn’t be possible without technology.
Whether it was waiting for a bus,waking in the morning,or lying in bed at night,our research reported that time which would previously be “empty” was now filled with brain training apps,creating lists of things they should do or try based on their social media feed,and other life admin.
On the face of it some of these tasks may seem like examples of tech saving us time.In theory,online banking should mean I have more time because I no longer need to go to the bank in my lunch break.However,our research suggests that this is not the case.
If the idea that you have more time than ever before is making you choke on your coffee,you are not alone.There is growing evidence that while digital technology may help us to save some time,we end up using that time to do more and more things.For many people,it is no longer enough to simply eat dinner,watch TV or maybe do an exercise class.Instead,in an attempt to avoid wasting time,these activities are performed while also browsing the web in search of the ingredients for a more perfect life and trying to develop a sense of achievement.
It seems that people still see going for a walk or actually being with friends as more valuable than being online.Maybe if we put down the phone a little more,we would have the time to actually cook those recipes we watch online.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明智能家居让我们有更多的空闲时间,但不想浪费时间的人们希望避免生活中的空闲时间,会去做更多的事情。
4.What conclusion can be drawn in the first paragraph
A.Technology makes our lives easier.
B.We can’t live well without modern technology.
C.Virtual meeting is a thing of the past.
D.A smart home offers you luxury and convenience.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。由第一段“Smartphones provide a palm-size window to the world,enabling us to do almost anything at the touch of a button.Smart homes look after themselves,and virtual meetings mean that for many,time spent commuting is a thing of the past.”可知,科技在许多方面让我们的生活更轻松。
5.What does the research find about free time
A.It is an essential means of relaxation.
B.It does good to perform daily tasks.
C.It is secretly stolen by technology.
D.It forces people to do more work.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第五段中“There is growing evidence that while digital technology may help us to save some time,we end up using that time to do more and more things.”可知,空闲时间是被技术秘密窃取的。
6.What does the example of online banking tell us
A.It’s not too late to get free time back.
B.Lunch break can be saved by online banking.
C.Doing little or nothing is sometimes OK.
D.Technology leads to a denser form of life.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由第四段中“In theory,online banking should mean I have more time because I no longer need to go to the bank in my lunch break.However,our research suggests that this is not the case.”和第五段中“There is growing evidence that while digital technology may help us to save some time,we end up using that time to do more and more things.”可知,网上银行本意味着人们有更多的空闲时间,但事实并非如此,因为人们会利用这些空闲时间做越来越多的事情,可得出网上银行的例子告诉我们科技带来更密集的生活形式。
7.Who are the target readers of the text
A.Students in online learning.
B.Employees working in the bank.
C.People relying on digital devices.
D.Researchers in the technological lab.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。由第二段中“This research showed that people want to avoid empty periods of time in their lives,so they fill those periods performing tasks,some of which wouldn’t be possible without technology.”和第五段中“There is growing evidence that while digital technology may help us to save some time,we end up using that time to do more and more things.”和全文可知,技术虽替人们秘密窃取了一些空闲时间,但人们会利用这些空闲时间执行与技术相关的任务,再结合最后一段中“Maybe if we put down the phone a little more,we would have the time to actually cook those recipes we watch online.”可知,文章呼吁大家放下手机,可得出文章的目标读者是依赖数字设备的人。
Passage 3 (2024辽宁大连一模)
主题:《爱因斯坦革命》 词数:332 难度:★★★★★
German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time,the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship.In The Einsteinian Revolution,two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity―Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn—offer an original and penetrating(厚利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge,Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains,Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution,not through revolutionary breaks with the past.He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch,but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics.The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein.When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders,he meant that,without their contributions,he would not have formulated(阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein,of all people,revolutionized physics in the way that he did.But they argue in fascinating detail that,to understand his genius,one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly.Although not always an easy read,the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍和评价一本关于爱因斯坦及其相对论的书《爱因斯坦革命》。
8.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An essay on Albert Einstein.
B.An introduction to a book.
C.A guidebook to a course.
D.A review of physics development.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In The Einsteinian Revolution,two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity—Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn—offer an original and penetrating analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.”、第三段中“As a large part of the book explains,Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution,not through revolutionary breaks with the past.”以及最后一段中“Although not always an easy read,the book will interest physicists and historians alike.”可知,全文都是围绕这本书来写的,所以文章最有可能来自一本书的介绍。
9.What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein
A.Unclear. B.Favorable.
C.Dismissive. D.Opposing.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可推知,他们俩对关于爱因斯坦的普遍观点持反对态度。
10.What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” probably mean
A.Up to standard.
B.From nothing.
C.By learning from others.
D.With previous knowledge.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。根据第三段画线词上文“Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution,not through revolutionary breaks with the past”以及下文“but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,as well as nineteenth-century physicists”可知,他认为他的相对论不是从零开始的。故可猜测画线短语from scratch为“从头开始”的意思,与B项From nothing“从无到有,从零开始”意思一致。
11.What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A.Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B.Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C.Their researches contributed to Einstein’s success.
D.Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo...the theory of relativity.”可推知,作者提到这些著名的物理学家是为了说明这些物理学家的研究促成了爱因斯坦的成功。
