新概念第二册Lesson 68 Persistent讲义

新概念第二册
Lesson 68 Persistent
单词精讲
persistent [p 'sist nt]a.坚持的，固执的
引申：可引申为持续存在、不易消失的，如“persistent smell”（持续不散的气味）。
搭配：be persistent in（坚持于……）；persistent effort（不懈的努力）。
例句：He is persistent in his study and finally gets good grades.（他在学习上很坚持，最终取得了好成绩。）
词源：由“per -”（贯穿、完全）+“sistere”（站立）组成，意思是“始终站立，坚持”。
avoid [ 'v id]v.避开
引申：可引申为避免（抽象事物，如避免麻烦），如“avoid trouble”（避免麻烦）。
搭配：avoid doing sth.（避免做某事）；avoid sb.（避开某人）。
例句：You should avoid making the same mistake again.
（你应该避免再犯同样的错误。）
词源：源自古法语“avoider”，由“a -”（出）+“voider”（使空）组成，最初表示“使空出，排除”。
insist[in'sist] v.坚持做
引申：可引申为坚决主张（某种观点等），如“insist on one's opinion”（坚持自己的观点）。
搭配：insist on（坚持，坚决要求）；insist that...（坚持认为……）。
例句：She insists on going to the party alone.（她坚持独自去参加聚会。）
词源：由“in -”（在……上）+“sistere”（站立）组成，意思是“站在……之上，坚持”。
重点句型
【Key structures】关键句型
动名词的用法
有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。这些动词包括avoid，admit，deny，fancy，finish，enjoy，mind（在乎，在意），suggest，stand（容忍）等。
有些结构通常要接动名词，如busy，worth，it is no/little use，bored with，interested in，insist on，prevent…from等：
I was looking forward to reading those books.
Well, you can’t read them, so it’s no use thinking about them.
动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语（即动作执行者，而不是句子的主语）：
Please excuse his not writing to you.
Do you mind my smoking
come和go之后可以跟与户外活动相关的动名词（climbing，driving，fishing，riding，shopping，walking等），表示建议、邀请或叙事。
There’s no point in my coming climbing with you.
我和你们去爬山毫无意义。 （there’s no point in =it is no use）
感知动词（hear，see，fell，watch等）后面既可以跟宾语加分词结构，也可以跟宾语加不带to的不定式。现在分词往往强调动作正在发生，用于叙述中时使人身临其境；不定式则可以表示动作发生了或过程结束了。有时它们之间的区别不大，可以互相替换使用。
动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成
动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语, 作主语时必须是所有格(名词所有格, 形容词性物主代词), 但作宾语时可以用所有格, 也可用普通格(人称代词宾格)
His leaving is a great loss. 他的离去是一个很大的损失
Mother dislikes my(me) working late. 妈妈不喜欢我工作很迟
Mother dislikes my sleeping late.
John's having seen her did not make her worried.
约翰已经见到她的事实, 没有让她感到担心
后面可以接动词-ing的词：介词；某些动词，如avoid, enjoy, finish, It is no use, prevent sb from, fancy, imagine, escape, risk, allow，deny, appreciate, complete, delay, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, permit…
insist on doing, persist in doing, persevere in doing, give up doing
某些词加逻辑主语是，要用不定式作宾语，如：
allow+doing sth.(动名词作宾语) ；allow sb. to do sth.(不定式作宾语)
advise sb. to do sth. ；advise doing sth.
这类动词常见如：advise，allow，permit，recommend, etc.
课文精讲
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.我穿过马路以便避开他, 但他看到我并朝我跑过来。
cross v. 穿过
I cross the garden.
across adv.&prep. 穿过
I go across the garden.
avoid doing sth. 避免……
come running towards sb. 向某人跑过来
It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
若再装作没看见他已是没有用了, 我只好向他招手。
It is (of) no use doing… 做……是没有用处的，做……是徒步的/无益的
It is no use pretending … 假装……是没有用了
It is no use crying over the spilled milk. 覆水难收
It is no use punishing him.
wave to sb. 向某人招手
I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes.我就怕遇到奈杰尔·戴克斯。
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做……
appreciate sth./doing sth. 喜欢做……
He never has anything to do.
用不定式做定语, 修饰anything，不定式放在不定代词后面
anything to do sth. 任何要做的事
anything to eat sth. 可以吃的东西 ；anything to drink 可以喝的东西
He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you。
他从来都是无事可做, 不管你多忙, 他总是坚持要跟你去。
“has anything to do”：有事情做，“to do”是后置定语，修饰“anything”。
“No matter how”：无论多么，引导让步状语从句。
“insists on coming with you”：坚持和你一起来，“insist on doing sth.”表示坚持做某事。
no matter常与how，when，where，what，who等引导的从句连用，译为“无论……”
No matter how old you are,…
No matter where you are,…
No matter who you are,…
No matter how tired you are, your children insisted on listening to stories.
insist on doing sth. 坚持做……
I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.”我得想办法不让他整个上午缠着我。
“had to”：不得不，是“have to”的过去式。
“think of”：想出。
“preventing him from following me around”：阻止他整天跟着我，“prevent sb. from doing sth.”表示阻止某人做某事。
Fancy meeting you here!“想不到在这儿见到你. “我说
=Imagine meeting you here! 真想不到会在这见到你! （fancy＝imagine）
“fance+名词”表示惊讶
★fance
① vt. 设想，想像
Fancy Ian not knowing the answer to such an easy question!
② vt. 想要，喜欢（往往用于指个人爱好）
It’s a fine day and I fancy driving down to the coast.
Hi, Elizabeth,' Nigel answered. 'I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you. You're not busy doing anything, are you '”
“你好, 伊丽莎白, “奈杰尔回答说, “我正不知道怎么消磨这一上午呢, 正好见到你. 你不忙, 是吗 ”
“was just wondering”：刚刚正在想，“wonder”表示想知道。
“how to spend the morning”：如何度过上午，这是“疑问词 + 不定式”结构，作宾语。
“until I saw you”：直到我看到你，是时间状语从句。
“You're not busy doing anything, are you ”：这是一个反意疑问句，前面陈述部分是“be busy doing sth.”结构，表示忙于做某事。
No, not at all,' I answered. 'I'm going to...'”“不, 不忙, 我打算去……” 我回答
“not at all”：一点也不。
“I'm going to...”：我打算……，这是“be going to”结构，表示将来打算做某事。
Would you mind my coming with you ' he asked, before I had finished speaking.
“我跟你一道去行吗 ” 没等我说完话他就问道。
“Would you mind...”：你介意……吗？这是一个用于征求意见的句型。
“my coming with you”：我和你一起去，“coming with you”是动名词短语，“my”是动名词的逻辑主语。
“before I had finished speaking”：在我说完之前，这是时间状语从句，用过去完成时表示在过去某个动作之前完成的动作。
Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.'
“lied”：撒谎，是“lie”的过去式。
“going to the dentist”：去看牙医，“go to the dentist”表示去看牙医。
Then I'll come with you,' he answered. 'There's always plenty to read in the waiting room!’“没关系, 但我准备去牙医那里. “我说了个谎。
单词和短语
“There's always plenty to read”：总是有很多东西可看（读），“plenty to read”表示很多可读的东西。
You're not busy doing anything, are you “你不忙, 是吗 ”
be busy doing sth. 忙着做……
反意疑问句的回答, 根据事实回答
Would you mind my coming with you “
我跟你一道去行吗 ” 没等我说完话他就问道。
“Would/Do you mind +动名词/if引导的从句”用来表示客气的请求或征求意见，表示同意/不介意时，用“No, not at all”或“Certainly not”回答；不同意时往往用一些委婉的说法，如“I’m sorry, but…”等回答，不用“yes, I so”。
Would you mind if I open the windows
Certainly not. /Sorry, but it’s cold here.
mind (sb’s) +doing sth. 介意某人做某事
-ing的逻辑主语有四种形式，分为两大类
① 作为代词, 可以用人称代词的宾格, 又可以用形容词性物主代词
② 作为名词, 可以保持本身不变, 也可以变成名词所有格
作主语时必须是所有格(名词所有格, 形容词性物主代词), 但作宾语时可以用所有格, 也可用普通格(人称代词宾格)
Would you mind my parents' having dinner with me
Would you mind me opening the door
Would you mind my/me smoking
Would you mind me making myself at home 你介意我把这儿当成家吗
There's always plenty to read in the waiting room!
那我也跟你去, 候诊室里总有很多东西可供阅读!” 他回答。
“plenty to read”表示很多可读的东西。