新概念英语第二册期末复习同位语课件(共33张PPT)

(共33张PPT)
现代英语中有一种由“nice / good / lovely + and +形容词”的结构，形似并列，实际是一种强调结构，如“a lovely and fine day= a very fine day”。
1. 前置修饰语
前置修饰语：一切出现在中心词之前的修饰成分，这些成分主要由形容词（词组）、名词（词组）实现。
（1）形容词（词组）作前置修饰语
e.g. some intelligent students （形容词）
his rather discourteous behaviour （形容词词组）
a thin, long face （并列形容词）
rainy and stormy weather （带连词的并列形容词）
前置修饰语和后置修饰语
1
否定词not不可直接位于形容词之前构成作前置修饰语的形容词词组，不能说“his not intelligent son”，但可以说“his not very intelligent son”。
提示1
提示2
（2）-ing分词或-ed分词作前置修饰语
e.g. a barking dog
a washing machine
a closed shop
an unbroken record
retired workers
能作前置修饰语的-ing分词和-ed分词起形容词的作用。
提示1
只有少数表示位置转移或状态改变的不及物动词的-ed分词可单独用作前置修饰语。
提示2
某些没有相应动词的名词，特别是当它们前面有修饰语时，可加词尾-ed，表示“具有…特征”、“有…的”意义，如a bearded man，a red-carpeted room。
提示3
（3）名词或名词词组作前置修饰语
e.g. summer school
a peace conference
a stone wall
the book cover
an energy crisis
government policies
名词或名词词组作前置修饰语可表示时间、地点、目的、来源、因果等多种意义。
提示1
有时作为前置修饰语的名词（词组）相当于一定的前置形容词，如South China = Southern China；有时它们就不能互换，如只能说an energy crisis，不能说*an energetic crisis。
提示2
2. 后置修饰语
后置修饰语：一切出现在中心词之后的修饰成分，这些成分主要由介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句等来实现。
（1）介词词组作后置修饰语
e.g. the engine of the car
a letter from my sister
the course on English grammar
（2）非限定分句作后置修饰语
e.g. I’ve got letters to write tonight.
The man writing at the desk is my brother.
The car bought last year has broken down.
非限定分句作名词修饰语，在语义上比限定分句更带有某种模糊性，如“the man preparing documents”可解释为“the man who will prepare / will be preparing / prepares / is preparing / prepared / was preparing documents”。
提示1
（3）关系分句作后置修饰语
e.g. Some friends that I made in college were more interested
in grades than in learning.
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
（4）同位语分句作后置修饰语
e.g. She had to face the fact that her life had changed forever.
The question whether he should confess troubled him.
（5）较长的形容词词组作后置修饰语
e.g. This is a form of fishing open to all anglers (垂钓者).
People liable to make such mistakes must take a remedial
course on English grammar.
由“having been done”结构构成的-ing分词分句不能用作后置修饰语，比如不能说“the article having been written”，可以说“the article written”或者“the article being written”。
提示2
3. 只能用后置修饰语的情形
（1）当名词中心词为some-，any-，no-等合成词时
e.g. In American culture, it is customary for the bride to wear
something old, something new, something borrowed and
something blue.
Anybody intelligent can do it.
（2）某些较长的形容词词组、非限定分句、关系分句、同位语分句
e.g. I’d like to take a room less expensive than this one.
She has five children to look after.
The man who painted that picture is a real artist.
He heard the news that his team had won.
可将它们看成是一个缩略的关系分句。
提示
它们的共性是比较冗长复杂。
提示
（3）以a-开头的补语形容词，如afraid，alive，alone，alike，ablaze，afloat，asleep，awake等。
e.g. The house ablaze is next door to me.
The plane afloat was proved to be a great success of aviation.
4. 永久意义和暂时意义
（1）形容词和名词作前置修饰语常常表示永久性的特征；-ing分词或-ed分词作前置修饰语，有时便只表示暂时性的状况。
e.g. The room was decorated with fragrant flowers.
（永久属性）
The plant was still laden with withered flowers.
（暂时状况）
多数这类词如果不是单独使用而是带有修饰语时，就可作前置修饰语，如the fast asleep child，a somewhat afraid soldier。
提示
（2）以-able / -ible结尾的形容词，一般来说，前置表示永久特征，后置表示暂时状况。
e.g. Venus is a clear visible star.
（指一类可见星——“永久性”）
It’s the only star visible now.
（特定时间里可以看得见的星星——“暂时性”）
这类形容词也有前置或后置意义没有差别的，尤其是当这类形容词与另一形容词的最高级搭配时，如the finest obtainable cloth / the finest cloth obtainable。
提示
e.g. * They found the driver beneath the overturned car with a
broken left leg.
应改为：Beneath the overturned car they found the driver with
a broken left leg.
2. 分隔修饰的使用场合
（1）为了避免歧义
e.g. There’s no report to us of any accident.
比较：There’s no report of any accident to us.
备注
如果不使用分隔修饰，to us好像修饰any accident，容易造成歧义。
提示
1. 贴近原则：修饰语通常出现在最贴近中心词的地方，这是使用修饰语的一个指导原则。
分隔修饰：修饰语和被修饰语被分隔的现象。
分隔修饰
2
more accurate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.
比较：Many forms of apparatus by which a more accurate
knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained have been
devised.
（3）由于中心词嵌入在另一个结构中
e.g. I must try to make as logical a survey as I can of this project
which I have undertaken.
被修饰语a survey嵌入在比较结构as logical a survey as I can中，其后置修饰语只能置于as I can之后造成分隔修饰。
提示
如果不使用分隔修饰，一是句子主语太长，谓语太短，结构不平衡，二是没有把医疗器械的用途放到突出的句尾位置。
提示
（2）为了保持句子结构平衡
e.g. Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a
3. 各种后置修饰语被分隔的现象
（1）介词词组被分隔
e.g. Work has been started on the new system of motorways.
This was the first news George had had of his friend’s absence.
（2）非限定分句被分隔
e.g. Many ways have been found to use small and simple
machines to process large and complicated machine parts.
Arrangements have been made to install safety devices on
all machines.
（3）同位语分句被分隔
e.g. An order has come from Berlin that no languages but German
may be taught in the school.
The assumption is made that the cylinder is a perfect non-
conductor of heat.
（4）关系分句被分隔
e.g. This gave me an opportunity to think out the text of a letter
to Vita which she would get the following morning.
Reactors have recently been built which are capable of
generating up to several hundred megawatts.
1. 名词词组+名词词组
e.g. You are John Estes, the telephone engineer, aren’t you
He is now faced with an important decision — a decision
that can affect his entire future.
2. 名词词组+反身代词/不定代词/指示代词等
e.g. My wife will go there herself.
They both said much the same thing.
Air, food, water and heat — these are four requirements of
all living things.
名词词组同位语的结构形式
1
这类结构可以看作省略了主语和谓语动词的非限制性关系分句。
提示1
有时，作同位语的名词词组部分地重复前项，作为一种强调手段。
提示2
3. 名词词组+ -ing分词结构
e.g. She likes her job, teaching English.
His favourite exercise, playing tennis after school, kept
him fit.
Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him
many friends.
4. 名词词组+不定式结构
e.g. We all have a common desire — to realize the “four
modernizations”.
The question whether to confess it or not troubled him.
There’s one thing I will never do — tell lies.
反身代词、不定代词和指示代词等对先行名词词组起强调作用。
提示
其他相当于名词词组的结构也可充当第一同位成分，如-ing分词结构+名词词组。
提示
5. 名词词组+名词性分句
e.g. He rejects the idea that his film is in bad taste.
The question who should preside over the meeting has not
yet been settled.
6. 名词词组+of-词组
e.g. the city of Shanghai (the city is Shanghai)
the month of May (the month is May)
the art of painting (the art is painting)
1. 表示等同关系
namely (或viz), that is (或i.e., ie), that is to say, in other words, or, for short ...
e.g. A pronoun is a pro-form, i.e. a form used to refer to a person
or a thing.
名词词组同位语的引导词
2
He studies linguistics, or the science of language.
He is a cutler — that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp
tools.
2. 表示举例或列举
for example, for instance (或e.g., eg), such as, say (或let’s say), including ...
e.g. He knows several foreign languages besides English, such
as French and German.
Any dictionary, say Hornby’s Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
will serve my purpose for the time being.
Fifty officers, including dog handlers, are searching for her.
say是let’s say的简短形式，这两个说法都很随意，for example相对更正式。
提示
3. 表示突出某点
especially, particularly, chiefly, mostly ...
e.g. The government aims to improve public services, especially
education.
I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half.
A further nine people, mostly children, are reported missing.
4. 表示同位关系
e.g. One insurance company has already filed suit against the
city of Chicago.
He traversed alone the whole continent of Africa from east
to west.
1. 句法作用不同
关系分句：相当于形容词的功能，对先行项起修饰、限定和描述的作用。
同位语从句：相当于名词的功能，在地位上与其说明的名词是相等的，只是对它的进一步解释、说明、具体化。
e.g. The fact that she told me made me very angry.
（关系分句）
I could no longer ignore the fact that he was deeply unhappy.
（同位语分句）
2. 引导词不同
关系分句：① 关系代词、关系副词、关系限定词；② 它们在关系分句中都充当一定的成分；③ when，where，why的先行项必须分别是表时间、地点、原因的词语。
同位语分句与关系分句的区别
3
同位语从句：① 连词、连接代词、连接副词；② that，whether只起连接作用，不作句子成分。
e.g. Now is the time when we must all live as economically
as possible. （关系分句）
I have no idea when he’ll be back. （同位语分句）
I know a place where the food is first-class.
（关系分句）
I had no idea where he had come from or where he was
going. （同位语分句）
Give me one good reason why I should help you.
（关系分句）
They have no idea why she left so suddenly.
（同位语分句）
3. 所修饰的词不同
同位语从句：① 所修饰的多为抽象名词，如fact，idea，belief，news，decision，evidence，truth等；② 可用系动词be把同位成分连接起来。
关系分句：① 所修饰的词语不受此限，可以是具体名词也可以是抽象名词；② 不能用系动词be把先行项与关系分句连接起来。
e.g. He made a suggestion that this problem be worked out in
another new way. （同位语分句）
（意义相当于：His suggestion was that this problem be
worked out in another new way.）
The suggestion he made at the meeting is of great value
to us. （关系分句）
关系分句中关系词存在可以省略的情况，同位语分句中的引导词不存在省略的问题。
提示
All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT
___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
She bought herself a pair of new shoes.
Only one problem still remains — the food.
My friends all understand and support me.
She liked her current job, teaching English.
该题考查名词词组同位语的结构形式。名词词组的同位语可由名词词组、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、非限定分句和名词性分句充当，通常紧跟在与之同位的名词词组之后，有时为了保持句子平衡或为了加强语势，也可出现在句尾。B句one problem的同位语为the food，C句my friends的同位语为不定代词all，D句her current job的同位语为非限定分句teaching English。A句为SVoO句型，没有同位语，因此A为正确答案。参见《教程》P415。
下列各句都有一个同位语，除了______。
The teacher told the students to stay in the classroom and they did _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
absolutely
accidentally
accordingly
accurately
该题考查副词accordingly作修饰性状语的用法。副词accordingly有两种用法，一是放在动词后作修饰性状语，意为“照着；相应地”，用于解释前面的小分句。二是作为连接性状语，意为“因此；于是”，表因果关系，常置于句首。根据句意，该题属于accordingly的第一种用法，对第一分句作出解释。因此C为正确答案。
老师让同学们待在教室里，他们照着做了。
本讲主要介绍了动词、形容词、副词、介词的修饰语，名词修饰语和同位语。学习中建议以名词修饰语为重点，掌握名词修饰语的构成和意义。就修饰与被修饰的位置关系来说，名词修饰语既可前置，也可后置。前置修饰语主要由形容词（词组）、名词（词组）实现，能作前置修饰语的-ing分词和-ed分词也是起形容词的作用。后置修饰语主要由介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句等来实现，这前后位置上的不同往往会带来意义上的差异。就修饰语的意义和作用来说，名词修饰语可以是“分隔修饰”、“转移修饰”、“局部修饰”等，在意义上有强化与弱化、限制性与非限制性、永久性与暂时性的区别。名词词组的同位语也是一种后置修饰语，通常由名词词组表示，也可由其他相当于名词词组的结构
表示，其表意功能是对前项提供补充信息，在语义上起非限制性关系分句的作用。名词词组同位语可以带有引导词，表示等同关系、举例或列举、突出某点等逻辑关系。同位语分句与关系分句的区别主要体现在两者的句法作用不同，前者相当于名词的功能，是对先行项的进一步解释、说明，后者相当于形容词的功能，对先行项起修饰、限定和描述的作用。最后注意，现代汉语中只有前置修饰语，英译汉时，常把后置修饰语译成前置修饰语，如果后置修饰语太长、太复杂，还要利用分句或其他方式。
Flashing repeatedly he was warned by a light.
His decision of retiring surprised all of us.
We must rule out the possibility of Anna to do the job.
The article having been written by my brother will appear in the local press.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences.
He was warned by a light flashing repeatedly.
His decision to retire surprised all of us.
We must rule out the possibility of Anna’s doing the job.
The article written by my brother will appear in the local press.
I have no liking to that man; in fact I have taken a dislike in him.
Right across the fissure (裂缝), this leap was shown on the television.
I must be one of the most trouble-free alive men.
Open to all anglers (垂钓者) this is a form of fishing.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I have no liking for that man; in fact I have taken a
dislike to him.
This leap, right across the fissure, was shown on the television.
I must be one of the most trouble-free men alive.
This is a form of fishing open to all anglers.
It’s a lovely but fine day.
There were several uninviting guests at the party.
The unemployed situation is worsening.
That was a red-carpet room.
9.
10.
11.
12.
It is a lovely and fine day.
There were several uninvited guests at the party.
The unemployment situation is worsening.
That was a red-carpeted room.
I was awakened by a dog barking and couldn’t go to sleep until the barking was stopped.
This was the first news of his friend’s absence George had had.
The assumption that the cylinder (汽缸) is a perfect non-conductor of heat (非导热体) is made.
13.
14.
15.
I was awakened by a barking dog and couldn’t go to
sleep until the barking was stopped.
This was the first news George had had of his friend’s absence.
The assumption is made that the cylinder is a perfect non-conductor of heat.
The three men were all in their twenties.
They pleaded not guilty.
Columbus assumed that the land he had discovered was the eastern extremity of Asia, but this was soon proved wrong.
1.
2.
All in their twenties, the three men pleaded not guilty.
Columbus’ assumption that the land he had discovered was the eastern extremity of Asia was soon proved wrong.
A “moral” is some rule of conduct which people regard as applicable to their lives.
Some people look for a “moral” in everything they read.
Especially student readers like to do so.
You went to sleep during my lecture.
This fact suggests that you should go to bed earlier at night.
3.
4.
Some people, especially student readers, like to look for a “moral” in everything they read — a “moral” being some rule of conduct which they regard as applicable to their lives.
The fact that you went to sleep during my lecture suggests that you should go to bed earlier at night.
They were building a bridge across the river.
The bridge was intended to carry a great deal of traffic.
Many members were absent.
Among those absent was notably the vice-chairman.
A number of American presidents have died in office.
They include McKinley, Harding, Roosevelt, and Kennedy in the 20th century.
5.
6.
7.
They were building a bridge across the river, a bridge which was intended to carry a great deal of traffic.
Many members were absent, notably the vice-chairman.
A number of American presidents, including McKinley, Harding, Roosevelt, and Kennedy in the 20th century, have died in office.
My watch might be wrong, but this idea did not occur to me.
Nairobi’s railroad station is the starting point for East Africa’s most traveled passenger train.
That train is the overnight express to Kenya’s port on the Indian Ocean.
That port is Mombasa.
8.
9.
The idea that my watch might be wrong did not occur to me.
Nairobi’s railroad station is the starting point for East Africa’s most traveled passenger train, the overnight express to Mombasa, Kenya’s port on the Indian Ocean.
The ancient Chinese were a people of inventors and discoverers.
They were a people of philosophers and soldiers.
They were also a people of poets and craftsmen.
They gave the world many of its most useful things.
These things include paper and gunpowder, printing and the compass.
10.
A people of inventors and discoverers, philosophers and soldiers, poets and craftsmen, the ancient Chinese gave the world many of its most useful things: paper and gunpowder, printing and the compass.