新概念英语二期末语法复习并列结构(共45张PPT)

(共45张PPT)
1. 并列结构：两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的结构序列。
e.g. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy
and wise.
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is key to it.

2. 并列结构的形式
（1）词和词的并列
e.g. boys and girls
buy or sell
good but expensive
并列结构及其形式
1
e.g. a teacher and a student
walking down the street or running through an alley
with strength but without confidence
promptly and without mistakes
（3）分句和分句的并列（并列句）
e.g. The children can go with us or they can stay at home.
This sentence may be correct grammatically, but a native
speaker never says it that way.
Mary is a nurse, her brother is a doctor, and her parents are
both famous writers.
不同类型词组只要属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能，也可成为并列成分，如最后一例。
提示
（2）词组和词组的并列
1. 常见情形：两个以上项目构成的并列结构只在最后一个项目之前用并列连词，其他项目之间仅用逗号连接。
e.g. Nature, time, and patience are the three great physicians.
He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

2. 特殊情形
（1）全用连词
e.g. She turned and smiled and said good night to her father.
Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding
and thinning and hoeing and watering.
并列结构和标点符号
2
在语义上往往给人以悠闲舒缓、延续持久的修辞效果。
提示
e.g. Individuals are less troubled by feelings of guilt when they
share responsibility for killings with a group — a street
gang, lynch mob, terrorist organization.
3. 分号
（1）连接两个并列分句，通常表示一种对比关系。
e.g. By reading we enrich the mind; by conversation we polish it.
Sunshine was everywhere; orchards were in bloom.
（2）在某些连接性状语（如accordingly，besides，furthermore，hence，however，nevertheless， therefore ...）之前，通常用分号，不用逗号。
e.g. I have never been in the place before; besides, it was as dark
as a tomb.
往往给人以紧张、急促、明快、利落的修辞效果。
提示
（2）全用逗号
He had worked in the foreign service for two years without
leave; hence he was tired almost beyond endurance.
4. 冒号
连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥。
e.g. Humanity has three great enemies: disease, famine, and war,
of which war is by far the most terrible.
Everything for the trip is ready: the car checked, the baggage
loaded, and the money in hand.
这些连接性状语通常都是些连接副词。
提示
1. 带并列连词的并列句
e.g. Two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it.
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you.
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much
from fools.
We must start early, for we have a long way to go.
2. 带连接副词的并列句
e.g. When I got to the pub, I had a drink; then I went home.
The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it is true.
I can’t go now. I’m too busy; besides / moreover, my
passport is out of date.
并列句的类型
3
避免造出没有并列连词的run-on sentence（粘连句/连写句/流水句）。
for是介于并列和从属之间的连词。
提示1
提示2
We had been waiting for him for a long time, yet he didn’t
turn up.
3. 带分号的并列句
e.g. Work when you work; play when you play.
To educate a man is to educate an individual; to educate a
woman is to educate a family.

4. 带冒号的并列句
e.g. We decided not to go on holiday: we had too little money.
You can’t count on him to help: he is such a selfish man.
在连接性副词之前，通常用分号。
提示
用分号通常表示一种对比关系。
提示
用冒号通常是对上文的解释和发挥。
提示
①*We went to the mall, we bought clothes.
②*I often walk in the park, I love the feeling of nature.

①√ We went to the mall and (we) bought clothes.
②√ I often walk in the park, for I love the feeling of nature.
典型错误
4
备注
1. 三类并列连词
（1）中心并列连词：and，or，but
（2）关联并列连词：both ... and，either ... or，not ... but，not ... nor，neither ... nor，not only ... but also
（3）边际并列连词：as well as，as much as，rather than，more than等

2. 并列连词的句法特征
（1）限用于分句句首位置。
e.g. John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the piano.
比较：John plays the guitar; his sister, moreover, plays the piano.
并列连词
1
连接副词位置较灵活，有些既可用于分句句首，也可位于句中或句尾。
提示
（2）两个并列连词不可连用。
不能说：He did not like your suggestion, and but raised no objection. *
比较：He did not like your suggestion, and yet he raised no objection. √

（3）有些连接副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用，而并列连词却不可以这样用。
e.g. If we miss the bus, then we’ll have to take a taxi.
Although he was ill, yet / still / nevertheless he managed
to look cheerful.
不能说：Although he was ill, but he managed to look cheerful. *
连接副词却可以和并列连词连用。
提示
如并列连词和从属连词对应使用，就造成了既非并列也非从属的错句。
提示
1. and引导的并列结构
（1）表示语义的增补与引申，意为“并且”。
e.g. Mr Jones is principal of the school, and an expert in translation.
She hasn’t phoned and she hasn’t written either.
She often worked late. And she even worked on weekends.
We waited and waited, but nothing happened.
It’s getting colder and colder.
并列结构的意义和用法
2
and有时也可置于句首。
and连接两个或两个以上相同的动态动词，表示该动作的不断重复和持续。
提示1
提示2
and连接两个或两个以上形容词或副词的比较级，有逐步增强的含义。
提示3
（2）表示动作的先后，意为“然后”。
e.g. She slowed the car and began driving up a narrow road.
He closed the window, turned off the light and left the room.
The car broke halfway, and they had to stay in a small inn
for night.

（3）表示条件和结果，意为“如果/只要…就…”。
e.g. Think it over again and you’ll find a way out.
Spare the rod and spoil the child. （省了棍子，惯坏了孩
子。/ 孩子不打不成器。）
Five minutes earlier and we could have caught the train.
比较：Be quiet or you’ll wake the whole house! （否定条件）
有时先后发生的动作还带有因果含义，如以上最后一例。
提示
第一个分句是第二个分句的条件，第二个分句是结果。第一个分句通常是祈使句。
提示
（4）表示转折或让步，意为“（虽然）…但是/却”。
e.g. A candle lights others and consumes itself.
He is Jack of all trades and master of none.
（5）表示对比，即两个分句的内容形成对照，意为“而…”。
e.g. Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports.
Many of the papers are good, and these are the best.
（6）表示评注，即第二个分句是对第一个分句所作的追加评述或解释。这里的and常不译出。
e.g. He has a somewhat swelled head, and I don’t like this.
They disliked John — and that’s not surprising in view of
his behaviour.
这种用法中，and连接的第二个分句可用非限制性关系分句替代。如“They disliked John, which is not surprising in view of his behaviour.”。
提示
2. 由or引导的并列结构
（1）表示选择，意为“或者”。
e.g. She can do it herself or ask someone else to do it.
The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.
（2）表示否定条件，意为“否则；要不然”
e.g. Make up your mind, or you’ll miss the chance. （=if not）
I must work hard, or I’ll fail the exam.

3. 由but引导的并列结构
（1）表示语义的转折，意为“但是”。
e.g. The young man has often been praised, but he is never
conceited.
You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him
drink.
or用于这一意义时，可与else连用，如“Hurry up, or else you’ll be late.”。
提示
（2）表示对比或对照，意为“而；相反”。
e.g. It never rains but (it) pours.
This coat is not mine but yours.

4. both … and，not only … but (also)，neither … nor，either ... or用法比较
共性：所连接的两个部分通常都具有对等关系。
e.g. He both / not only / either / neither has long hair and /
but also / or / nor wears jeans.
He smoked both / not only / either / neither cigars and /
but also / or / nor cigarettes.
区别：
（1）not only … but (also)，neither … nor，either ... or都可连接分句，而both … and不能连接分句。
表示对比意义的并列连词还有while，whereas等，如“Jane is slender, while Mary is stout.”。
提示
e.g. Not only will John sleep on the couch, but he will also take
a hotel room.
Neither will John sleep on the couch, nor will he take a hotel
room.
Either John sleeps on the couch, or you must book a hotel
room for him.
不能说：Both John will sleep on the couch, and he will take a hotel room. *
not only不能分开，but also则可以被其他词分开，构成not only ... but ... also。
除了not only … but (also)外，实际使用中还可用not only ... but ... as well / too，not only ... but ...，not only ... also ...等形式。
提示1
提示2
not only / neither位于句首连接分句时，该分句要用倒装语序。nor引导分句时，该分句也要用倒装语序。
提示3
（2）either / neither可置于主动词之前，随后的or / nor可不带主动词；both … and，not only … but (also)通常不能这样用。
e.g. He either/neither smoked cigars or/nor cigarettes.
（=He smoked either/neither cigars or/nor cigarettes.）
不能说：He both/not only smoked cigars and/but also
cigarettes. *

（3）当either / neither置于主动词之前时，其后的or / nor还可引导一个分句；而both ... and，not only … but (also)不可这样用。
e.g. He either smoked cigars or he smoked cigarettes.
He neither smoked cigars nor did he smoke cigarettes.
不能说：He both / not only smoked cigars and / but also he smoked cigarettes. *
both … and，not only … but (also)需要连接对等成分。
提示
5. 形似并列，实为从属的结构
（1）nice and ... 等
意义：“因为…所以好”，即“很…”
e.g. This room is nice and warm. （这房间因为暖和所以好
[很暖和]。）
The breeze is nice and cool. （这阵微风很凉爽。）
It was lovely and cool in there. （那儿非常凉爽。）
（2）come / go / try and ...
come / go / try and ... = come / go / try to... （and表目的）
e.g. Why don’t you come and have dinner with us
(=Why don’t you come to have dinner with us )
这是非正式口语中的一种特殊用法，这些并列结构中第一个形容词的语义作用不像一个形容词，而像一个强化语。
提示
Please go and fetch me some water.
(=Please go to fetch me some water.)
You should try and be reasonable.
(You should try to be reasonable.)
come / go and ... 可用于一切时式，而try and却不能用于过去时。
提示
①* Not only he spoke correctly, but he spoke easily.
②* She had understood nothing, nor she had sought to understand.
③* Either we must make nuclear power safe or stop using it altogether.

① Not only did he speak correctly, but he spoke easily. √
② She had understood nothing, nor had she sought to understand. √
③ We must either make nuclear power safe or stop using it altogether. √
/ Either we must make nuclear power safe, or we must stop using it altogether. √
典型错误
3
备注
两者关系：排比是一种作为修辞手法的并列结构。
结构形式：由两个、三个、或三个以上的同类语法结构成串并列。
修辞效果：达到结构匀称、说理有力、叙事生动、抒情深刻的修辞效果。
e.g. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
（读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。）
There is no debt, no benefit, no burden, no obligation in
his case.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and
some few to be chewed and digested.
并列与排比
1
两项排比往往与一般的并列结构无大区别，不如三项以上的排比有力，后者也更常见。
排比结构中可省略并列连词。
提示1
提示2
1. 按逻辑顺序排列
e.g. She talks about him morning, noon and night. （时间顺
序）
We could find pigeons here, there, everywhere. （空间顺
序）
He pulled his head back into the bedroom, looked around,
saw his jacket, picked it up, and put it on. （动作先后）

2. 按意义轻重排列
e.g. The letter, short, cold, sharp-tongued, was unexpected.
I can’t spare you any time. No, can’t. Not a month, not a
week, not even a single day.
This law should meet with your approval because it is simple,
because it is enforceable, and because it is just.
排比的语义特征
2
3. 按由短到长排列
e.g. I saw fins parrying, a bulldog jaw champing, and two
bulging eyes glaring upward.
也可使用渐降法（anti-climax），即故意将按常理不太重要的意思放在最后的重要位置，以达到讽刺、幽默的修辞效果，如“He owes his success to hard work, perseverance, and his father-in-law.”。
提示
遵循“句尾重心”原则，根据音节、单词的多寡，按从少到多的顺序排列。
提示
Which of the italicized parts indicates CONTRAST
A.
B.
C.
D.
She opened the door and quietly went in.
Think it over again and you’ll get an answer.
Victoria likes music and Sam is fond of sports.
He is somewhat arrogant, and I don’t like this.
该题考查并列连词and的意义和用法。并列连词and最一般的意义为表语义增补，此外还可以表示顺序、转折、因果、结果、对比、评注等含义。A项意为“她打开门，悄悄走了进去”，and连接两个连续的动作，表顺序；B项意为“再想想，你就会得到答案了”，and表结果；C项意为“维多利亚喜欢听音乐，而山姆则爱好运动”，and连接两个相互对照的分句，即维多利亚和山姆各不相同的爱好，表对比，因此C为正确答案；D项意为“他有些傲慢，我不喜欢这一点”，and表评注。
下列哪个句子中的斜体部分表示对比意义？
Dr. Johnson is head of the department, ______ an expert in translation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
or
either
but
and
该题考查并列连词and的用法。名词词组an expert in translation是对head of the department的补充和引申，需要用表语义引申的并列连词，and即表语义引申，因此D为正确答案。A、B项表语义选择，C项表语义转折，均不正确。
约翰逊博士是系主任，同时也是一位翻译方面的专家。
Even as a girl, ______ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.
A.
B.
C.
D.
performing by Melissa were
it was known that Melissa’s performances were
knowing that Melissa’s performances were
Melissa knew that performing was
该题考查句子结构及并列连词and的用法。根据句首状语as a girl可知，空白处分句需要有专有名词或人称代词作主语的选项，只有D项有主语Melissa，that引导的从句作knew的宾语，该宾语从句是由并列连词and连接的并列结构，表语义引申，因此D为正确答案。
即使还是个小姑娘，梅丽莎也知道表演将成为她的生活，剧院的观众将成为她最好的老师。
The central provinces have floods in some years, and _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
drought in others
droughts are others
while other droughts
others in drought
该题考查并列结构及省略的用法。根据句意，and前后构成并列结构，and后的完整结构是and they have drought in others，others指other years，相同部分可以省略，因此A为正确答案。
中部省份在有些年份会遭水灾，在另一些年份会遭旱灾。
He is not under arrest, ______ any restriction on him.
A.
B.
C.
D.
or the police have placed
or have the police placed
nor the police have placed
nor have the police placed
该题考查表否定意义的关联并列结构not … nor，nor前置引起倒装的用法。根据句意，not … nor构成并列结构，意为“既没…也没…”。句首状语nor为否定副词，需使用局部倒装，因此D为正确答案。
他既没有被捕，警察也没对他采取限制措施。
She said she would work it out herself, ______ ask me for help.
A.
B.
C.
D.
and not to
but not
and prefer not
rather than
该题考查边际并列连词rather than的用法。边际并列连词rather than所连接的两端通常是对等成分，与前面的助动词构成would do sth. rather than do sth.结构，意为“宁愿…而不…”，A项and之后的带to不定式不能和work out构成并列结构，B项but表转折，与句意不符，C项prefer not ask的搭配不对，因此D为正确答案。
她说她宁愿自己做出来，也不愿向我求助。
本讲主要介绍了并列结构的形式，并列句的类型，三类并列连词的意义及用法，排比结构的句法功能及语义特征。学习中首先要理解并列结构的概念，语法结构“意义相关”是构成并列结构的前提。并列结构分为不同的层次，其中分句和分句的并列构成并列句。并列连接手段是学习和辨识并列结构的关键，并列连接手段包括并列连词、连接性状语、标点符号（逗号、分号、冒号），熟悉并列结构中并列连接手段的常见用法。重点掌握并列句的四种类型，注意中英两种语言使用并列句的差异，表达中避免run-on sentence的典型错误。熟悉并列连词的分类以及并列连词的几个句法特征，重点掌握以and、or、but引导的并列结构的意义和用法，以及关联并列连词both … and，not only … but (also)，neither … nor，
either ... or在用法上的异同。排比是一种作为修辞手法的并列结构，排比结构能在句中作主语、宾语、补语、状语等多种句子成分，排比结构中排比项的排列在语义上通常是由轻到重，将说话人认为最重要的信息放在末端，以达到加强语气的修辞效果。阅读中可以利用并列结构帮助猜测词义，提高阅读理解能力，写作中可以学习使用排比结构增强表达效果。
1.0
2.
0
3.0
The students study current events on Friday afternoon. If there is nothing special to study, they have League meetings.
Ruel went into the forest. Cameron went into the forest too. They collected a lot of insect specimens (昆虫标本).
On his way up the hill Jack fell down. He hurt his hands and knees. Jimmy got to the top all right.
On Friday afternoon the students study current events, or have League meetings if there is nothing special to study.
Ruel and Cameron went into the forest and collected a
lot of insect specimens.
On his way up the hill Jack fell down and hurt his hands
and knees, but Jimmy got to the top all right.
4.
5.
6.
0
The girls decided to remain at home. It was raining hard.
For the first time I saw my father not as the giant of my childhood. I saw my father simply as a lonely man.
No matter how you measure it, education is the largest “industry” in the nation. You can measure it in terms of dollars spent. You can measure it in terms of people involved.
The girls decided to remain at home, for it was raining hard. / It was raining hard and the girls decided to remain at home.
For the first time I saw my father not as the giant of my
childhood but simply as a lonely man.
Education is the largest “industry” in the nation whether in terms of dollars spent or in terms of people involved.
Mr Fisher does not love the environment. He is not accustomed to the weather either.
Mr Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he
accustomed to the weather.
7.
1.0
2.
3.
4.
5.
His hair was white and stood up wildly on his head ( ) nevertheless I was struck by a singular neatness in his appearance.
It was due, I suppose ( ) to his lofty stature and immaculate dress ( ) no doubt he has a careful wife looking after him.
I walked up to him then ( ) and stretched out my hand ( ) but he evidently failed to recognize me.
When a man has the weight of nations on his shoulders ( ) he may be forgiven for overlooking individuals ( ) but I confess I was angry.
When I go to a place like that ( ) I go gladly ( ) when I return ( ) I come home even more gladly.
;
,
:
/
,
,
,
;
,
,
6.
7.
John demands the most from himself ( ) Pete from others.
Sports at any age are beneficial ( ) they keep your pulses hopping.
;
:
1.
0
2.
0
3.
0
4.
My summer’s work proved not only interesting but also I learned much from it.
Macy is a middle-aged woman, short, stocky, blue eyes, and partly with gray hairs.
He can neither sing nor he can compose (作曲).
Either he needs some rest or some cold drink.
He can neither sing nor can he compose. / He can neither sing nor compose.
He either needs some rest or some cold drink. / He needs either some rest or some cold drink.
My summer’s work proved not only interesting but also instructive.
Macy is a middle-aged woman, short, stocky, blue-eyed, and partly gray-haired.
5.
0
6.
0
7.
Both Pauline and her husband did not want to attend the meeting.
Donna was satisfied not with her own achievement or with the team’s performance.
The boy does not smoke, not drink alcohol, and not idle away his time.
Donna was satisfied neither with her own achievement nor with the team’s performance.
Neither Pauline nor her husband wanted to attend the meeting.
The boy does not smoke, nor drink alcohol, nor idle away his time.
8.
0
9.
0
We were told to write in ink, that we should use but one side of the paper, and we should endorse (在…上签名) our papers in the proper manner.
New Hampshire is the only state without a sales tax (销售税) or an income tax, a major attraction for tax-weary residents of other states.
New Hampshire is the only state with neither a sales tax nor an income tax, a major attraction for tax-weary residents of other states.
We were told to write in ink, to use but one side of the paper, and to endorse our papers in the proper manner.
10.
0
11.
12.
The admen (广告员) not only convince the reader that the Continental is a luxury car but also that the car confers status on its owner.
Give him an inch, or he’ll take a mile.
Mr Jones is principal of the school, moreover he is an expert in translation.
Give him an inch, and he’ll take a mile.
The admen convince the reader not only that the Continental is a luxury car but also that the car confers status on its owner.
Mr Jones is principal of the school, and moreover, he is an expert in translation.
1.
Here, he is no match for a street light, no match for an imitation of an ancient vase in the shop window, no match for the purple skirt sweeping by, no match for the blue-circled eyes and blood-red lipped decorations, and still no match for the little dog pulled by the hand of a lady.
在这里，他比不上一盏街灯；比不上橱窗里的一个
仿古花瓶；比不上从眼前掠过的一身紫色的衣裙；
比不上一双蓝眸和血似的红唇；更比不上牵在女士
们手中的那条小狗。
2.
The scenic park with a wide lake spotted with boats moving on the rippled surface and a quiet tree-lined winding road was, is and likely always will be a place to go on a date.
宽阔的湖面上泛着涟漪，承载着星星点点的小舟，
宁静的湖边小路蜿蜒、绿树成荫，这样景色优美的公园在过去、现在，并且很有可能将永远是约会的好去处。
3.
In order to resolve these problems, the Chinese and American experts agreed that youth organizations should call on the whole society to create favorable conditions for the healthy growth of young people, and encourage them to meet the urgent needs of society and to challenge the prejudice that young people are apathetic and uncaring.
为了解决这些问题，中美两国专家一致认为，各青年团体应该呼吁全社会创造有利于年轻人健康成长的环境，也应该鼓励青年急社会所急，并要向那种认为年轻人冷漠无情、对社会漠不关心的偏见提出挑战。
4.
While almost every department of the federal government is concerned about and involved with some aspects of education, and while federal government influence is an important factor in education, the regulation of education at all levels remains a responsibility of the states.
虽然联邦政府中几乎每个部门都关注并参与教育的一些方面，虽然联邦政府的影响在教育上是一个很重要的因素，但是各级学校教育规则的制定依旧是州政府的责任。
5.
Yale, known for its emphasis on solid foundation, regarded as the cradle of American presidents and pursued by many talented students both home and abroad, has made another breakthrough recently in the computer field, winning the worldwide admiration and recognition.
耶鲁大学以强调扎实的基础闻名，它被誉为美国总统的摇篮并为国内外有才华的学生所向往。最近耶鲁大学又在计算机领域有所突破，赢得了全世界的钦佩和认可。