新概念英语第二册存在句课件(共35张PPT)

(共35张PPT)
1. there + is / are / was / were / has been / have been / had been
e.g. There is no rule without an exception.
There has been a lot of debate among scholars about this.
2. there +情态助动词+ be
情态助动词：will，can，may，must，could，should，would，used to ...
e.g. There will be heavy rain with flooding in some areas.
There used to be a church round the corner.
There can’t have been much traffic so late at night.
存在句的谓语动词
1
多是表示“预见”、“可能”、“必然”或“过去习惯存在”的情态助动词。
情态助动词之后也可以用be的完成体形式，以表示过去的情况。
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3. there + 半助动词 + be
半助动词：be going to，be to，appear to，seem to，happen to，be sure to，be certain to，be likely to ...
e.g. There’s going to be a storm.
There’s sure to be some rain tonight.
There appears to be no doubt about it.
4. there + 不及物动词
不及物动词：exist，remain，happen，occur，come，arise，stand，lie，live，follow ...
e.g. At that moment there came a knock at the door.
Once upon a time there lived a beautiful princess named
Brianna.
On the hill (there) stands a castle.
半助动词之后的不定式很少用完成体。
提示
这些不及物动词多表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义。
这些不及物动词的使用多见于正式语体如文学体裁中。
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地点状语置于句首时，可省略there，变成AVS倒装句。
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5. there + be + -ed分词 + to be
e.g. There are said to be troops on the frontier.
= It is said that there are troops on the frontier.
There was expected to be more discussion.
= It was expected that there would be more discussion.
有时可采取被动态形式，它们通常可转换为存在句的一般形式（即非被动形式）。
这两种句型的转换与被动句型I和被动句型II的转换（《教程》P170-171）类似。
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特征：通常表非确定特指，带有不定冠词、零冠词、其他表非确定特指意义的限定词。
常见限定词：some，any，no，several，many，much，more，(a) few，(a) little，less，another，a lot of，plenty of，a (large) number of，enough，基数词 …
e.g. Long long ago, there was a lady whose husband loved
shooting arrows.
There were tears in his eyes.
There are no decent schools round here.
Are there any letters for me
There are two people waiting outside.
I feel there is something lacking in my life. （不定代词）
存在句的实义主语
2
存在句的主要交际功能是表示某人或某物的“存在”，从而引出新话题，因此实义主语一般不能是定冠词等表确定特指的限定词。
可以结合不定冠词的“非确定特指”用法，比如提供新信息时，我们说“I met an old man in the street.”，不说“*I met the old man in the street.”。
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在英语中，引出新信息常用there be句型，说“There is a man at the door.”比说“A man is at the door.”更显自然。
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1. there + be + 名词词组 + 状语
e.g. Long, long ago there were six blind men in India.
（地点状语）
There was a strong wind here last night. （地点状语、
时间状语）
2. there + be + 名词词组 + 非限定分句
e.g. There is work to employ thousands of people.
（不定式分句）
There’s a taxi coming round the corner.
（-ing分词分句）
There was a ship sunk last night. （-ed分词分句）
存在句的句尾结构
3
在一定上下文中如所指时间、地点已经明确，存在句也可不带状语。
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非限定分句有时可以代替相应的关系分句。
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3. there + be + 名词词组 + 关系分句
e.g. There must be very few cities that are not threatened by
pollution.
There is a place where we always camp.
There’s a man at the door (who) wants to speak to you.
上述最后一个例句，在非正式语体中，引导此类分句作主语的关系代词可省略。
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①* There is the good restaurant on the upper floor.
②* There will have a meeting tomorrow afternoon.

①√ There is a good restaurant on the upper floor.
②√ There will be a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
典型错误
4
备注
否定式：there not to be, there not being, there not having been
非限定形式
1
存在句的非限定形式 不定式 -ing分词
一般形式 there to be there being
完成体形式 —— there having been
1. 作主语 — there being, for there to be
e.g. There being a bus stop so near the house is a great
advantage.
There not being an index to this book is a disadvantage.
句法功能
2
For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual.
It would be surprising for there not to be any objections.
（it作形式主语）
2. 作动词宾语 — there to be
动词：expect，mean，intend，want，like，prefer，hate ...
e.g. I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding between us.
We expect there to be no argument.
there to be结构不能单独在句中作主语，其前面须用for作引导词。
也可在句首用it作形式主语，而把for there to be结构移至句尾。
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它们都是表心理状态的及物动词。
大多可利用want / intend / expect sb. to do sth.等来助记。
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anticipate，envisage（设想）之后要用there being形式作宾语。
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3. 作介词补足成分
（1）介词for — there to be
e.g. They planned for there to be a family reunion.
Jim asked for there to be give-and-take on both sides.
（2）其他介词 — there being, there having been
e.g. There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the
dispute.
Were you disappointed at there not having been more
applause
可利用for sb. to do sth.来助记。
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可利用介词之后需跟-ing分词来助记。
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4. 作状语 — there being, there having been
e.g. There being no further business, the chairman closed the
meeting at 12:30. （正式）
= As there was no further business, the chairman closed
the meeting at 12:30.
There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was
burnt black by the sun. （正式）
= As there had been no rain for a long time, the ground
was burnt black by the sun.
该结构多在句中作原因状语，且位于句首。
该结构也叫做there be句型的独立结构，仅限于正式语体。
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There ______ nothing for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (2015-65)
A.
B.
C.
D.
to be
to have been
be
being
该题考查存在句的非限定形式。存在句非限定形式的一般形式有两种：there to be和there being，there to be可用在介词for之后作补足成分，也可用作宾语；there being可用作主语和状语，以及其他介词的补足成分。根据句意，前一分句在句中用作原因状语，因此D为正确答案。该题与《教程》P338Ex.29B-6题类似。
由于没有什么可讨论的，会议提前半小时就结束了。
It is not uncommon for there ____________ problems of communication between the old and the young.
(2007-63)
A.
B.
C.
D.
being
would be
be
to be
该题考查存在句的非限定形式。存在句的非限定形式主要有there to be和there being两种，这两种形式都可作介词补足成分，但如果介词是for，便只能用there to be的形式。该题中的介词为for，因此D为正确答案。
老年人和年轻人之间存在沟通问题是很常见的。
What’s the chance of ______ a general election this year
(2005-61)
A.
B.
C.
D.
there being
there to be
there be
there going to be
该题考查存在句的非限定形式。存在句的非限定形式有there to be和there being两种，它们都可用作介词补足成分，如果介词不是for，就用there being的形式。该题中介词为of，因此A为正确答案。
今年举行普选的可能性有多大？
______ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. (1996-51)
A.
B.
C.
D.
There was
Since
Being
There being
该题考查存在句的非限定形式there being作状语的用法。存在句的非限定形式there being可在句首作状语，根据句意，前一分句在句中作原因状语，因此D为正确答案。句中的There being相当于限定形式As / Since there was。A项缺少从属连词，也非并列句，因此不对。B项缺少主谓结构，C项主句的主语与分句的主语不一致。该题与《教程》P338 Ex.29B-6题类似。
由于没有理由恐慌，那个老人就回卧室去了。
本讲主要介绍了存在句的结构特征以及存在句的非限定形式及其句法功能。学习中首先要理解存在句的主要交际功能是传递新信息，引出新话题。理解了这一点，就容易理解存在句的若干结构特征：以there作形式主语，“实义主语”置于动词之后成为信息中心，“实义主语”的名词词组通常是非确定特指。存在句谓语动词的限定形式主要是动词be的某种形式，可以是一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体或过去完成体，也可以是情态助动词+不定式，半助动词+不定式，还可以是某些表存在等概念的不及物动词。存在句的句尾通常带有地点状语和/或时间状语，还可以带有非限定分句和关系分句。存在句的非限定形式及其句法功能是本讲的一大难点，首先熟悉存在句的非限定形式及其否定式。there being，
for there to be结构可用作主语，expect等某些表心理状态的及物动词之后能接there to be作动词宾语，它们大多可利用动词与不定式的搭配来助记。介词for之后用there to be结构作介词补足成分，其他介词之后用there being结构作介词补足成分。there being / there having been结构多在句中作原因状语，也叫做there be句型的独立结构，可利用它与-ing分词独立结构在结构和功能上的相似性来类比学习。
1.
2.
3.
In the mountain we found an old man living in a cave.
During tomorrow’s show we will have an interval of 15 minutes between two items.
Yesterday we didn’t have any difficulty finding the restaurant.
In the mountain, there was an old man living in a cave.
During tomorrow’s show, there will be an interval of 15 minutes between two items.
Yesterday there wasn’t any difficulty for us to find the restaurant.
Turn the following into existential sentences.
4.
5.
6.
7.
It seems that my decision is somewhere wrong.
If this motion is passed, we are sure to meet with a lot of opposition from the working class.
Our library keeps at least one book about the travels of Marco Polo.
Several trains were coming into the station at the same time.
There seems to be somewhere wrong with my decision.
If this motion is passed, there is sure to be a lot of opposition from the working class.
In our library, there’s at least one book about the travels of Marco Polo.
There were several trains coming into the station at the same time.
8.
9.
10.
11.
A good film will be on at the Rex next week.
It is certain that the factory has some trouble with the workers.
Well, Mr. Green, the heating system doesn’t seem to have anything wrong. We’d better look at the pump.
People believed that an ancient city lay somewhere in the mountains.
There’ll be a good film on at the Rex next week.
There is sure to be some trouble with the workers in the factory.
Well, Mr. Green, there doesn’t seem to be anything wrong with the heating system. We’d better look at the pump.
There was believed to be an ancient city lying somewhere in the mountains.
12.
13.
14.
Beneath our house was an old cellar with a thick flint wall.
A boy named George Sampeter sat in the same class as me.
Monkeys were under the trees, swinging from the branches, everywhere.
Beneath our house, there was an old cellar with a thick
flint wall.
There was a boy named George Sampeter sitting in the same class as me.
There were monkeys under the trees, swinging from the branches, everywhere.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
A strange caller yesterday wouldn’t say what his business was.
It’s likely there will be a large audience.
We should have a stronger light on the staircase.
I’m sure that a mistake has been made.
The Maldives (马尔代夫群岛) consist of several thousand little islands.
There was a strange caller yesterday who wouldn’t say
what his business was.
There is likely to be a large audience.
There should be a stronger light on the staircase.
There is sure to be a mistake.
There are several thousand little islands in the Maldives.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
My front door had a bolt but I never used it.
Getting a visa won’t be difficult.
More than a million species of insects exist in the world.
Two more suspects are thought to be under arrest.
They are bound to react badly to the news.
A statement by the prime minister now follows.
There was a bolt on my front door but I never used it.
There won’t be difficulty getting a visa.
There are more than a million species of insects in the world.
There are thought to be two more suspects under arrest.
There is bound to be a bad reaction to the news.
There follows a statement by the prime minister now.
26.
27.
28.
29.
From the middle of the forest emerged a strange hooded figure.
In this case securing a conviction should be no trouble.
Is nobody here able to help us
Hanging over the bed was a beautiful tapestry.
There emerged a strange hooded figure from the middle
of the forest.
There should be no trouble securing a conviction in this case.
Is there anybody here able to help us
There was a beautiful tapestry hanging over the bed.
30.
People think at least two politicians are involved in the scandal.
There are thought to be at least two politicians involved
in the scandal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The army doesn’t anticipate ___________ much opposition from the rebel forces.
The ministry didn’t expect ______________ quite such a negative reaction from farmers.
We don’t envisage ____________ any adverse reaction from the viewers.
______ not ______ a hospital near the house is a great disadvantage.
People desire ____________ law and order all the year round.
______________ no further business, I went home.
there being
there to be
there being
There
there to be
There being
being
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
We hate to see ____________ disturbances everywhere in the country.
They are making arrangements for _________ another conference.
We do not want _________ another war on the border.
We were annoyed at ______________ so much money wasted.
It is essential for ____________ more houses built next year.
People hope ____________ a settlement of the dispute.
People hate _____________ queues everywhere in the country.
there being
there to be
there to be
there being
there to be
there to be
there to be
14.
15.
I asked for ______________ another interview.
What he wanted was ______________ a reunion of the family.
there to be
there to be
1.
2.
3.
An impregnable castle (坚固的城堡) stood on the top of the hill.
_____________________________________________
__________ an impregnable castle.
A time will come when you look back on this day with pride.
_____________________________________when you look back on this day with pride.
Mary didn’t agree that there was no need for mothers to go out to work.
Mary didn’t agree about _____________________ for mothers to go out to work.
There will be a time / There will come a time
there being no need
On the top of the hill (there) stood / On the top of the hill
(there) was
Transform the following into existential sentences or the finite
existential clauses into the non-finite. Fill in the blanks.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Were you disappointed because there had not been more applause
Were you disappointed at________________________
____________
John asked that there should be give-and-take (让步) on both sides.
John asked________________________ on both sides.
A cow was crossing the road.
______________ crossing the road.
A plant needs light and water.
____________________________________________.
We do not want any disturbance to occur.
We don’t want _______________________.
for there to be give-and-take
There was a cow
there not having been more
applause
There is no plant that doesn’t need light or water
there to be any disturbance
9.
10.
11.
12.
There is an index to this book. It is a great advantage.
___________________________ is a great advantage.
I’m surprised there isn’t an index.
I’m surprised _________________________________
__________________.
We have no objection to anyone holding a meeting here.
We have no objection ______________________ here.
What’s impossible is that there should be a mistake in a computer’s arithmetic (计算机的运算).
It’s impossible for _________________ in a computer’s arithmetic.
/______________________ in a computer’s arithmetic is impossible.
at there not being an index / at there
being no index
to there being a meeting
There being an index to this book
there to be a mistake
For there to be a mistake
13.
14.
15.
16.
What’s not uncommon is that there should be problems of communication between old and young.
It’s not uncommon for__________________________ _______________ between old and young.
/____________________________________ between old and young is not uncommon.
An important message is just being decoded (译出).
_________________________ just being decoded.
/_________________________ an important message.
Quite a number of very valuable jewels were stolen.
____________________________________________.
It was expected that there would be more discussion. (BEGIN: There ...)
_________________________________________.
For there to be problems of communication
there to be problems of
communication
There were quite a number of very valuable jewels stolen
There’s an important message
There is just being decoded
There was expected to be more discussion
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
It is believed that there is / are a number of wounded on both sides.
__________________________________________ on both sides.
A meeting about the new building took place yesterday.
____________________________________ yesterday.
Three accidents have occurred at this crossroads this week.
___________________________ at this crossroads this week.
A lawn extends from the house to the river.
______________________ from the house to the river.
People say there is trouble on the border. (BEGIN: There ...)
____________________________ on the border.
There is / are believed to be a number of wounded
There have been three accidents
There was a meeting about the new building
There’s a lawn that extends
There is said to be trouble
22.
23.
24.
25.
A year ago there was trouble about it, which I can just remember.
I can just remember the trouble __________________
__________.
Some people will be anxious that the plan should succeed.
____________________________ that the plan should succeed.
It seems that there’s a widespread change of attitude.
There _____________________________________.
One day it rained from morning till night.
_________________________ from morning till night.
there was about it a
year ago
seems to be a widespread change of attitude
There will be people anxious
There was a day when it rained