新概念英语第二册it句型和否定结构课件

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1. 表时间、日期、天气、距离等意义
e.g. It is six years since he left. （时间）
What date is it It’s December 10th. （日期）
It’s full moon tonight. （天气）
How far is it to your house from here （距离）
How is it going （笼统情况）
2. 用作“先行主语”
e.g. It’s difficult to understand what she’s talking about.
It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what
you do.
It’s important that everybody should be told all the facts.
It’s surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.
It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date.
非指代性it作形式主语
1
3. 用于“It seems / appears / looks / happens + that-分句”等句式
e.g. It seems that no one has any objection to the idea.
It appears to me that this novel is not true to life.
It looks as if it will be a nice day.
It happened that she was out when we called.
当句子的实义主语是不定式分句、-ing分词分句或名词性分句时，常用it作形式主语，这是“句尾重心”原则在起作用。
除了“It is + adj. / n. +分句”句型，还有it takes sb. some time to do ...，it occurred to sb. that ...等句型。
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It’s no use doing ...句型可与几个类似句型进行转换，比如：
It’s no use buying books but not reading them.
= It is of no use to buy books but not to read them.
= It is useless to buy books but not to read them.
= There is no use / no good / no point buying books but not reading them.
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4. 用于“It depends ...，It’s time ...”之类的句式
e.g. It depends (on) how you define the term “hostile”.
It is time to fight back against street crime.
It’s time you grew up. （你该懂事了。）
5. 用于分裂句作形式主语
e.g. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
It is a poor mouse that has only one hole.
It’s time (that)分句中的动词要用一般过去时表示假设意义。
提示
该结构的宾语通常是不定式分句、-ing分词分句或某些名词性分句，这是“句尾重心”原则在起作用。
1. 用于SVOC结构中作形式宾语
e.g. She found it difficult to hear what he said. （不定式分句
为真正宾语）
I think it no use arguing with him. （-ing分词分句为真
正宾语）
Officials have said they believe it unlikely that any lasting
damage to the environment has been done. （that-分句为
真正宾语）
He soon made it clear why he had asked for a conference.
（why-分句为真正宾语）
非指代性it作形式宾语
2
该结构中的动词通常是表心理状态的动词，如think，find，feel，believe，consider，make等。
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2. 用于某些习语中作形式宾语
e.g. Hop it. It’s no time for chatting. （走开）
You may take it from me: your troubles are nearly over.
（相信我的话）
No nation should lord it over other nations. （对…称王
称霸）
You can’t get away with it. （逍遥法外）
There’s no convenience; we must foot it. （步行）
最后一个例句，it用在由名词转化来的动词后面作形式宾语只见于非正式语体。
提示
①* You’ll find helpful to talk things over with a friend.
②* I’ll not give you any trouble if I can help that.

①√ You’ll find it helpful to talk things over with a friend.
②√ I’ll not give you any trouble if I can help it.
典型错误
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备注
否定范围
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1. 否定范围：否定意义在句中扩及的范围，在此范围内，要用非肯定词。
e.g. I didn’t listen to any of the speakers.
2. 一般规则
（1）从否定词到句尾或者到句尾修饰性状语均在否定范围之内。
e.g. I am not interested in the film at all.
Nothing was found in the drawer.
（2）在书面语中，句尾修饰性状语若用逗号分隔，通常便不在否定范围之内。
e.g. I didn’t go to the cinema, because I had seen the film.
通常从否定词项本身开始，到分句的结尾。
提示
比较：Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.
（= Certainly I teach, but it isn’t because teaching is easy
for me.）
（3）在口语中，若用降升调，则表示句尾状语在否定范围之内；若用降调，则表示句尾状语不在否定范围之内。
e.g. I didn’t tell her because of you.
（= I told her, but not because of you.）
I didn’t tell her because of ' you.
（= I didn’t tell her on your account.）
（4）评注性状语和连接性状语，总是在否定范围之外。
e.g. Oddly enough, he hasn’t said anything about it.
She doesn’t know him, however.
（5）在否定范围内，要用非肯定词。若在否定词之后用了肯定词，那它就不在否定范围内。
e.g. I don’t like any of the songs. （= I like none of the songs.）
I don’t like some of the songs. （= There are some songs
that I don’t like.）
1. 否定焦点：在口语中表示对比含义的否定调核在句中的确切位置；而句子的其他部分仍可理解为肯定含义。
e.g.[1] I didn’t take Tom to swim in the 'pool today. （无对
比含义）
[2] I didn’t take Tom to swim in the pool today.
（= I took someone to swim in the pool, but it wasn’t Tom.）
[3] I didn’t take Tom to swim in the pool today.
（= I took Tom to the pool today just to see it.）
[4] I didn’t take Tom to swim in the pool today.
（= I took Tom to swim at the seaside, not in the pool.）
[5] I didn’t take Tom to swim in the pool to day.
（= It was last week that I took Tom to swim in the pool.）
否定焦点
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2. 一般规则
（1）根据否定焦点可判断否定范围是否扩及从属分句。
e.g.[1] I didn’t buy the book because I was interested in poetry.
（= I bought the book, but it wasn’t because I was interested
in poetry.）
[2] I didn’t buy the book, because I was interested in 'poetry.
（= I didn’t buy the book, because it had nothing to do with
poetry, and it is poetry that I was interested in.）
（2）否定句的主语如果带有all，every等“总括词”，此种主语通常被视为否定焦点所在。
e.g. All Americans don’t like hamburgers.
（= Not all Americans like hamburgers.）
句[1]主句和从句同属一个语调组，对比调核落在poetry上，状语分句成为否定焦点；句[2]主句和从句各成一个语调组（书面语用逗号分开），状语分句置于否定范围之外。
提示
Every kind of bird cannot fly.
（= Not every kind of bird can fly.）
all ... not和every ... not结构远不如not all和not every结构自然、普通，且书面语中容易引起歧义，因此在书面语中最好还是用not all / every ...结构。
all / every ... not结构在一些谚语中却不存在歧义问题，如“All that glitters is not gold. ”“Every couple is not a pair.”
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1. 转移否定：按语义本应出现于从句的否定词not被移至主句的现象。
e.g. I don’t think (that) it’s going to rain today.
= I think (that) it’s not going to rain today.

2. 作否定转移的动词
（1）表示看法的动词
anticipate, believe, calculate, expect, figure, imagine, reckon, suppose, think ...
e.g. We don’t believe that he can do it.
I don’t suppose that he will be back until eight.
I don’t expect Tom has eaten all the cake.
转移否定
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assume, fear, (I) am afraid, presume等动词或结构不能用于否定转移。
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（2）表示认知的动词
appear, seem, feel as if, look as if, sound as if ...
e.g. It doesn’t seem that he’s telling the truth.
It doesn’t look like it’s going to rain.
Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject
A.
B.
C.
D.
We never doubt that her brother is honest.
The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
It is clear that the crime was done deliberately.
You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
该题考查It-句型中It作先行词。C项为It-句型，It作先行词充当形式主语，真正主语为that-分句，因此C为正确答案。A项斜体部分作宾语，B项斜体部分作主语补语，D项斜体部分作介词to的宾语。
哪个句子的斜体部分用作主语？
In the sentence “It’s no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
the object
an adverbial
a complement
the subject
该题考查It-句型中It作先行词及简单句基本句型SVC。该题关键是辨明It作先行词充当形式主语，指代-ing分词分句waiting for her，该句为SVC句型，因此D为正确答案。
在句子“It’s no use waiting for her”中斜体词组是______
We consider he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.
A.
B.
C.
D.
strange why
it strange what
it strange that
that strange
该题考查It-句型中It作先行词。该句的基本构架为SVOC句型，宾语部分that he should have left without telling anyone beforehand较长，需用it作先行词充当形式宾语，因此C为正确答案。
我们觉得很奇怪，他竟在没有提前告知大家的情况下就离开了。
Come and see me whenever ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
you are convenient
you will be convenient
it is convenient to you
it will be convenient to you
该题考查It-句型中It的非指代性用法。非指代性it常作没有具体意义的主语，常用来表示一般的笼统情况，it is convenient to you即为这种用法，不能说you are convenient。又因为whenever引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来，因此C为正确答案。
你方便时过来看我。
本讲主要介绍了IT-句型和否定结构。IT-句型是指用“非指代性it”作形式主语或形式宾语的句式，学习的关键是熟悉各种句式。“非指代性it”作形式主语的句式包括：It在表时间、距离等句式中作形式主语，用作先行主语，用于“It seems / appears / looks / happens + that-分句”、“It depends..., It’s time...”等句式，用于分裂句作形式主语。“非指代性it”作形式宾语包括：用于SVOC结构中作形式宾语以及用于某些习语中作形式宾语，前者需要熟悉think，find，feel等某些表心理状态的动词，后者需要积累一些it作形式宾语的习语，注意这些习语只能从整体上理解，it完全没有意义。不管是用it作形式主语还是作形式宾语都是为了使句子结构更加平衡，这符合句尾重心原则。否定结构的学习首先要了解肯定词、非肯定词和
否定词，掌握这三类词的一般用法。否定范围和否定焦点是学习的难点，先要掌握否定范围的一般规则，一般说来，在否定词之后只要没有肯定词便都在否定范围之内，否定范围是否延及句尾状语，在书面语中取决于在状语之前是否有逗号，在口语中取决于调型。否定焦点是指在口语中表示对比含义的否定调核在句中的确切位置，而句子的其他部分仍可理解为肯定含义。根据否定焦点可判断否定范围是否扩及从属分句，否定句的主语如果带有all，every等“总括词”，此种主语通常被视为否定焦点所在。转移否定是指按语义本应出现于从句的否定词not被移至主句的现象，转移否定的学习关键是熟悉作转移否定的两种动词类型：表示看法的动词以及表示认知的动词。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Some day I will have it out with him.
Do that again and you’ll catch it.
With the bridge destroyed, there was nothing for it; we had to swim across.
If you break the law, you can’t get away with it.
We decided to go swimming at midnight just for the hell of it.
总有一天我会跟他说个明白。
再做那件事，你就要受到责罚。
桥梁被冲毁，除泅渡外别无他法。
如果犯了法，你是逃脱不了（罪责）的。
只是为了好玩，我们才决定半夜去游泳。
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I gave it to him hot.
They quarrelled but soon made it up again.
A few minutes after the burglar left, she got it all together and called the police.
He seldom speaks, but whenever he does, he puts his foot in it.
We therefore decided that we would sleep out on fine nights, and hotel it and inn it and pub it when it was wet.
我把他痛骂了一顿。
他们吵了架，但很快又言归于好。
窃贼离开后几分钟，她才镇定下来，并打电话报警。
他很少发言，但是一开口就讲错话。
因而我们决定，在晴天的夜晚，我们露宿，而在雨天，我们就住旅馆、住客栈、住酒店。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.
He is quite likely to let you down.
I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.
You were so kind to invite us.
It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.
It is quite likely that he will let you down.
It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
It would be a good idea to get up a petition. / I think it a good idea to get up a petition.
It was so kind of you to invite us.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What you say does not matter in the least.
Seeing you sitting here all alone makes me feel sad.
Do you find living here very dull
I cannot possibly forgive him.
The park looks very small.
It doesn’t matter in the least what you say.
It makes me feel sad seeing you sitting here all alone.
Do you find it very dull living here / Is it very dull living here
It is impossible for me to forgive him.
It looks as if the park is very small.
1.
2.
3.
4.
He found her inattractive but strangely appealing.
The new Finance Director is detested by people. He was generally thought to be honest.
He says he doesn’t know nothing about the robbery.
That kind of crime doesn’t rarely happen these days, does it
He found her not attractive but strangely appealing.
The new Finance Director is detested by people. He was generally thought to be dishonest.
He says he doesn’t know anything about the robbery.
That kind of crime rarely happens these days, does it / That kind of crime doesn’t happen these days, does it
5.
6.
7.
8.
None of the twin brothers want to be an actor.
Having seen the film, I don’t understand the hype.
The boss ordered his men don’t leave the room.
Jenice has had only a few lessons on the guitar, so it seems likely that she has become a great guitarist.
Neither of the twin brothers wants to be an actor.
Not having seen the film, I don’t understand the hype.
The boss ordered his men not to leave the room.
Jenice has had only a few lessons on the guitar, so it seems unlikely that she has become a great guitarist.
9.
10.
11.
12.
A great number of songbirds are seen these days owing to the erosion of their natural habitats.
I don’t think the conference to be a failure.
The new twin-turbo engine generates a lot of noise; I think it is especially powerful.
This type of video film is really hard to understand. It is possible for us to catch its true colours.
A great number of songbirds are not seen these days owing to the erosion of their natural habitats.
I don’t think the conference will be a failure.
The new twin-turbo engine generates a lot of noise; I don’t think it is especially powerful.
This type of video film is really hard to understand. It is impossible for us to catch its true colours.