新概念英语第二册名词的数和名词属格课件

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名称 新概念英语第二册名词的数和名词属格课件
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更新时间 2024-11-25 09:26:38

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(共41张PPT)
外来词的不规则复数形式,有如下规则可循:
1. 以-um结尾的源自拉丁语的外来词,变-um为-a
例如:datum — data stratum — strata agendum — agenda
2. 以-us结尾的源自拉丁语的外来词,变-us为-i(读/ai/)
例如:alumnus — alumni stimulus — stimuli
3. 以-sis结尾的源自希腊语的外来词,变-sis为-ses(读/si:z/)
例如:crisis — crises basis — bases analysis — analyses thesis — theses hypothesis — hypotheses parenthesis — parentheses
4. 以-on结尾的源自希腊语的外来词,变-on为-a
例如:criterion — criteria phenomenon — phenomena
5. 以-ix/-ex结尾的源自拉丁语的外来词,变-ix或-ex为-ices
例如:index — indices appendix — appendices
外来词的不规则复数
1
6. 以-a结尾的源自拉丁语的外来词,在该词末位加后缀-e
例如:formula — formulae antenna — antennae
由于它们源自不同语言,在源语言中也有规律可循。
少数外来词的两种复数形式含义不同,如:genius的复数genii意为“妖怪”,geniuses意为“天才”;appendix的复数appendices意为“附录”,appendixes则意为“阑尾”;antenna的复数antennae意为“触须”,antennas意为“天线”。
提示1
提示2
单复数同形的名词
2
单复数同形的名词主要有如下五类:
1. sheep,deer,swine,bison (美国野牛),grouse (松鸡),quail (鹌鹑),fish,salmon (鲑鱼),trout (鳟鱼)等动物的词
多是些野生猎物和鱼类,渔猎时它们往往距离远、数量多,难以计数。
fish的复数多用fish,指不同种类的鱼时才用fishes。
提示1
提示2
2. Chinese,Japanese,Burmese,Vietnamese,Portuguese,Swiss等表示国民的词
3. means,works,series,species,barracks,headquarters等以-s结尾的名词
4. craft及其合成词aircraft,spacecraft,hovercraft,shuttlecraft等
5. li,jin,yuan,mu等汉语计量单位词
都是以/s/或/z/音结尾。
可参照《教程》P30-31。
提示
提示
美元、英镑、英里等国外计量单位都有复数形式。如:two dollars,three miles等。
当上述名词用作主语时,其谓语动词的数需根据这些名词的实际意义来确定,此时要特别注意其修饰语和上下文语境。
提示1
提示2
物质名词一般为不可数名词,但有些物质名词有时也以复数形式出现,可注意如下三种情况:
1.表示“多种类”或“若干种类”
例如:Vinny Forte was selling small cakes and breads. (各种面包)
Several foods seem to cause an increase in my irregular heartbeats. (几种食品)
2. 指连绵不断的、阵阵发生的大量或若干量的事物或现象
例如:The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock. (持续大雨;暴雨)
Several children were running about on the sands.(沙滩)
We watched the mists ascending from the valley.
(迷雾;一阵阵的雾)
I lost weight and had night sweats. (夜间多汗/盗汗)
物质名词的数
3
3. 用来表示该物质的制品
例如:And then we’d like two coffees, all right One black,
one with sugar.
(相当于two glasses of coffee)
Have you got any 6-inch rubbers
(相当于rubber boots“胶鞋” )
抽象名词的数注意如下几点:
1. 抽象名词通常是不可数的,没有复数形式
如:abundance,astonishment,envy,harm,honesty,intellect,neglect,strength,happiness。
2. 有些既可用作不可数名词,也可用作可数名词
如:belief,beliefs; birth,births; hope,hopes;fear,fears。
3. 有些可以有复数形式,但不能计数
如:thanks,acknowledgements,sufferings,sympathies,opinions,difficulties。
抽象名词的数
4
4. 有些虽能被不定冠词a(n)修饰,但仍不能计数
例如:She has a good knowledge of English.
China extends a welcome to visitors from every land.
5. 有些表示抽象概念是不可数名词,表示具体事物是可数名词,两者意思有些变化
如:beauty(美),a beauty(美人);relation(关系),a relation (亲戚);youth(青春),a youth(年轻人);justice(正义),a justice (法官);agreement(同意),an agreement(协议)等。
通常不能说two thanks,several sufferings。
这些词通常表强烈的思想感情或愿望,或由动名词衍生而来。
提示1
提示2
6. 有些本身没有复数形式,若要表示具体数目,可用意义相当的个体名词
如:laughter,laugh;work,job;permission,permit;fun,joy;photography,photo
有的也可借助单位词表述数量,比如a fit of laughter,a piece of work。
提示
少数个体名词在某些固定搭配中可表达抽象意义,注意如下两种情况:
1. room,mouth,ear,patriot,family,winter,summer等用在have too much / little…等固定搭配中,表达与名称相关的抽象概念
例如:He seems to have too much mouth and too little ear.
(他似乎自己讲的太多,而听别人的意见太少。)
I have no ear for music.
(我不懂音乐。)
Hook’s words had left no room for doubt.
(没有留下余地)
个体名词表达抽象意义
5
2. man,coward,coquette,fool,poet,politician,sportsman,scholar,gentleman,success,help,difficulty等可等级名词用于somewhat of / something of / much of / more of / less of / enough of / a bit of / as much of …等特定搭配
例如:
He’s enough of a man to tell the truth. (=He’s manly enough
to tell the truth.)
You’re less of a fool than I thought. (=You are less foolish
than I thought.)
Christmas dinner was something of a success.(=Christmas
dinner was somewhat successful.)
这些搭配中的名词单、复数形式不可更易,同时限定词也要用修饰不可数名词的限定词。比如上例不可改为“*He seems to have too many mouths …”“*He has no ears for music”。
提示
这些“可等级名词”能像形容词一样进行等级比较(参见《教程》P296),大都可以与对应的等级形容词转换使用,表达“有点/更具有/不大有…的品质/特质/样子”等含义。
使用该结构不要丢掉不定冠词a(n),因为它们都是可数名词,只不过表达抽象意义。
提示1
提示2
a) 表示所有关系
判断所有关系:看属格名词和中心名词能否用“have”解释为所有关系。
例如:
Mr Smith’s passport = Mr Smith has a passport
Hamlet’s friends = Hamlet has friends
the earth’s satellite = the earth has a satellite
b) 主谓关系
判断主谓关系:看属格名词和中心名词能否解释为主语和谓语动词的关系。
例如:
the Prime Minister’s arrival = the Prime Minister arrived
the government’s decision = the government decided
the volcano’s eruption = the volcano erupted
名词属格的意义
1
c) 动宾关系
判断动宾关系:看属格名词和中心名词能否解释为宾语和谓语动词的关系。
例如:
the President’s assassination = somebody assassinated the President
the enemy’s defeat = somebody defeated the enemy
通常中心名词是由动词派生出来的抽象名词,如上述诸例中的arrival arrive,decision decide,eruption erupt。
提示
通常中心名词是由动词派生或转化而来。
提示
d) 同位关系
判断同位关系:一个名词或名词属格后面带有另一个名词属格,对前一个名词或名词属格进行解释或补充说明。
例如:
Tom has gone to Basel the blacksmith’s shop.
Tom bought the book at Brown’s, the bookseller’s.
表同位关系的名词属格有时是独立属格。
同位语侧重说明人的身份,而非强调所有关系等意义时,通常用通格。
提示1
提示2
同位语是由and连接的两个名词组成,或后跟介词词组,通常也用通格。例如:I got the pen at Smith’s, the stationer and tobacconist.
提示3
e) 表示来源
判断来源:属格名词与中心名词通常有逻辑上的主语与宾语的关系。
例如:
the crowd’s sympathy = the crowd felt sympathy
a bird’s nest = the bird made the nest
China Daily’s sports news = sports news published by China Daily
往往可以解释为还有另一个动词(不是have)的句子。
提示
f) 表示类别
判断类别:属格名词多是复数名词表类指,表示属于此类而非彼类。
例如:
The Story of Little Black Sambo is a popular children’s story. (指儿童故事,而非青年故事)
I went to a girls’ high school and a women’s college.
(a girls’ high school指女子高中,而非普通高中;a women’s college指女子学院,而非普通学院)
前面的冠词或其他限定词修饰整个名词词组,而非第一个名词。
提示
g) 表示度量
判断度量:此类属格名词前多有表示数量的限定词。
例如:
He traveled many days’ journey abroad.
After 5 miles’ walk, we were all out of breath.
Five dollars’ worth of regular, please.
注意:表时间的名词属格也可能没有数量限定词修饰,如this afternoon’s concert,today’s news,next week’s arrangements等。
带有数字的此类结构也可以用“名词作前置修饰语”结构,注意要用连字符。例如,a three-mile walk,a five-pound chicken, a ten-minute rest。
提示
名词属格与of-词组的区别
2
名词属格:①主要用于有生命的名词,以及与人类活动有关的名词。②多用于非正式文体及口语中。③多表本义。
of-词组:①主要用于无生命的名词。②常见于正式文体的政府文件、新闻报道、科技著作等书面语。③可表转义或喻意。
两者其他常见适用情况:
1. 只能用’s属格的情况
(1)表示事物的类别时
例如:a summer’s day 而不是 a day of summer
a children’s book 而不是 a book of children
a. Scarlett’s heart sank at the news.与b. He went right to the heart of the matter with facts.两句中,a句名词属格中的heart表本义“心”,而b句of-词组中的heart表引申义“核心”。
提示
(2)表示度量时
例如:today’s newspaper, three hours’ drive, five tons’ steel,
two dollars’ worth of stamps
(3)当表示所有关系并且与表示名字的专有名词连用时
例如:Bill’s dog (而不是the dog of Bill)
John’s gift (而不是the gift of John)
(4)在某些习语中
例如:for convenience’s sake,a cat’s paw,at one’s wits’ end,a bird’s-eye view,at a stone’s throw等。
上述两种用法中,’s属格用作前置修饰语。
提示
这是’s属格作限定词的用法。
用双重属格a dog of Bill’s,a gift of John’s也是正确表达,含义略有区别。
提示1
提示2
2. 只能用of-词组的情况
(1)当名词带有较长的后置修饰语时
例如: the story of the student who helped the old man
(不能改为the student who helped the old man’s story)
(2)当名词词组是“定冠词+形容词/过去分词”表一类人或物时
例如:the livelihood of the poor (一般不说the poor’s livelihood)
the mystery of the unknown (一般不说the unknown’s
mystery)
(3)表示同位关系或组成关系时
例如:the city of Shanghai,the continent of Africa,
the year of 2000,the age of 30,the month of May,
the three of them,the sum of 100 dollars等。
这既为了语义的清晰表达,也与句尾重心有关。
提示
表同位关系时,of前后多是地理名称、数字等。
提示
双重属格
3
双重属格指的是在of-词组中以独立属格或名词性物主限定词作后置成分,如:a toy of the child’s,a friend of mine。
1. 双重属格的意义
(1)表示部分概念,即整体中的一部分
例如:He is a friend of my father’s.
大致相当于 He is one of my father’s friends.
(2)表示限定意义
例如:I have read two novels of Dickens’.
双重属格可以理解为of-词组后省略了复数中心词,因此有部分概念,如“He is a friend of my father’s (friends).”。
提示
备注
限定词通常不是the。
提示
(3)名词前带有this, that等指示限定词时,可能含有一定的感彩
例如:That boyfriend of Jane’s is really a coward. (that在句中含贬义)
2. 双重属格和of-词组的差异
(1)双重属格表示部分概念,而of-词组强调两个名词之间的某种关系,这种关系由第一个名词的性质决定。
如下对话可以看出a friend of my father’s和a friend of my father的差异:
A: Who told you this
B: A friend of your father’s.
A: If he says such things, he is not a friend of my father, whoever
he may be.
感彩可以通过语境来判断,如上例中的coward含贬义。
提示
(2)当名词中心词是portrait,picture,photograph,printing,bust,statue等词时,双重属格说明某人收藏的肖像、照片等;of-词组则表示某人自己本人的肖像、照片等。
例如:This is a portrait of Mr Green’s. (这张肖像是属于格林先生的)
This is a portrait of Mr Green. (这是格林先生的肖像)
(3)当名词中心词是criticism,opinion,judgement,condemnation等带有动词含义的名词时,双重属格表示主谓关系;of-词组则表示动宾关系。
a friend of your father’s仅表达部分概念,a friend of my father强调两者的朋友关系。
提示
备注
在of-词组中两个名词是同位关系。
提示
例如:an opinion of my mother’s
(=an opinion given by my mother)
an opinion of my mother (=an opinion about my mother)
(4)若of后为指人的专有名词,且该词组又表示所有关系,通常用双重属格。
可以说:a dog of Bill’s 不能说:a dog of Bill
但不能说:a wheel of the car’s (the car非人,不表所有关系) 应该说:a wheel of the car
“比尔的狗”也可以用Bill’s dog,“一个车轮”也可以用a car wheel。
提示
You must fire ______ incompetent assistant of yours.
A.
B.
C.
D.
the
an
that
whichever
本题考查双重属格的用法。句中incompetent assistant of yours为双重属格,双重属格修饰的名词可带a,some,any等表非确定特指的限定词,但通常不带定冠词,因此A不正确。B项an incompetent assistant of yours虽然形式正确,但仅表部分和整体的关系,不含感彩,不合句意。双重属格修饰的名词可以与this,that等指示限定词连用,表示爱憎褒贬等感彩,因此C为正确答案。
你必须开除你那个不称职的助理。
Ms Ennab is one of the first Palestinian ______ with seven years’ racing experience.
A.
B.
C.
D.
woman drivers
women driver
women drivers
woman driver
本题考查复合名词变复数的规则。复合名词变复数时,通常只把名词中心词变成复数形式,如boyfriends,passers-by,但以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都要变成复数,因此C为正确答案。
Ennab女士是巴勒斯坦的第一代女赛车手之一,拥有七年的比赛经验。
There has been an increasing number of ______ in primary schools in the past few years.
A.
B.
C.
D.
man teacher
men teacher
man teachers
men teachers
本题考查复合名词变复数的规则。复合名词变复数时,通常只把名词中心词变成复数形式,但以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都要变成复数,因此D为正确答案。
在过去的几年间,小学男教师的数量不断增长。
I can’t put up with ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
that friend of you
that friend of yours
the friend of you
the friend of yours
本题考查双重属格表感彩的用法。由can’t put up with(无法忍受)可知,该句意在表达厌倦、抱怨的感彩,应该用带有指示限定词that的双重属格表达,因此B为正确答案。
我无法忍受你的那位朋友。
Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship
A.
B.
C.
D.
He was reading Mary’s letter in the room.
You can buy men’s shoes in this shop.
Mrs. Black’s passport was lost.
The enemy’s defeat brought the war to an end.
该题考查名词属格的意义。名词属格通常有如下7种意义:所有关系,主谓关系,动宾关系,同位关系,表示来源,表示类别,表示度量等。A项中Mary’s letter表来源;B项中men’s shoes表类别;C项中Mrs. Black’s passport表所有关系;D项the enemy’s defeat表动宾关系,可理解为“the enemy was defeated”,因此D为正确答案。
下列哪个句子中的斜体部分表动宾关系?
Which of the following phrases indicates a subject-predicate relationship
A.
B.
C.
D.
The occupation of the island
The law of Newton
The arrival of the tourists
The plays of Oscar Wilde
本题考查of-词组的意义。of-词组通常有如下4种意义:所有关系,主谓关系,动宾关系,表示来源。A项of-词组表动宾关系,相当于“occupied the island”;B项of-词组表来源,相当于“the law developed by Newton”;C项of-词组表主谓关系,相当于“the tourists arrived”,因此C为正确答案;D项of-词组表来源,相当于“the plays written by Oscar Wilde”。
下列哪个词组中的of表达主谓关系?
本讲主要介绍了名词的数的问题、单位词以及名词属格。本讲的学习建议在上一讲了解名词分类的基础上,重点掌握各类名词的数的问题。熟练掌握规则复数的六种构成方法及发音情况,不规则复数注意外来词的复数和单复数同形的情况,外来词复数可利用几种共性规律帮助记忆。理解很多名词都是兼类的,可数与不可数的划分也不是绝对的,在表示定形之物时,物质名词也可用作可数名词,在强调某种特性时,普通名词也可以变成不可数名词。有些物质名词的复数形式与表达的“多量”或语义改变有关,抽象名词以复数形式出现往往转义为具体事物,学习中要熟悉个体名词表达抽象意义的一些常见搭配,单位词的学习关键是在熟悉词汇意义的基础上记忆固定搭配。
名词属格的学习要在掌握名词属格构成的基础上,充分理解名词属格表所有、主谓、动宾等七种意义。名词属格与of-词组在表示主谓关系、动宾关系、来源时,两者往往可以互相转换,只是语义重心有所不同,重点掌握只能用’s属格的常见情形以及只能用of-词组的常见情形。独立属格学习的关键是理解省略的中心词可以通过语境、文化背景知识被推知;双重属格的学习需要把握双重属格与of-词组在表达的意义上的差异。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The scholars met once a year to exchange experiences.
Foreign ships are not allowed to fish in our territorial water.
I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
In the afternoon I did some baby-sitting, for it is a fun looking after children.
The militias were called out to guard the borderland.
experience
waters
for advice
for it is fun
militia
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
On hearing the death of my professor, I sent my sympathy.
The clipping of the hedges was usually burnt.
There were some looker-ons by the roadside, but they didn’t inform the police of the accident.
In the garden she took a lot of photography.
We will have to finish a 12-pages assignment in a week.
photos
sympathies
lookers-on
12-page
clippings, were
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a _______ of grass
a _______ of jewelry
a _______ of lightning
a _______ of sand
a _______ of lettuce
a _______ of employees
a _______ of firewood
blade
piece
flash
grain
head
staff
bundle
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
a _______ of grapes
a _______ of players
an _______ of corn
a _______ of chocolate
a _______ of elephants
a _______ of chickens
a _______ of judges
a _______ of rooms
bunch
team
ear
bar
herd
flock
bench
suite
1.
2.
3.
4.
Many people criticized Dick when he decided to emigrate to Australia.
Last night I read a novel written by Jane Austen.
That long report that Mr Allen wrote has been accepted for publication.
I have read the article written by the student who falls in with my views on this problem.
Many people criticized Dick’s decision to emigrate to
Australia.
Last night I read a novel of Jane Austen’s.
That long report of Mr Allen’s has been accepted for
publication.
I have read the article of the student who falls in with my
views on this problem.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I’m interested in tragedies written by Shakespeare.
Jim is a carpenter who works on a ship.
It has become necessary to punish the offenders.
Bill paid no attention to the fact that other people criticized him.
I’m interested in Shakespeare’s tragedies / the tragedies
of Shakespeare.
Jim is a ship’s carpenter.
The punishment of the offenders has become necessary.
Bill paid no attention to other people’s criticism of him.
9.
10.
The book was bought at the bookshop run by John Wiley.
This book, which was written by Joe Hill, is very amusing.
The book was bought at John Wiley’s, the bookseller’s.
/ John Wiley the bookseller’s.
This book of Joe Hill’s is very amusing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mary’s and John’s house is on the corner.
Mrs Taylor has completed a study on bird’s nests.
The meeting will be held at the Joneses house.
He was not driving Charle’s car but someone elses’.
A town goes through many crises in ten years time.
Mary and John’s house is on the corner.
Mrs Taylor has completed a study on birds’ nests.
The meeting will be held at the Joneses’.
He was not driving Charle’s car but someone else’s/
Charles’ car but someone else’s.
A town goes through many crises in ten years’ time.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
This weeks’ news is somewhat more hopeful than the last two week’s.
The friend of my father’s called this morning.
A wheel of the car’s was broken.
This shop sells women clothing only.
My brother was interested in the long poems of Milton’s.
This week’s news is somewhat more hopeful than the last
two weeks’.
A friend of my father’s called this morning.
A wheel of the car was broken.
This shop sells women’s clothing only.
My brother was interested in Milton’s long poems.
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