新概念英语第二册名词课件(共19张PPT)

(共19张PPT)
专有名词
在特定语境下，专有名词不再有“独指”的含义，可转化为普通名词。
（1）转化为具有该专有名词特征的这类人、地或事等中的一个。
e.g. Edinburgh is the Athens of the North.
（北方的雅典）
Lu Xun has been known as “the Chinese Gorki”.
（“中国的高尔基”）
（2）转化为叫作某一名字的人、地方等。
e.g. A Mr Smith called in the morning.
（有个叫史密斯先生的人）
There are several Cambridges in the world.
（几个名叫剑桥的地方）
专有名词转化为普通名词的三种形式
1
（3）由某人或某公司等专有名词转而指代其作品或产品等。
e.g. Please lend me your Webster.
（你的《韦氏大词典》）
He wears Wellingtons.
（惠灵顿长筒靴）
有些专有名词在特定语境中，可视为普通名词，表示特定的含义。
e.g.
专有名词转化为表特定意义的普通名词
2
We can’t admit every Tom, Dick and Harry to membership
of the club.
（普通人，“张三李四”）
Many people were holding down three jobs just to keep
up with the Joneses.
（为了与他人攀比）
Every Jack has his Jill.
（人各有偶。Jack and Jill 少男少女）
Put your John Hancock at the bottom of the document.
（你的大名）
Don’t try to be a Jack of all trades, but a master of one or two.
（万事通，杂而不精的人）
可以把这些当作习语来学习。
“the + 姓氏X”的复数意为“姓X的那一家人”
提示1
提示2
集体名词的分类及用法
jewellery，cutlery，stationery，poetry，machinery，weaponry，equipment，footware，underware，glassware，hardware，merchandise，furniture，luggage，baggage，foliage等
e.g. All her jewellery was in pawn.
Glassware crushes easily.
The foliage was soft and feathery.
无生命的集体名词
常视作不可数名词，随后动词用单数
1
有些集体名词以-ry，-ware结尾。
它们多是表示一类东西的总称，若要表示具体数目，有两种方式：一可借助单位词，比如a collection of poetry，a set of machinery；二可用与之相对应的个体名词，比如two poems，several machines，参见《教程》P44。
提示1
提示2
（1）通常用作复数的集体名词
police，people，cattle，livestock，militia，poultry，vermin等
e.g. The police wear dark blue uniforms.
The cattle were put out to pasture.
（2）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词：用于整体意义时，动词用单数；强调构成该集体的成员时，动词用复数
army，association，audience，board，cast，class，club，college，community，company，council，couple，committee，crew，crowd，department，enemy，family，flock，government， group，herd，institute，jury，majority，minority，mob，opposition，party，population，staff，team，university等
有生命的集体名词
2
e.g. The audience was almost entirely female.
The audience were stamping and cheering.
The jury has reached a verdict.
The jury were unconvinced that he was innocent.
名词词组的结构模式
限定词与名词有结构上的制约关系：不可或缺，决定着“所指意义”。
修饰语与名词没有结构上的制约关系：结构上非必需，只影响其内在特征。
因此：The girl is my sister. √
Tall girl is my sister. ×
名词中心词与限定词和前置修饰语的关系
1
（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+ 名词 +（后置修饰语）
e.g. (The) (tall) girl (standing in the corner) is my sister.
限定词 前置修饰语 中心词 后置修饰语

前置修饰语：主要是形容词（词组），有时是名词
e.g. He was a cheerful and uncomplaining travel companion. （形容词、名词）
a winter holiday，the Beijing Opera，the peace talks，a stone bridge，a woman driver， a five-year plan等（名词）
后置修饰语：介词词组、非限定分句、关系分句、补足语等
e.g. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. （介词词组）
A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.（-ing分词分句）
充当前置修饰语和后置修饰语的词项
2
名词作前置修饰语往往用于说明名词的时间、地点、用途、材料、类别等。
提示
A penny saved is a penny gained.（-ed分词分句）
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.（关系分句）
Can you think of a better word than “nice” （补足语）
复杂名词词组分析
主要步骤：
（1）找准中心词；
（2）确定限定词、前置修饰语、后置修饰语；
（3）对较长的修饰语、主要是后置修饰语作进一步切分。
Luckily, at this time he caught a liver complaint,
限定词 前置修饰语 中心词
[for the cure of which] he returned [to Europe], and which was
后置修饰语1
[in his
后置修饰语2
native country].
备注
Have you ever received ______ of what has happened to her
A.
B.
C.
D.
the word
words
word
the words
该题考查word作为不可数名词的用法。根据句意，这里需要用word的不可数名词的用法，word表示“消息；传闻”时，为不可数名词，前面不用定冠词。因此C为正确答案。
你有没有听到过有关她的传闻？
Yesterday my aunt bought some new ______ for her flat at the seaside.
A.
B.
C.
D.
furniture
furnitures
possession
possessions
该题考查不可数名词的辨析。furniture意为“家具”，是不可数名词的集体名词，没有复数形式，“一件家具”用a piece of furniture，“一套家具”用a suite of furniture。possession意为“所有（权，物）；财产”，用复数时意为“（私人）财产；占有物”，均不与动词buy搭配。“购置了一些新家具”符合句意，因此A为正确答案。
我姑妈昨天为她在海边的公寓购置了一些新家具。
The university authorities are seriously considering abandoning the traditional ______ class.
A.
B.
C.
D.
fifty minutes
fifty-minutes
fifty-minute
fifty minute’s
该题考查“基数词+名词”构成的复合名词作前置修饰语的用法。基数词与名词用连字符连接，构成复合名词用作前置修饰语，构成复合词的名词须用单数形式。fifty-minute class指“50分钟一节课”，因此C为正确答案。再如，a five-year plan（五年计划），an eight-hour workday（八小时工作日）。
大学校方正在认真考虑抛弃传统的50分钟一节课的课堂形式。
本讲主要介绍了名词的分类及名词词组剖析。按照词汇意义，名词分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。按照语法特征，名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。按照词汇意义区分名词对决定一个名词是可数还是不可数具有重要意义，词典中常用C（countable）和U（uncountable）标注可数与不可数。专有名词的学习除了把握专有名词一般表示“独指”的含义、无单复数差别、首字母通常要大写之外，还要掌握在特定语境下，专有名词可以转化为普通名词，可以带不定冠词及其他限定词，也可以有复数形式，还有些已泛化为表如“普通人”等特定含义的普通名词。个体名词是可数名词，物质名词一般不可数，抽象名词大多不可数，集体名词用法较复杂，无
生命集体名词常视作不可数名词，有生命集体名词如audience等很多既可视作单数也可视作复数，少数如police等通常用
作复数。名词词组的学习首先要熟悉名词词组的结构模式，特别是要熟练掌握后置修饰语的常见情形，理解名词中心词与限定词和前置修饰语的不同关系，表达中避免出现结构性错误。剖析复杂名词词组的关键是根据结构模式找准中心词，再按照名词词组的结构模式对其作进一步切分。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can you describe the car The police need a full __________ in order to find it.
Very few people attended the lecture. The speaker was disappointed at the poor __________.
He expected to win the election, but the vote he got exceeded his __________.
There’s no point in arguing about this situation, because this ________ can never be resolved.
His furniture design was original. Because of its _________, it won an award.
description
attendance
expectation
argument
originality
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Drinking water must be pure. Chemicals are added to maintain its ______.
The scientist persisted in making the experiment. His __________ resulted in the discovery of a new vaccine (疫苗).
We can extend your time for two weeks, but no further _________ will be allowed.
His contributions to charity (慈善事业) were generous. His _________ was appreciated by those he helped.
The professor never remembered where he had left his notes. He was known for his ____________.
purity
persistence
extension
generosity
forgetfulness
To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
开凿隧道需要大量劳力(labour)。
____________________________________________
我不懂多少法语。
____________________________________________
少说空话(empty talk)多干实事(practical work)。
____________________________________________
我可以跟你谈几句话吗(words)？
____________________________________________
杰克(Jack)做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。
____________________________________________
I know little French.
There must be less empty talk but more practical work.
May I have a few words with you
Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes.
The telephone rang every few minutes.
6.
7.
8.
每隔几分钟电话铃就响一次。 ____________________________________________
在过去这几天的寒冷日子里，我们一直在坚持实验。 ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
我兄弟花了一千美元买了一辆旧汽车，但我买到同样货色却几乎花了两倍价钱。
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
We have been persisting in making the experiment all
these last few cold days.
My brother spent $1,000 for a second-hand car, but I spent
almost twice the amount for the same stuff.