新概念英语第二册 被动语态课件(共41张PPT)

(共41张PPT)
时体形式 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do / does am / is / are done
一般过去时 did was / were done
现在进行体 am / is / are doing am / is / are being done
过去进行体 was / were doing was / were being done
现在完成体 have / has done have / has been done
过去完成体 had done had been done
1. 基本构成：be +-ed分词

2. 六种限定形式
be-型被动态
1
3. 两种易错的被动态形式
（1）现在进行体的被动态：am / is / are being done
e.g. The site is being developed by a French company.
（is体现“现在时”，being体现“进行体”，
being developed体现“被动”）
（2）过去进行体的被动态：was / were being done
e.g. Our boat was being tossed by the huge waves.
（was体现“过去时”，being体现“进行体”，
being tossed体现“被动”）
如果丢掉being，则无法体现出进行体。
提示
1. 基本构成：get +-ed分词

2. 六种限定形式
get-型被动态
2
时体形式 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do / does get / gets done
一般过去时 did got done
现在进行体 am / is / are doing am / is / are getting done
过去进行体 was / were doing was / were getting done
现在完成体 have / has done have / has got done
过去完成体 had done had got done
3. 使用场合：
（1）get-型被动态只用于非正式语体，特别是日常会话，以及对话式的小说中。
e.g. She got married when she was eighteen.
Our house is getting painted.
He was fired when the company was getting reorganized.
The mail has / had got lost or sent to the wrong address.
（2）get-型被动态通常用来表示动作的结果，用于“In the end …，Eventually …，At last …”等连接性状语之后表示某种结局。
e.g. Eventually the suspect got released.
In the end the problem got solved.
（3）get-型被动态通常（但不总是）用于表述一种出乎意料的、不合心意的状态（如get fired，get killed，get beaten）。
e.g. He got caught by the police driving at 60 kms through
Cambridge.
You’ll get punished if you don’t behave yourself.
或许是因为预料之外的或未计划的事件大多不受欢迎。
提示
1. 不定式和-ing分词各有两种被动态形式
非限定动词被动态
3
不定式 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
完成体 to have done to have been done
-ing分词 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成体 having done having been done
2. 使用上的两个难点：
（1）不定式和-ing分词的选择
e.g. I refused to be photographed.
（refuse等动词后只能接不定式）
I wouldn’t mind being interviewed.
（mind等动词后只能接-ing分词）
I hate being sent / to be sent in the wrong direction.
（hate等动词后既可接不定式也可接-ing分词）
一方面分别通过不定式符号to和-ing分词体现非限定动词的特征，另一方面通过be done、been done、being done来体现被动态。
提示
需要掌握与不定式搭配的常见动词，与-ing分词搭配的常见动词，以及与两者都搭配的动词，参见第21讲、第22讲。
提示
（2）主动态和被动态的选择→动词跟逻辑主语之间是主动还是被动关系
e.g. I hope to be nominated.
（“I”与“nominate”之间是被动关系）
They enjoy being consulted.
（“They”与“consult”之间是被动关系）
诸如“*I hope to nominate. ”“* They enjoy consulting.”这样的句子都是缺少宾语的不正确句子。
提示
1. 主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；主动态动词词组变为被动态动词词组；保持时态一致、主谓一致；情态助动词、半助动词保持不变。
e.g. He is likely to let you down.
You are likely to be let down.

2. SVoO句型变被动句的两种情况：以间接宾语作主语（常见），或以直接宾语作主语。
e.g. They offered him some assistance.
→He was offered some assistance. （更常见）
→Some assistance was offered (to) him.
主动句变被动句的转换规则要点
1
语篇中选择哪个作主语具体要看语境，如“When Dickie was given the fur coat, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag.”，用第一种是因为要保持语篇中人称一致。
提示
通常是表示“估计”、“认为”、“相信”等意义的词。
提示
1. 被动句型I：以it作形式主语；
被动句型II：常以人作主语。
e.g. It is said that Tom is a good teacher. （被动句型I）
Tom is said to be a good teacher. （被动句型II）

2. 能作此类用法的主动词
say，assume，believe，claim，consider，expect，fear，feel，know，presume，report，suppose，think，understand ...
e.g. People think … = It is thought …
They believe …= It is believed …
We know … = It is known …
两种被动句型
2
3. 被动句型I变被动句型II的转换规则
被动句型I中that-分句动词形式 被动句型II中不定式的结构形式
is, are / do, does to be / to do
is / are doing to be doing
will do / will be doing to be doing
has / have done to have done
was, were / did to have been / to have done
was / were doing to have been doing
was / were done to have been done
has / have been done to have been done
转换时易错的四种情况：
（1）句型I中will do / will be doing → 句型II中to be doing
e.g. It is thought that he will come / will be coming.
→ He is thought to be coming.
例外：句型I中主动词为expect时，句型II的不定式通常用一般形式。
e.g. It is expected that he will come.
→ He is expected to come.
（2）句型I中was, were / did → 句型II中to have been / to have done
e.g. It is said that he was a good teacher.
→ He is said to have been a good teacher.
It is believed that he came.
→ He is believed to have come.
be expected to结构本身已含将来意义。
提示
（3）句型I中was / were doing → 句型II中to have been doing
e.g. It is reported that he was driving carelessly.
→ He is reported to have been driving carelessly.
（4）句型I中was / were done → 句型II中to have been done
e.g. It is felt that very little was done to prevent the accident.
→ Very little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident.
需要利用不定式的完成体来体现过去时间。
提示
需要利用不定式的完成进行体来同时体现过去时间及进行体。
提示
1. 语义重心在事件本身，而非施动者。
e.g. No one was killed in the quake, but 23 were injured.
Three different compounds were investigated for their
resistance of oxidation (氧化).
2. 不知道或不愿提及施动者。
e.g. This book was published in the 16th century.
This proposal was generally considered as not very practical.

3. 为了强调施动者，用带-by词组的被动句。
e.g. Printing was first invented by the Chinese.
This picture was painted by Picasso in 1937.
被动句的使用场合
3
常用于新闻报道、学术文章和科技文献等正式语体。
提示
这与句尾焦点有关，句尾的位置受到强调。
提示
4. 由于主语太长，为了避免头重脚轻。
e.g. I was annoyed by John trying to tell everybody what he
thought.
It had been baked by a college student who had used over
1000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of
fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients.
5. 受上下文和语境的支配。
e.g. [1] One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera
Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also
perceive things with different parts of her skin, and
through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her
father. （比较：Her father first noticed this ability.）
这与句尾重心原则有关，英语往往将较长的、较复杂的信息放在句尾。
提示
[2] After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson,
he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing
to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836. （避免中途变
更主语）
[3]A：The flowers are all gone. What happened to them
B：They were destroyed by the rain.
（比较：The rain destroyed the flowers.）
备注
共性：
1. 汉语中有类似英语被动句型I和被动句型II的表达。
e.g. It is said that elephants have good memories. （被动句型I）
据说大象记忆力很好。
Elephants are said to have good memories. （被动句型II）
大象据说记忆力很好。
2. 英汉语都存在少数主动结构表被动意义的现象。
e.g. The railway divides here into two lines.
（铁路在这里分为两条线路。）
This kind of material sells well.
（这种料子容易销售。）
英汉被动意义表示法比较
1
差异：
1. 汉语中的无主句，译成英语中的被动结构。
e.g. 城里又办起来一所大学。 （无主句）
Another university has been founded in this city. （被动）
昨天抓到了一个特务。 （无主句）
A spy was caught yesterday. （被动）
2. 有时汉语用主动结构表被动意义，译成英语要用被动结构。
e.g. 你的来信已经收到了。 （主动）
Your letter has been received. （被动）
“城里”“昨天”并非主语，而是状语，主语是“又一所大学”“一个特务”。
提示
1. 某些动词的现在进行体表被动意义，主语指物。
e.g. The house is building. = The house is being built.
The book is printing. = The book is being printed.
2. 极少数不及物动词可以表示被动意义，主语指物。
这些动词有：act, add up, beat, blow, bruise, brush off, carry, catch, clean, close, cook, count, cut, draw, dry, dye, eat, fill, grind, handle, iron, keep, let, light, lock, milk, open, pack, peal, photograph, pick, play, print, read, ring, screen, sell, smoke, start, strike, tear, wash, work out, write等。
e.g. Nylon dries quickly. （尼龙织物干得快。）
This poem reads well. （这首诗读来顺口。）
The door won’t lock. （这门锁不上。）
主动结构表示被动意义的问题
2
该用法是早期英语的残余，现代英语中用通常的被动结构。
提示
这类句子的主语通常具有某些内在特征，能够促使动词所表示的动作得以实现或难以实现。
提示1
这类句子通常都带有一个状语，或者采用动词的否定式，这个状语和否定式都是为了强调。
提示2
动词通常用一般现在时或won’t + 不定式。
提示3
The Bent Pyramid outside Cairo _______ ancient Egypt’s first attempt to build a smooth-sided pyramid.
A.
B.
C.
D.
has been believed to have been
was believed to be
is believed to have been
is believed to be
该题考查被动句型sth. is believed to be不定式的完成体。被动句型sth. is believed to be意为“人们相信某物是…”，句中ancient Egypt’s first attempt（古埃及的首次）发生在谓语动词believe之前，应该用不定式的完成体to have been，因此C为正确答案。A项中谓语动词has been believed不能用完成体，B项谓语动词用了过去时意为“过去被认为”，D项不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，均不正确。
位于埃及城外的曲折金字塔被认为是古埃及首次尝试建造的一座表面光滑的金字塔。
Some Martian rock structures look strikingly like structures on Earth that are known ______ by microbes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
having been created
being created
to have been created
to be created
该题考查被动句型sth. is known to do sth.不定式的完成体的被动态。that引导的关系分句的谓语动词are known是被动语态，其主动结构是“know + 宾语 + 不定式”，变为被动结构则是be known to be / to have been，因此A和B的结构均不正确。根据句意，that的先行项structures on Earth（地球上的结构）早已由微生物创造出来了，说明不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，且逻辑主语structures on Earth与逻辑谓语create之间为被动关系，所以应该用不定式完成体的被动态，因此C为正确答案。
一些火星岩石的结构，看上去很像地球上已为人所知的由微生物所创造的结构。
When the sentence “They had made a mess of the house” is turned into passive voice, which of the following is CORRECT
A.
B.
C.
D.
A mess had been made in the house.
A mess had been made by them.
The house had been made a mess of.
The house had been made a mess.
该题考查词组动词的被动语态。原句是SVO句型，句中的词组动词make a mess of属于“动词 + 名词 + 介词”，the house为其宾语。这类词组动词由主动态转换为被动态时通常有两种形式，一种是把整个词组动词当作一个及物动词处理，即The house had been made a mess of (by them)；第二种是把词组动词看作“动词 + 宾语 + 介词词组”结构处理，即A mess had been made of the house (by them)，因此C为正确答案。注意，采用第二种方式时，整个介词词组要放到被动态动词的后面，不能遗漏。
当句子“They had made a mess of the house”变成被动语态时，下列哪句是正确的？
The Minister of Finance is believed _____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.
A.
B.
C.
D.
that he is thinking
to be thinking
that he is to think
to think
该题考查被动句型sb. is believed to do sth.不定式的进行体。被动句型sb. is believed to do sth.也可以转换为it is believed that句型，意为“据说某人做…”，但A、C的主语不正确。根据句意，应该用不定式的进行体sb. is believed to be thinking表达“人们相信财政部长正在考虑”的意思，因此B为正确答案。
人们相信财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税种来增加额外财政收入。
AIDS is said ______ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.
A.
B.
C.
D.
being
to be
to have been
having been
该题考查被动句型sth. is said to be的完成体。被动句型sth. is said to be意为“据说某事是…”，根据句中时间状语over the past few years可知，不定式后的动作发生在谓语动词is said之前，应该用不定式的完成体，因此C为正确答案。
据说艾滋病在过去的几年间对于那个地区的男性和女性来说都是头号杀手。
Professor Johnson is said ______ some significant advance in his research in the past year.
A.
B.
C.
D.
having made
making
to have made
to make
该题考查被动句型sb. is said to do sth.不定式的完成体。被动句型sb. is said to do sth.也可以转换为it is said that句型，意为“据说某人做…”，根据句中时间状语in the past year可知，不定式后的动作make发生在谓语动词is said之前，应该用不定式的完成体，因此C为正确答案。
据说约翰逊教授在过去的一年中在其研究领域已经取得了重大进展。
The team can handle whatever ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
that needs handling
which needs handling
it needs handling
needs to be handled
该题考查代词whatever及不定式的被动态。whatever意为“所…的任何事”，引导名词性从句作主语或宾语，相当于anything that。该句whatever引导宾语从句作动词handle的宾语，同时whatever又在宾语从句中作主语，A、B、C项中的that，which 或it都多余，从句中的谓语动词needs跟其不定式宾语to handle之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，因此D为正确答案。
该小组能处理一切需要处理的事情。
本讲主要介绍了主动态和被动态的概念，限定动词、非限定动词被动态的形式，主动句和被动句的转换规则，被动句的使用场合，英汉被动意义表示法异同以及英语中主动结构表被动意义的问题。
学习中关键是掌握限定动词、非限定动词被动态的各种形式，这是主动句和被动句进行转换的基础，也是本讲的学习难点之一。两种被动句型的转换需要注意几种易错情况，特别是要理解被动句型II需要利用不定式的完成体来体现过去时间。被动句的使用场合是另一学习难点，首先要理解与施动者有关：一方面，由于英语被动句的施动者by-词组通常是可有可无的，因此可用于不必提及施动者的情况，比如常用于新闻报道、学术文章和科技文献等正式语体，使用被动
语态能体现客观性、公正性。另一方面，由于句尾重心原则的作用，带有by-词组的被动句反而可以起到强调施动者的
作用，主语太长时，又可以避免头重脚轻从而使句子结构平衡。还要理解被动句的使用往往受到上下文和语境的制约，比如为了避免中途变更主语，行文更好地衔接。
英汉被动意义表示法比较可重点关注英汉差异，首先要理解英语重形合，其被动语态的使用频率明显高于汉语，汉语中的无主句要翻译成英语中的被动句，汉语中的主动结构表被动意义，英语中通常要翻译成被动句。还要明白虽然英汉语中都有主动结构表被动意义的句子，但英语中的这类动词仅占极少数，动词形式也受限制。区分被动结构和系补结构最本质的标准是被动结构表示的是一种动作，而系补结构表示的是一种状态。在语篇中灵活恰当地使用被动语态是一个较大挑战，可在阅读中观察，在写作中模仿。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We shall then deal with it more fully.
They didn’t look after the children properly.
Is anybody attending to you
These entertainers make up (虚构) their stories.
You have filled in the application incorrectly.
It will then be dealt with more fully.
The children weren’t properly looked after.
Are you being attended to
Their stories are made up.
The application has been filled in incorrectly.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The office staff are looking forward to his retirement very much.
They had done away with this piece of legislation reluctantly.
Her story didn’t take them in.
Special coaching (辅导) got me through the written papers.
His retirement is being looked forward to very much.
This piece of legislation had been done away with
reluctantly.
They weren’t taken in by her story.
I was got through the written papers by special coaching.
10.
If it rains, they will have to put off the match till next weekend.
If it rains, the match will have to be put off till next
weekend.
1.
2.
3.
Couldn’t we ask someone to do the work privately without anyone knowing
The boy’s rudeness shocked them. They put down the boy’s rudeness to his parents’ having spoiled him.
The question was put to debate (交付辩论), but they debated a question fully in Parliament on very few occasions.
Couldn’t someone be asked to do the work privately
without being known
They were shocked by the boy’s rudeness, which was put
down to his having been spoiled by his parents.
The question was put to debate, but on very few occasions
was a question fully debated in Parliament.
4.
5.
6.
He wanted them to treat the information as confidential, but it was made public at a press conference.
An equal right to speak and to vote should be had by all the members. They could make the law effectively only in this way.
The public having ignored him for many years, the writer suddenly became famous.
He wanted the information to be treated as confidential,
but it was made public at a press conference.
All the members should have an equal right to speak and to
vote. Only in this way could they make the law effectively.
Having been ignored for many years, the writer suddenly
became famous.
7.
8.
If someone should prove beyond doubt that an accident caused the fire, the police will, naturally, release the man they are at present holding on suspicion of arson (纵火罪).
When the stolen car was finally discovered, they found that someone had stripped most of its fittings (附件) and had let the air out of the tyres.
Should it be proved beyond doubt that the fire was caused
by an accident, the man being held on suspicion of arson
will be released.
When the stolen car was finally discovered, it was found
that most of its fittings had been stripped and the air had
been let out of the tyres.
9.
10.
Information about the source was withheld by the reporter from which he had obtained the startling news.
He needn’t have been caused so much distress by being told by the army authorities that his brother had died in action, as they later discovered that a mistake had been made as to the missing man’s identity.
Information about the source from which the startling
news had been obtained was withheld by the reporter.
/The reporter withheld information about the source
from which he had obtained the startling news.
The army authorities needn’t have caused him so much
distress by telling him that his brother had died in action,
as they later discovered that they had made a mistake as
to the missing man’s identity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
据说，她能说几种外语。
大家认为她已经康复。
估计总统即将发表声明。
这个问题明天上午讨论吗
It is said that she can speak several foreign languages. /
She is said to be able to speak several foreign languages.
It is thought that she has recovered. / She is thought to
have recovered.
It is expected that the President will make an announcement.
/ The President is expected to make an announcement.
Will this question be discussed tomorrow morning
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
现在广播里正在教唱新歌。
首先一定要保证质量。
浦东又办了一所大学。
有人建议会议推迟到下星期四举行。
这个英语读本很畅销。
Some new songs are being taught now over the radio.
Quality must be guaranteed first.
Another college has been set up at Pudong.
It is suggested that the meeting be put off till next Thursday.
This English reader sells well.
10.
这抽屉锁不上。
This drawer won’t lock.
The heart, which is a muscular pump, (1) ______ (beat) 72 times a minute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. It is about the size of a fist, (2) ______ (weigh) about 9–11 ounces and (3) ________ (place) snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. A portion runs down the centre of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which (4) ______ (work) at the same time but (5) ________ (deal with) two different types of blood. Each section is again (6) ________ (divide) into upper and lower parts, the auricles (心房) and ventricles (心室). The blood (7) __________ (pump) through all four chambers in turn in the course of being (8) __________ (circulate) through all parts of the body.
The heart’s first purpose is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the
beats
weighs
is placed
work
deal with
divided
is pumped
circulated
这是一篇介绍心脏功能的科普文章，阐述科学事实用一般现在时，语态的选择取决于主谓之间的主动或被动关系。the heart与beat之间为主动关系，用主动态。
it（指代the heart）与place之间为被动关系，用被动态。
which（指代left and right sections）与work及deal with之间为主动关系，用主动态。
which（指代left and right sections）与work及deal with之间为主动关系，用主动态。
each section与divide之间为被动关系，用被动态。
the blood与pump之间为被动关系，用被动态。
介词of后面-ing分词的被动态为being circulated。
it（指代the heart）与weigh（重量为…）之间为主动关系，用主动态。
lungs. On its journey the blood (9) __________ (distribute) dissolved foods and (10) ______ (carry) away wastes.
Two large veins (11) ______ (pour) the used blood into the first chamber, the right auricle, which (12) ________ (pass) it into the chamber below, the right ventricle. The muscle surrounding this part (13) __________ (contract) in a beat that pushes the blood into the lungs where the carbon dioxide is (14) ___________________ (remove and replace) with vital oxygen. Meanwhile, fresh scarlet blood from the lungs (15) ______ (enter) the left auricle to be (16) __________ (transfer) to the left ventricle. From there it is (17) ______ (force) by the contracting muscle through a valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery which (18) __________ (distribute) it all over the body.
distributes
carries
pour
passes
contracts
removed and replaced
enters
transferred
forced
distributes
the blood与distribute及carry之间为主动关系，用主动态。
the blood与distribute及carry之间为主动关系，用主动态。
two large veins与pour之间为主动关系，用主动态。
which（指代the right auricle）与pass之间为主动关系，用主动态。
the muscle surrounding this part与contract之间为主动关系，用主动态。
the carbon dioxide与remove and replace之间为被动关系，用被动态。
fresh scarlet blood from the lungs与enter之间为主动关系，用主动态。
fresh scarlet blood from the lungs与transfer之间为被动关系，用被动态，该不定式结构在句中作后置修饰语。
it（指代fresh scarlet blood from the lungs）与force之间为被动关系，用被动态。
which（指代the body’s largest artery）与distribute之间为主动关系，用主动态。
The heart (19) ______ (beat) about 100,000 times every 24 hours and (20) ______ (push) several quarts of blood through miles of arteries, veins and capillaries. A healthy heart (21) ______ (keep) this up for a lifetime without faltering.
beats
pushes
keeps
the heart与beat及push之间为主动关系，用主动态。
the heart与beat及push之间为主动关系，用主动态。
a healthy heart与keep之间为主动关系，用主动态。