高中英语语法 语法专题 定语从句学案（含答案与解析）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第1章 定语从句
第1讲 关系词的选择技巧
考点1. 相关概念
A. 主句、从句、关系词
This is the boy who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition.
主句：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，是句子的主句。(例句中This is the boy是主句。)
定语从句：修饰主句中的一个名词或代词的句子是定语从句。 (例句中，who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition是定语从句，修饰the boy。)
先行词：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面。 (例句中the boy是先行词。)
关系词：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。(例句中，who是关系代词。)
B. 关系代词
I 指人时可以用who, 也可用that
Do you know the boy who/ that is my desk mate
The man who/ that was killed in the accident is Tom’s uncle.
II 指物时可以用which, 也可用that
I like visiting places which/ that are not far away.
How do you like the film which/ that was shown last Sunday
III whose可以指人也可以指物
He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.
IV 关系代词作宾语时可以省略
I like the meal that/ which / ( ) we had last night.
Do you know the boy who/ whom /that/( ) we talked about just now 注：（）表示关系代词省略
C. 关系副词
关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，how不能作关系词。
1 We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
2 He has reached the point where a change is needed.
3 That is no reason why you should leave.
4 This is the way how I did it. (how不能作关系词)
练习1. 用合适的关系词完成句子
1. The man ______ /______ was here yesterday is a painter.
2. The man ______ /______ /______ /______ I saw is called Smith.
3. A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan.
4. I’d like a room ______ window looks out over the sea.
5. A letter ______ /_____ is written in pencil is hard to read.
6. The letter ______ / ______ /______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
7. That is the boy ______ / ______ / ______ / ______ you are looking for.
8. Do you know the reason ______ he was late for the meeting？
9. This is the school ______ I used to study.
10. I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
练习2. 用符号标出下列句子的主句、定语从句、先行词和关系词
主 句： ___ 定语从句:（ ）
先行词： 关系词：
例：This is the book (that I have been looking for).
1. The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.
2. Have you bought the book which we talked about？
3. I still remember the day which we spent together last week.
4. He still lives in the house whose windows face south.
5. The boy whose father is a policeman speaks English most fluently in our class.
6. The girl who you met was John’s sister.
7. There is no reason why we shouldn’t be friends.
8. They arrived in the early morning when the sky was still dark.
9. The days were gone when we had to travel on horses.
考点2. Is this the hospital where you were born
考点3. 关系词的三个作用
A. 作定语从句的一个句子成分
B. 起着连接主句和从句的作用（参看P. 15考点5）
C. 指代先行词的意思
He works in a factory, which is not far from his home.
本句中，关系词是which，在定语从句中作主语，指代先行词factory的意思，起着连接两个分句的作用。
考点4. 关系词的选择技巧
A. 选用关系词的方法：一找、二还、三提问
I 找：就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分（关系词划分在从句里面），再找出先行词和关系词。
II 还：根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话（可以添词）。
III 提问：用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分。实际上就是对定语从句中添加部分进行提问。对主语和宾语提问，要用代词；对状语提问要用副词。时间状语用when，地点状语用where, 原因状语用why。关系词是who/whom和which时也可用that
例如：
应用举例：
1 This is the school ______ I once studied.
一找： This is the school (______ I once studied).
二还：先行词是the school，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个学校”。把定语从句“那个学校I once studied”恢复成完整的一句话为：
I once studied at the school.
三提问：添加的at the school在从句中作地点状语，要用where来提问，因此这里要填关系副词where。
2 This is the school ______ is the most famous in the city.
一找：
This is the school (______ is the most famous in the city).
二还：先行词是the school，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个学校”。把定语从句“那个学校is the most famous in the city”恢复成完整的一句话为：The school is the most famous in the city.
三提问：添加的the school在从句中作主语，对其提问要问“哪一个（学校）在这个城市最出名”，因此用which。关系代词是which时，也可以用that。因此，横线上要填关系代词which或that。
3 The woman ______ wears a blue dress is our English teacher.
一找： The woman (______ wears a blue dress ) is our English teacher.
二还：先行词是the woman，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个女士”。把定语从句“那个女士wears a blue dress”恢复成完整的一句话为：The woman wears a blue dress.
三提问：添加的the woman在从句中作主语，对其提问要问“谁穿着蓝色衣服”，因此用who。关系代词是who时，也可以用that。因此，横线上要填关系代词who或that。
4 The boy ______ father is a policeman offered to help.
一找：
The boy (______ father is a policeman) offered to help.
二还：先行词是the boy，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“那个男孩”。把定语从句“那个男孩father is a policeman”恢复成完整的一句话为：The boy’s father is a policeman.
三提问：添加的the boy’s在从句中作father的定语，对其提问要说“谁的父亲是一个警察？”，故用whose。因此，横线上要填关系代词whose。
5 This is the reason ______ he was late that day.
一找： This is the reason (______ he was late that day).
二还：先行词是the reason，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“这个原因”。把定语从句“这个原因he was late that day”恢复成完整的一句话为：He was late for the reason.
三提问：添加的for the reason在从句中作原因状语，对其提问要说“为什么他迟到了？”，故用why。因此，横线上要填关系副词why。
6 Do you remember the day ______ we met for the first time
一找：
Do you remember the day (______ we met for the first time)
二还：先行词是the day，由于关系词指代先行词的意思，所以横线上词的词义是“这一天”。把定语从句“这一天we met for the first time”恢复成完整的一句话为：We met for the first time on the day.
三提问：添加的on the day在从句中作时间状语，对其提问要说“什么时候我们第一次见面？”，故用when。因此，横线上要填关系副词when。
B. 选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分
含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分：主句和从句。关系词是定语从句的一个成分。
选用关系词，要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是什么词性。
1 He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.
2 He worked in the factory where his father had worked.
3 I like the school which is near to my home.
4 I like the school where my sister studies.
在句①和句②中，先行词前都有in, 但关系词有用which也有用where的；
在句③和句④中，先行词都是the school, 但关系词有用which也有用where的。
因此，我们可以看出，对关系词起决定性作用的并不是先行词。
在句①和句③中，关系词在定语从句中都是作主语，因此用的都是关系代词which；
在句②和句④中，关系词在定语从句中都是作状语，因此都是用关系副词where。
我们可以看出：
用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中作什么 成分。
C. 注意：关系词一般要位于定语从句的句首
【2009江西】The house I grew up ______ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
答案与分析：A没有关系词，不能连接两句话；C介词后不能用that；D关系词一般不位于句末；而B可以看作是关系代词作宾语，放在句首并且省略了。因此选B。
考点5. 关系词在定语从句中作主语和宾语时，关系词要用关系代词
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词属于代词范畴，关系副词属于副词范畴。由于副词不能作主语和宾语，因此，当关系词在定语从句中作主语和宾语时不能用关系副词，只能用关系代词。
改错：
1 I will never forget the days when we spent together.
2 This is the museum where we visit last week.
在①句中，先行词是the days，定语从句恢复完整后是：
We spent the days together. 因此，关系词在从句中作spent的宾语，应用关系代词而不能用关系副词（关系代词功能上相当于代词，关系副词功能上相当于副词）。因此，应把when去掉或改为that或which。
在②句中，先行词是museum，定语从句恢复完整后是：
We visited the museum last week. 关系词在从句中作visited的宾语，应用关系代词而不能用关系副词。因此，应把where去掉或改为that或which。
练习3. 利用“一找、二还、三提问”的方法选择关系词
1. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A. that B. what C. how D. why
2. Is this the reason ______ he was so careless in his work
A. that B. what C. how D. why
3. He lives in a village ______ is not far from the city.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
4. He lives in the village ______ he was born.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
5. In an hour, we travel to places ______ could have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A. where B. when C. which D. what
6. In an hour, we travel to places ______ we can relax and get refreshed.
A. where B. when C. which D. what
7. I’ll never forget the days ______ we spent together.
A. that B. / C. when D. A and B
8. 【2014湖南】I am looking forward to the day ______ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A. as B. why C. when D. where
9. If we want to have a bright future, we must learn to act in ways ______ do not do harm to other living things.
A. in which B. / C. how D. that
10. Is this the factory ______ color TV sets are produced
A. when B. the one where
C. that D. in which
11. This is the factory ______ produces color TV sets.
A. where B. the one where
C. that D. in which
12. 【2011陕西】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, ______ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A. which B. where C. who D. that
13. 【2011福建】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
14. 【2012江西】By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when C. what D. that
15. 【2013山东】Finally he reached a lonely island ______ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom
16. 【2017北京】The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
17. The city ______ we visited last week has a population of 10 million.
A. where B. what C. which D. who
18. The city ______ we visited the museum last week is the cultural center of our country.
A. where B. which C. when D.whose
19. He apologized to the people ______ had been affected (影响).
A. which B. who C. whose D. where
20. I met one woman ______ baby had just died.
A. which B. who C. whose D. when
I. 单句改错
1. 【2010重庆】Firstly, a friend is someone you can share your secrets.
2. 【2010重庆】After hearing your sad stories, he will say some words that is nice and warm.
3. I, who is your friend, can understand you.
4. 【2006江西】I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me.
5. I often think of the days when we spent on the island together.
6. This is the museum where you visited the other day.
7. Have you ever been to Shanghai, where I left ten years ago
8. You can also make more Chinese friends, they will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
9. 【2017新课标Ⅲ】Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
10. Laughing and cheering, we eventually reached the summit, there we were greeted by the bright sunshine and fresh air.
II. 语法填空
A. 利用“一找、二还、三提问”的方法填关系词
11. The box ______ he is carrying is heavy.
The box ______ he put his photos is gone.
12. The house ______ we’re going to visit was built a century ago.
The house______ he used to live was flooded.
13. The reason ______ he did it is not clear.
The reason ______ he gave to the teacher is unbelievable.
14. I will never forget the day______ I met you.
I will never forget the day ______ we spent together.
B. 用关系词填空
15. 【2014新课标Ⅰ】Maybe you have a habit ______ is driving your family crazy.
16. 【2014广东】The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ______ we watched some people play volleyball.
17. 【2014湖南】People should not do things ______ will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.
18. 【2014安徽】The exact year ______ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
19. 【2015课标Ⅰ】I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
20. 【2015广东】When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ______ people from the town met regularly.
III. 写作技能提升
21. 【2012上海】在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)
22. 这本书对我帮助很大，特别是在好印象是必需的工作中。（help greatly, impression, a must）
23. 我认为学生应当参加社区活动，在活动中他们可以为成长获得经验。（involve oneself in, community activities, gain experience）
24. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
第2讲 关系副词
考点1.
关系副词有when, where, why三个，在定语从句中一般作状语；how不能作关系副词。
考点1. 关系副词可以与“介词+关系代词”相转换
A. when ←→介词+which
I will never forget the day we met for the first time.
先行词是the day，定语从句恢复成完整的一句话是：
We met for the first time on the day.
把on the day替换为关系词要用when；只把the day替换为关系词要用which，on the day就成了on which。因此，这里可以填关系副词when，也可用“介词+关系代词”on which。
B. why ←→for+which
I don’t know the reason______ he did it.
先行词是the reason，定语从句恢复成完整的一句话：
He did it for the reason.
把for the reason替换为关系词要用why；把the reason替换为关系词要用which，for the reason就成了for which。因此这里填why/ for which。
C. where ←→介词+which
This is the farm ______we worked when we were young.
先行词是farm，定语从句恢复成完整的一句话后是：
We worked on the farm when we were young.
on the farm可以替换为where/on which。因此填where/on which。
1. 【2015陕西】As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ______ he should be able to be independent.
A. which B. where C. whom D. when
2. 【2009重庆】Life is like a long race ______ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what C. that D. where
3. 【2019江苏】We have entered into an age _____ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
4. 【2013四川】Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ______ they live.
A. what B. which C. when D. where
5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the island _____ he grew up as a child.
A. in which B. that C. on which D. when
6. There was ______ time______ I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when
7. This is the reason ______ he didn’t come to the meeting.
A. in which B. that
C. for which D. because which
考点2. the way先行词，并且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词要用 in which /that /省略
首先要确定the way在定语从句中作什么成分。如果the way在定语从句中作主语或宾语，要选用关系代词。
1 I don’t like the way ______ will cost too much money.
2 The way ______ he thought of to solve the problem was not practical.
在句①中，the way在定语从句中作主语，因此要填关系代词that/which。在句②中，the way在定语从句中作宾语，因此也要用关系代词：that/which/省略。
如果the way在定语从句中作状语(定语从句还原后是in the way)，关系词用下面三种情况的任一种：
① in which；② that；③ 省略。
The way ______ he answered the question was surprising.
A. how B. that C. in which D. / E. B/C/D
定语从句恢复为完整的一句话后为：
He answered the question in the way.
in the way在定语从句中作状语，因此选E。
8. That is not the way ______ I do it.
A. / B. which C. for which D. with which
9. This is the only way ______ you can find.
A. that B. / C. in which
D. A, B and C E. A and B
10. I don’t like the way ______ he spoke to his mother.
A. that B. / C. in which D. A, B and C
考点3. situation, case, point, business等作先行词，关系副词常用where
11. 【2009浙江】I have reached a point in my life______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which B. where C. how D. why
12. 【2003上海】I can think of many cases ______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
13. 【2008江西】Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
A. where B. when C. who D. which
14. 【2004湖南】I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
15. 【2009福建】It’s helpful to put children in a situation ______ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
考点4. occasion（时机）作先行词时关系副词用when
It was a rare-indeed unique occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right.
考点5. when引导非限制性定语从句
16. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the world cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
17. The rainbow can’t be seen at noon, ______ the sun is high in the sky.
A. while B. when C. so D. that
18. 【2016天津】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _____ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
I. 单句改错
1. 【2006安徽】Most public libraries also have a reading-room, that you can sit at the desk and read the daily newspapers, magazines and other books, but you are not permitted to take them out.
2. We’re just trying to reach a point which both sides will sit down together and talk.
3. There are some reasons for they do this.
4. 【2018全国Ⅰ】They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
II. 语法填空
A．用关系副词和“介词+关系代词”完成下列句子
5. October 1, 1949 was the day______ (______ ______) China was founded.
6. Is this the reason ______ (______ ______) he didn’t want to see me
7. Yesterday, we had a meeting ______ (______ ______) we discussed many problems.
8. There are several reasons ______ (______ ______) the boys should be punished.
9. Yesterday we went to visit the house ______ (______ ______) the great writer used to live.
B. 用关系词填空
10. 【2014上海】After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job.
11. 【2013福建】As students, there are many ways in _____ you can serve the community.
12. 【2008湖北】 The city I grew up is very hot and damp in summer.
13. 【2015天津】The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy their work.
C. 在下文横线上填入适当的关系词
My Lonely Dream
Last night, I had a lonely dream ①_______ I went back to my old house. The road ②______ led to my old house was covered by fallen leaves. The garden, ③______ fence once was painted white, was now deserted. My close friend, a dog ④______ was called Tingting, wagged his tail happily when he saw me. And my mother, ⑤_______ hair had turned grey, stood in front of the door, smiling at me. I rushed to her to take her in my arms, but she suddenly disappeared. I was confused and I wanted to cry… but then I woke up.
Today, I can’t help thinking of the sweet days ⑥______ I lived in that old house. I don’t understand the reason ⑦______ time passes away so quickly and never returns. Now, alone, I am in a city ⑧______ I am a stranger. Happiness and loneliness I have to share with myself.
III. 写作技能提升
14. 现在我们已经到了一个对我们未来非常重要的时刻，我们应当全身心地学习。（point, be critical to, suppose, devote…to）
15. 有许多案例，学生课堂不听讲，最后以辍学告终。（case, drop out of ）
16. 一方面，我钦佩他的才能，但另一方面，我不喜欢他对待别人的那种方式。（gift, the way, treat）
17. 我英语差的原因是我对英语不感兴趣。（the reason, be interested in ）
18. 正常情况下，我们10点到家，这时大多数人已经睡着了。（normally, go to sleep ）
第3讲 介词＋关系代词
考点1.
考点2. 关系代词直接跟在介词后时，只可用whom或 which, 不可用who, that （参看P. 82）
关系代词不直接位于介词后时，也可用who, that，也可省略。
判断下列句子是否正确，如有错误，请改正过来
1 He is the man with who she went to Europe.
2 He is the man whom she went to Europe with.
3 He is the man who she went to Europe with.
4 He is the man that she went to Europe with.
5 He is the man she went to Europe with.
6 I will never forget the day on which he passed away.
7 I will never forget the day on that he passed away.
8 I will never forget the day which he passed away on.
9 I will never forget the day that he passed away on.
10 I will never forget the day he passed away on.
11 I will never forget the day when he passed away.
答案与解析：
1 who改为whom。直接位于介词后时，要用宾格。
2 正确。不直接位于介词后时，可用主格也可用宾格。
3 正确。不直接位于介词后时，可用主格也可用宾格。
4 正确。先行词是人时，关系代词用who 也可用that。
5 正确。关系代词作宾语且不位于介词后时可以省略。
6 正确。先行词是the day。
7 that改为which。直接位于介词后时不能用that。
8 正确。可以把关系代词放到前面，把介词放到后面。
9 正确。不直接位于介词后时可以用that。
10 正确。关系代词是that/ which，作宾语，被省略了。
11 正确。关系词在定语从句中作状语，用关系副词。
1. 【2016浙江】The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _____ influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.
A. on B. in C. at D. about
考点3. from where, since when为“介词＋关系副词”结构，可以引导定语从句
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. 我们站在山顶，从那里我们能看到这个城镇。
We came a week ago, since when the weather has been bad.
我们一星期前来到这里, 从那时起天气一直不好。
2. China is the birthplace of kites, ______ kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
A. from that B. from where C. from there D. from here
3. 【2007山东】The book was written in 1946, _________ the education system has witnessed great changes.
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
考点4. look after, look for等固定短语动词
在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
4. This is the baby ______ tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look
B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after
D. after whom I shall look after
考点5. “介词+关系代词”作后置定语时，可移到所修饰词之前
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which (=of which some) have gone bad.
篮子里有好多苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom (=of whom most) are from big cities.
我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。
5. 【2008四川】For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ______ New York is an example.
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
6. 【2012四川】In our class there are 46 students, ______ half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them
7. 【2004广西】The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which
C. from which D. for which
考点6. 介词的选择：看前看后看意思
A. 看与先行词的搭配
8. The bicycle ______ he often rides needs repairing.
A. on which B. in which C. by which D. with which
9. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
10. 【2008上海】We went through a period ______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
B. 看谓语的搭配
11. The two things ______ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which
12. He is a man of great experience, ______ much can be learned.
A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom
13. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom
14. 【2009陕西】Gun control is a subject ______ Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
C. 根据句子意思
15. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ______ he could see ______ was going on inside the house.
A. which; what B. through which; what
C. through that; what D. what; that
16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ______ many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which time
17. 【2008上海春】Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, ______ there won’t be much work.
A. where B. that
C. by which D. without which
I. 单句改错
1. 【2008重庆】It is also a window which we can learn about American society.
2. The pen in which he is writing is mine.
3. The plane in that we flew to Canada is very comfortable.
4. The man with who you talked is my friend.
5. This is the baby I’m asked to take care of him.
II. 语法填空
A. 根据上句完成下句
6. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.
Up to now, he has written ten stories, ______ ______three are about country life.
7. No one wants the room the windows of which are broken.
No one wants the room ______ ______the windows are broken.
8. I have many friends, some of whom are businessmen.
I have many friends, ______ ______some are businessmen.
9. Do you know the boy whom she was talking to
Do you know the boy she was talking ______
Do you know the boy ______ ______she was talking
10. They are the students whom our teachers think highly of.
They are the students our teachers think highly______.
They are the students _____ ____ our teachers think highly.
B．完成句子
11. 【2010上海】Wind power is an ancient source of energy ______which we may return in the near future.
12. She showed me the dictionary ______ which she paid a lot of money.
13. I would always like to do business with those people ______ whom I can rely.
14. It is important to choose good friends ______ whom you can share your feelings and thoughts.
15. It’s reported that over 70 different emoticons are used in text messages,______which happiness is the most popular.
III. To my surprise, more than 3,500 people participated in the race, among______was a disabled man!
IV. 写作技能提升
16. 【2009湖北】学习策略，老师们都很重视，还没有引起学生足够注意。（learning strategies, attach great importance, draw attention）
17. 当我初到这里的时候，我几乎没有朋友；当我遇到麻烦的时候没有人可以求助。（hardly, no one, turn to… for help, meet with）
18. 我们登到了山顶，从那里我们可以一览全镇风光。（from where）
19. 【2015上海】在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。(say sorry to, apology)
第4讲 只能用that不能用which的情况
考点1.
考点2. 先行词是anything, something, nothing, everything等不定代词时
1. He never reads anything ______ is not worth reading.
A. which B. as C. who D. that
2. 【2010全国2】I refuse to accept the blame for something ______ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
考点3. 先行词是all, much，little, none或先行词被all, much, little, no, any修饰时
3. There is not much ______ can be done.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
4. There is no difficulty ______ can’t be overcome in the world.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
5. 【2014陕西】Please send us all the information______ you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
6. You can take any seat ______ is free.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
考点4. 先行词被最高级、序数词以及 the first, the last, the very, the only, the same修饰时
7. The most important thing ______ we should pay attention to is the first thing ______ I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which
C. which; which D. that; that
8. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which who
9. This is the very film ______ I’ve long wished to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
考点5. 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词用that
10. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist ______ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
11. He talked a lot about things and persons ______ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
考点6. 关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实义主语时, that可指人或物，且通常省略
(概括为：在从句中位于be后。此条仅作了解)
He still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
他谈起话来仍像十年前一样。
The train is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.
这列火车是有史以来最快的火车。
12. She is no longer the sweet girl ______ she used to be.
A. what B. who C. when D. that
考点7. 当先行词前面有which，who等疑问代词时，为避免重复，用关系代词that
同理，当先行词是that, those时，常用关系代词which或who。如：
What’s that which is under the desk？
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
13. Who is the person ______ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
14. Who ______ has common sense will do such a thing
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
15. Those ______ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
考点8. 注意：关系副词不受这些规则的影响
只是在选用关系代词时才使用这些规则。如：
16. 【2010福建】Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
17. This is the same house ______ her grandfather was born.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
I. 单句改错
1. Is there anything which belongs to you
2. Both the girl and her dog which were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.
3. All the apples which fell down were eaten by the pigs.
4. This is the very thing which I lost yesterday.
5. But showing him the answers would be something which went against my beliefs.
II. The most serious one which is caused by smoking is lung cancer.
III. 语法填空
6. These people once had fame and fortune; now all ______ is left to them is utter poverty.
7. I like the second football match ______ was held last week.
8. Actually, the Shaxian Delicacies is not the only food ______ is loved by foreigners.
9. Of all the festivals ______we Chinese celebrate, my favorite is the Lantern Festival.
IV. 写作技能提升
10. 【2010湖北】母亲对我所做的一切如此自豪，她奖赏我去北京旅游一趟。（so proud of, all, reward, trip）
11. 这就是我一直在寻找的那本书。( the very book )
12. 【2004上海】我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。(…it…, cooperate, stick to)
13. 在那边扫地的那个女人是谁？(Who, sweep the floor)
14. 她已不再是过去的她。
15. 如果有你一个人不能克服的困难，你可以向你的父母或朋友求助。（any difficulty, overcome, turn to）
第5讲 其他有关关系代词选择的规则
考点1. 只用which, who, whom不用that的情况
A. 关系代词直接放在介词后面时，要用which，不用that；要用whom，不用who
1. 【2016江苏】Many young people, most _____were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
2. 【2008湖南】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ______ are beyond our control.
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
3. 【2016浙江】Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _____ has been proved.
A. whom B. which C. what D. that
4. 【2012上海】Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from ______ you received gifts
A. which B. them C. that D. whom
B. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which, who, whom, 不用that，也不能省略 （参看P.85第7讲）
5. 【2010全国I】As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ______ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
6. 【2012全国Ⅱ】That evening, ______ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
考点2. whose可指人也可指物
若指物，它还可以同of which互换；若指人，一般不与of whom互换。
1 He lives in a house. Its window faces south.
→He lives in a house whose window faces south.
He lives in a house. The window of it faces south.
→He lives in a house, the window of which faces south.
→He lives in a house, of which the window faces south.
2 He is the farmer. His son is studying in Tsinghua University.
由于我们一般说his son，不说the son of him, （有生命的常用名词所有格而不用of属格）因此我们只能说:
He is the farmer whose son is studying in Tsinghua University. 而不能说：He is the farmer, the son of whom is studying in Tsinghua University.
7. I saw some trees ______ the leaves were black with disease.
A. where B. of which C. in which D. whose
8. 【2010陕西】The old temple, ______ roof was damaged in storm, is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D. whose
9. 【2014山东】A company ______ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A. which B. whose C. who D. why
10. 【2017江苏】In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program, one of ______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
考点3. 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all指人时，关系代词常用who
Anyone who is against us is our enemy.
All who heard the story were amazed.
考点4. what不能作关系代词；one 作同位语
11. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
12. For Tim this was the beginning of a new life, ______ he thought he would never see.
A. what B. that C. one D. it
13. 【2010山东】Helping others is a habit, ______ you can learn even at an early age.
A. it B. that C. what D. one
14. 【2017江苏】We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of ______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
考点5. 强调人的职业、某种特性、品质或才能时，which也可代指人；先行词是婴儿、小孩时也用which
Her mother is a teacher, which is most glorious under the sun.
她的妈妈是个老师，老师这个职业是天底下最光荣的职业。
My father is a gentleman in business which my uncle isn’t.
在生意上，我爸爸是个绅士，我叔叔不是。
The salesman trained himself for months to speak like a professor which he wasn’t.
这个商人培训了数月，想说起话来像教授一样（他不是教授）。
The baby which is lying there has been crying for about twenty minutes.
躺在那儿的那个婴儿已经哭了大约二十分钟了。
15. The key to the success of any film is finding a capable and qualified artistic director,____ I always hope to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
16. Her sister has become a lawyer, ______ she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
I. 单句改错
1. It’s important to have a correct attitude toward exam, which purpose is to see how we’re getting on with our study.
2. She showed me the dictionary, on that she spent most of her money.
3. 【2017新课标Ⅱ】In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
4. It will be held from January 27 to February 13, during that time you will get a wonderful experience.
5. Altogether I had five roommates, two of who arrived later.
II. I enjoyed my stay there where I could read various books I was interested in.
III. 语法填空
6. Miss Smith is a strict but good teacher, ______ who often cares about our life and study at school.
7. 【2009安徽】Many children, ______ parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village.
8. The old man has two sons, both of ______ are lawyers.
9. 【2015四川】The books on the desk, ______ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
10. 【2016上海】She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in ______ she distributed it to children.
11. His daughter became a doctor after graduation, ______ he liked very much.
IV. 写作技能提升
12. 【2013湖北】上学时我遇到过很多老师，其中两位对我影响很大。(through the course of, meet, two of, influence)
13. 参观你所在的城市是一次难忘的经历，一次我将永生珍视的经历。（visiting your city, experience, one, treasure for the rest of my life）
14. 那些树，树枝几乎秃了，都有数百年了。（branches, bare, hundreds of）
第6讲 as, but, than用作关系代词
考点1.
考点2. as引导限制性定语从句
例题：I had never heard such an interesting story ______ you told me yesterday.
A. that B. which C. as D. that/ which
有些同学可能选择D，这说明有关定语从句的基本知识学得不错，但知识还是有漏洞。要记住：
下面四种情况，关系代词要用as而不能用that, which。
A. 先行词被such修饰时，构成“such… as…”
It’s such a heavy stone as nobody can move.
那是一块重得没人能移得动的石头。（as作宾语）
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face.
不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。(as作主语)
B. 先行词被the same修饰时，构成“the same… as…”
We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.
我们已得出和他们同样的结论。(as作宾语)
This is the same watch as was worn by John.
这与约翰戴的那块表一样。(as作主语)
C. 先行词被as修饰，构成 “as… as …”
它可以看作是 “as+形容词+as” 的一种变化形式。
He is as good as his brother. 他和他弟弟一样好。
这句话还可以表达为：
He is as good a boy as his brother.
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (as作宾语)
这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。
（参看P.23考点4）
D. 先行词被“so+形容词+冠词”修饰
前面我们学过，修饰名词时such和as可以相互转化。（参看P.23考点4）如：
such a good student=so good a student
因此，这里（第四种情况，即D）可以看作是先行词被such修饰时关系代词用as（第一种情况，即A）的一种变化形式。
He is such a good student as every teacher likes.
→He is so good a student as every teacher likes.
他是每个老师都喜欢的这样一个好学生。
考点3. the same…as与the same…that
the same…as指同一类，the same…that指同一个。
I bought the same car as yours.
我买的那辆汽车和你的一模一样。
This is the same bag (the very bag) that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。
考点4. such… as 和such… that的区别（该用定语从句还是用结果状语从句）
such… as “像……样的”，as引导的是定语从句，as作句子成分；such… that“如此……以至于”，that引导的是结果状语从句, that不作句子成分。
判断办法：
如果后面成分完整，用that来引导结果状语从句；
如果后面句子成分不完整，则用as来引导定语从句。
It was so difficult a problem ______ no one worked it out.
（成分完整，结果状语从句, 填that）译为：
这道题如此难以至于没有人算得出来。
It was so difficult a problem ______ no one worked out.
（成分不完整，定语从句, 填as）译为：
这是一道没有人能算出来的难题。
1. He is such a lazy man ______ nobody wants to work with ______.
A. as; him B. that; / C. as; / D. whom; him
2. It wasn’t such a good present ______ he had promised me.
A. that B. as C. which D. what
3. We should read such books ______ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
4. This is such a heavy box ______ I can’t move it.
A. as B. that C. which D. whose
5. Last term our English teacher set so difficult an examination problem ______ none of us worked out.
A. as B. that C. which D. whose
6. Pop music is such an important part of society ______ it has even influenced our language.
A. as B. that C. which D. where
7. The man showed us so heavy a stone ______ no one can lift.
A. that B. as C. which D and
8. I received ______ nice a gift ______ my mother promised.
A. the same; as B. as; as
C. such; as D. the same; that
9. I want to use the same tools ______ used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
10. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ______ he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
考点5. but用作关系代词（选学内容）
but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that／which／who… not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词（如：no，not，little，few，hardly等）。(为了快速培养语感，也可把but意译为“除了”。)
1 There is no mother but loves her own children.
（＝There is no mother that／who does not love her own children. ）没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
2 There are very few but admire his talents.（but = who don’t）很少有人不赞赏他的才干。
3 There is no rule but has exception. 凡规则都有例外。
考点6. than用作关系代词 （选学内容）
than在定语从句中作关系代词，在从句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语，但仍以充当主语为多。在定语从句中，它与关系代词that所起的语法作用是差不多的，只是在翻译或解释时，要比that多一层比较的意味。另外，由than含有比较意味可知，该类定语从句的先行词前通常要有形容词的比较级形式。如：
1 You make more money than is intended to make.
你挣得的钱比预计的要多。
2 There were more casualties than was reported.
伤亡人数比报道的要多。
3 Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
报纸和其他媒体做的不仅仅是记录发生的事情。
I. 单句改错
1. He isn’t such a man that he used to be.
2. He is not such a man who would leave his work half done.
3. It was so difficult a problem that no one worked out.
4. In Teachers’ Advice, our teachers can give us such help that we may not be able to get in the classroom.
5. I was greatly moved by such a man he warmed others with his love.
II. 语法填空
6. These houses are sold at such a low price ______ people expected.
7. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
8. He worked in the same factory ______my father once worked.
III. 写作技能提升
9. 起初，我认为李老师有点怪，因为他总是问一些没人能回答的问题。（kind of odd, such questions as）
10. 他不是一个把今天能做的事拖到明天做这样的一个人。（such a man, put off… until tomorrow）
11. 在我生日那天，我收到了像母亲承诺的那样好的一件礼物。（receive as good a gift）
12. 我在他的书包里发现了我前几天丢的那支钢笔，这支笔是我朋友送给我的礼物。我怒不可遏了。（the same, a gift from, contain my anger）
13. 英语是如此有用的一门语言，世界上许多人都在学它。（so useful, learn it）
第7讲 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开
意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，起“指定是哪一个”的作用，去掉后句意不完整 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后句子意思仍完整
译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……” 通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用上 A. 作宾语时可省略； B.可用that;
C. 可用who代替whom；D.可用why A. 不可省; B. 不用that; C. 不用who代替whom; D. why要换为for which
考点1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别（看上表）
A. 使用限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的目的不同
限制性定语从句的作用是“指定是哪一个”，而非限制性定语从句的作用是补充一些额外内容。因此，含有限制性定语从句的复合句表达一个主要内容；而含有非限制性定语从句的复合句表达有两个要点，常译作并列句或含有状语从句的复合句。
1 I lost all the money you lent me yesterday.
我把你昨天借给我的钱都弄丢了。
定语从句是来指明是哪些钱（是你借给我的钱，而不是别的钱）。本句主要是说“我把钱弄丢了”。
因此本句中定语从句是限制性定语从句。
1 I lost all the money, without which I had to walk home.
我把钱都弄丢了；没有这些钱，我只能步行回家。
定语从句不是来指明是哪些钱丢了，而是补充说明了一些相关内容。本句表达了两方面内容：我钱丢了；我只能步行回家。
因此本句中定语从句是非限制性定语从句。
1 The girl whom he married is very pretty.
和他结婚的那个女孩非常漂亮。
定语从句是来指明是哪个女孩（是和他结婚的那个女孩，而不是别的女孩）。本句主要是说“那个女孩很漂亮”。因此本句中定语从句是限制性定语从句。
1 He met with a pretty girl in the park that day, whom he married two months later.
那天他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩；他两个月后和她结婚了。
定语从句并不是指明是哪个女孩，而是补充说明了一些内容。本句表达了两方面内容：他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩；他两个月后和她结婚了。
因此本句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。
B. 当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的
这主要是因为，由于名词所指对象已经很明确，定语从句的作用不是起限定作用，而是起补充说明作用。
1 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
2 His latest novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
他最近出版的这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。
C. 从某种意义上说，非限制性定语从句并不是定语从句，因为它不是起修饰、限定作用，其主要作用是把内容相关的两个分句连接成语法正确的一句话
They have four children. All of them are good at English.
→They have four children, all of whom are good at English.
I’d like to express my gratitude to you for your help. Without it, I couldn’t have made such great progress.
→I’d like to express my gratitude to you for your help, without which I couldn’t have made such great progress.
练习1. 翻译下列句子，注意体会限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在表达意思上的区别
1. He has a brother who is a physicist.
He has a brother, who is a physicist.
2. He returned all the books which are written in English.
He returned all the books, which are written in English.
3. He picked up the wallet that I had dropped.
He picked up a wallet on his way to school, which he handed to the police afterwards.
4. He moved into the new house that his son had bought for him.
He moved into the new house, where he spent the rest of his life.
练习2. 利用非限制性定语从句合并下列句子
5. I bought a Chinese vase yesterday. It’s price was very reasonable.
6. He is a man of great experience. We can learn a lot from him.
7. He lost his bike. It was a gift from his parents.
考点2. as, which引导的非限制性定语从句
A. as, which 可指代整个主句，也可指代主句的一部分
He was very happy, as could be seen from the look on his face. ( as指代前面整个主句)
He claimed he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true. (which指代“he could speak three foreign languages”，指代前面一句话的一部分)
B. as引导的非限制性定语从句，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开；但which所引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
(as指代整个句子，作主语，置于句首)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
(as 指代整个句子，作主语，置于句末)
Taiwan , as you know, is a part of China.
(as指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句中)
He has to work on Sunday, which he doesn’t like.
(which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面)
C. as引导非限制性定语从句，常带有“正如”，当从句为否定时不能用as引导
She failed the exam again, as was unexpected. ×
She failed the exam again, which was unexpected. √
D. as is often the case是常用说法，意为“像往常那样；正如经常发生的那样”，只能用as，不能用which
1. 【2010四川】After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling, ______turned out to be a wise decision.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
2. Eric received training in computer for one year, ______ he found a job in a big company.
A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this
3. You were very impolite to him, for ______ you should make an apology to him, I think.
A. this B. which C. what D. that
4. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
5. 【2009全国II】 My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
6. 【2012北京】When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
7. 【2012福建】The air quality in the city, ______ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
8. ______ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
A. As B. That C. It D. What
9. 【2013陕西】______ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
A. It B. That C. What D. As
10. The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as
I. 单句改错
1. 【2005安徽】Henry Royce did not like his car, that ran badly and often broke down.
2. 【2004重庆】I had to look up the same word many times, for which was quite troublesome.
3. Which is natural, he married Mary.
4. There is no simple answer, which is often the case in science.
5. 【2013海南/新课标II】Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
6. 【2010陕西】It turned out to be her own cup, that she’d left on the shelf by mistake.
II. 语法填空
7. 【2009福建】If possible（可能）, we may leave them alone for some time before reading again, ______ will help a great deal.
8. 【2010湖北】______ we have stressed many times, “serve the people” is our first policy.
9. 【2015江苏】The number of smokers, ______ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
10. 【2015福建】China Today attracts a worldwide readership, ______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
11. 【2016全国I】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit.
12. 【2017新课标I】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ____ is not good for the health.
13. 【2017新课标Ⅲ】But Sarah, ____ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
14. 【2017浙江】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ____ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted（生长）through it.
III. 写作技能提升
15. 我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。（find somebody doing, take… to, which）
16. 正如一句谚语所说，“All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy.”如果没有一个强壮的身体，一个人会一事无成。（saying, a sound body, achieve）
17. 正如图表所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。（as is shown in the chart, the air quality）
18. 在汉语演讲比赛中我获得了一等奖，这我做梦也没有想到。（win the first prize, Chinese speech competition, beyond one’s wildest dreams）
19. 在我国，许多学生上不起大学，李华就是这种情况，但这些人却花这么多钱买奢侈品。（can’t afford to attend a college, as is the case with, waste money on, luxury）
非限制性定语从句在写作中非常好用，可以把琐碎的要点连成一个高级的句子来。试翻译：
20. 我们的学校，位于内乡西北角，有34年历史。（be located in, have a history of）
21. 我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，他们把一切都奉献给了我们。（in one’s thirties, devote oneself to）
22. 我们学校的领导，都年轻有为，他们也都是教学方面的专家，还经常到外地学习先进的教学和管理经验。(young and successful in their careers, expert, advanced theories in teaching and management)
23. 我们学校有四千多学生，大多数都能用心学习。(the majority of, put one’s heart into)
24. 我为我们的学校而感到自豪。我相信，在这里，如果我们好好学习的话，一定会考上名牌大学。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to)
第8讲 同位语从句和定语从句
例题：
He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.
A. which B. that C. which or that
答案是B。那么A为什么不可以呢？
要弄明白这个问题，就要搞清楚定语从句和同位语从句的区别。同位语从句和定语从句很相似，但还是有区别的，区别主要在以下三方面：
A. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:
1 We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
2 Word came that he had been abroad.
据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）
3 Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们队赢了,这让我们很高兴。（定语从句）
B. 从性质上区别
定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用，功能上相当于形容词；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，是名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：
1 The news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
（同位语从句，说明news到底是一个什么消息）
2 The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
（定语从句, 指他告诉我的消息）
3 I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。
（同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容）
4 The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。
（定语从句, promise在从句中作pleased的主语）
C. 引导词上的区别
I 引导词that引导定语从句时，作从句的一个成分，有时可用which替换，作宾语时常常省略；而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替
判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。
1 The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令昨天收到了。
2 The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。
解析：①是同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that不作成分，不能换为which, 也不能省略。
②是定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以换为which，也可省略。
II how, whether, what虽不能引导定语从句，却可引导同位语从句；who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引导定语从句外，也可引导同位语从句（参看P. 92第1讲）
III 定语从句的引导词反映的是先行词的意思，而同位语从句的引导词在意思上和前面的词没有联系
1 The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.
2 The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.
在①中，that的意思是reason, 在定语从句中作give的宾语。在②句中，that只起连接作用，不含有the reason的意思。
IV 在定语从句中，关系副词可以换为“介词+关系代词”，而引导同位语从句的连接副词却不能换为“介词+连接代词”的形式
1 The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.
2 The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.
在上面的句①中，where可以换为in which；在句②中，where不能换为in which。
练习：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句
1 That question whether we need it has not been considered.
2 I have no idea what has happened to him.
3 He hasn’t answered the question how I should deal with it.
4 The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.
5 The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.
解析：①、②、③是同位语从句，它们是在说明前面词的内容, whether, what和how不能引导定语从句。
④是定语从句，where反映的是先行词的意思，可以换为in which。
⑤是同位语从句。从句是在说明decision的内容。when并没有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改为 at which time。
1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B. when C. what D. where
3. 【2006重庆】Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A. that B. what C. how D. why
5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
7. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
8. 【2004上海】A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
10. 【2009浙江】—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
12. 【2009重庆】We should consider the students’ request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
13. 【2016天津】The manager put forward a suggestion _____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
14. 【2019江苏】Scientists have obtained more evidence _____plastic is finding its way into the human body.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
I. 单句改错
1. 【2007天津】However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgment of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder.
2. 【2007全国II】My school is organizing a basketball team and there’ s just a chance which I can join it.
3. Finally, I want to express my hope which we can make full use of time.
4. I could hardly believe my ears when the news came I was admitted into a key university.
II. 语法填空
5. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on.
6. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents.
7. 【2009四川】News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
8. Word came______ the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway is currently under construction.
9. He held a belief ______ nobody could do anything to him.
10. 【2019全国I】While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence ______ they range all the way across the Arctic.
III. 写作技能提升
11. 我已经自己许下承诺，毕业前我再也不玩电脑了。（make a promise to, graduation）
12. 当你不久就将回国的消息传来，我们真的很难过。(sad, word came )
13. 有谚语说“熟能生巧”，因此如果你想学好英语，你必须在它上面多花费时间。（a saying goes that）
14. 我相信如果你尽力而为，有很大的可能性你最后会成功的。（a great chance）
第9讲 定语从句与易混句型
考点1. 定语从句与同位语从句（参看P.87第8讲）
考点2. 定语从句与独立主格结构（参看P. 69考点3）
考点3. 定语从句与强调句型（参看P.160考点3）
考点4. 定语从句与地点状语从句
1 Rice doesn’t grow well ______ there is not enough water. A. where B. in which
有的同学认为两个答案都对，解释说where可以换为in which。而正确答案只能是A，因为在这里where引导的是地点状语从句而不是定语从句。
在定语从句中关系副词where可以换为“介词＋关系代词”，而在状语从句中则不能这样换。
辨别方法：定语从句有先行词而状语从句没有先行词。
2 I still remember the farm ______ my parents worked ten years ago. A. where B. on which
本题A，B两个答案都行，因为本句where引导的是定语从句，先行词是the farm。
1. Go and get your coat. It’s ______ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
2. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark ______ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where
3. 【2006四川】—Mom, what did your doctor say
—He advised me to live ______ the air is fresher.
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
4. 【2006天津】If you are traveling ______ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
考点5. 定语从句与并列句
并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或分号连接，这时就不必再用关系词了；而定语从句中，关系词起着连接作用，不必要再用and, but，so等连词。
例：选用A. them B. they C. whom 填空
1 He has three daughters, none of ______ is an engineer.
2 He has three daughters, but none of _____ is a dancer.
3 He has three daughters; ______ are doctors.
（参看“两个主谓结构时”P.15考点5）
答案：① C ② A ③ B
5. 【2013浙江】The children, ______ had played the whole day long, were worn out.
A. all of what B. all of which
C. all of them D. all of whom
6. I have five friends, but none of ______ are businessmen.
A. that B. whom C. they D. them
7. I have five friends, ______ are businessmen.
A. that B. who C. they D. them
8. 【2012山东】Maria has written two novels, both of ______ have been made into television series.
A. them B. that C. which D. what
9. The young mother saw her baby fall to the ground, ______ brought her heart to her mouth.
A. it B. and that C. and which D. that
10. They believed that the spirits are with the body of the dead person for three days; ______ there is always someone to stay with the dead person.
A. during this time B. during which time
C. during which D. during when
I. 单句改错
1. An accident happened there where we had met yesterday.
2. He has many friends, most of them don’t work hard.
3. I will take you to a hot pot restaurant where we will have dinner with my classmates, some of them want to make friends with you.
II. 语法填空
4. The house stood ______ there had been a rock.
5. I have visited a lot of places, but none of ______ can match your city.
III. 写作技能提升
6. 她买了许多衣服，大多数都很贵。（most of）
7. 去年夏天，我们去了海南岛，我们一直都想去那里。（where）
8.
第10讲 定语从句的其他常见考点
考点1.
考点2. 分隔定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。如：
He was the only person in this country who was invited.
定语从句与先行词the only person之间插入了in this country。
1. 【2011上海】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which B. where C. when D. as
2. 【2011天津】The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
3. 【2012江苏】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
考点3. one of, the one of, the only one of
例题：选用is、are填空：
1 Tom is one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
2 Tom is the only/very one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
3 Tom is the one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
在①中，定语从句的先行词是the students, 这些学生都擅长踢足球，而Tom是他们中的一个, 因此who代指的是the students, 因此填are。
在②中，Tom就是那些学生中唯一擅长踢足球的那一个。擅长踢足球的只有一人，因此，who代指一个人，后面填is。此时，先行词是the one。此时，the one有两个定语，of the students和后面的定语从句。
第③句同第②句差不多。擅长踢足球的还是只有一人，因此，先行词是the one，要填is。
因此，我们可以发现这样的规律：
one of 后跟名词复数时, 后面定语从句的先行词是of后面的名词复数，从句谓语用复数；
the one of/ the only one of后跟名词复数时，定语从句的先行词是the one/the only one，从句谓语用单数。
4. 【1994上海】She is one of the few girls who ______ in the kindergarten.
A. is well paid B. are well paid
C. is paying well D. are paying well
5. It is one of the best books ______.
A. that have ever been written B. that has ever been written
C. which have been written D. which has been written
6. Jack was the one of my classmates who ______ invited to attend the contest.
A. had B. have C. was D. were
7. This is the very one of the most interesting films ______ shown last week.
A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were
8. 【2010全国Ⅱ】 Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ______ evening dress.
A. wear B. wears C. has worn D. have worn
考点4. is this school the one与is this the school
看下面两题：
① Is this school ______ we visited three years ago
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
② Is this the school ______ we visited three years ago
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
要简化难题，可把疑问句恢复成陈述句。在第一句中，恢复陈述句，is要放到school的后面。如果放到this的后面的话，就构成了this is school, 而school作为可数名词单数是不能单独使用的，前面要用冠词或物主代词或指示代词。（参看P. 207考点2） 答案：A D
9. Is this factory ______ some foreign friends visited last Friday
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
10. Is this the factory ______ he worked ten years ago
A. that B. where C. which D. how
考点5. 关系词的省略
A. 关系代词作宾语时的省略
当关系代词在限制性定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语，且关系代词不直接位于介词后面时，可省略。
Is there anything (that) you want 想要什么东西吗
Who is the man (that, who, whom) you were talking to
刚才和你讲话的人是谁
但是，如果是直接用于介词后作宾语或位于非限制性定语从句中，则不可省略。如：
This is the room in which I live.
这是我住的那间房间。
He met Mary at the party, whom he married a week later.
B. 关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中作实义 主语
用关系代词that, that可指人或物，且常省略。如：
The old man is not the man (that) he was.
这个老人已不是以前那个样子了。
The wisdom she gave me has helped shape the person I am today. 她给我的智慧把我塑造成现在的样子。
This is the fastest computer (that) there has ever been. 这是有史以来运算最快的计算机。
C. 关系副词when的省略
用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但若用于day, year, time, the moment等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：
That was the year (that) I first went abroad.
就是那一年我第一次出国了。
I’ll never forget the day (that) we met.
我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
Do you still remember the day (when) we first met
你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？
D. 关系副词where的省略
用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但若用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere等几个词后作关系副词时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：
This is the place (where) we met for the first time.
这是我们第一次见面的地方。
Do you have anywhere (that) I can lie down for an hour
你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？
E. 关系副词why的省略
关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：
That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came.
这就是他来的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。
I. 单句改错
1. He was the only one of the candidates who were able to carry out his promises.
2. She is one of the students who has passed the exam.
3. Is this school which he once studied
II. 语法填空
4. 【2014湖北】He’s the only student in the class that______ been selected to take part in the Model United Nations conference.
5. 【2013江苏】The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
III. 写作技能提升
6. 他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的学生。（the only one, win the first prize, in a row）
7. 我的家乡已不再是十年前的那个小村庄了，那时到处都是破旧房子，人们食不果腹。（my hometown, the little village, when, old houses, hardly feed themselves）
8. 她有