专项01　名词（含答案） 学案 2025年中考人教版英语语法专项复习

专项一　名　词
河北中考考情分析
　　分析河北近六年的中考真题可以看出,名词是河北中考的必考点,主要在单项选择、完形填空、词语运用中考查。单项选择和完形填空侧重考查名词词义辨析,而词语运用则侧重对名词单复数及所有格的考查。预计2025年河北中考会在完形填空和短文填空中对其进行考查。近六年考查频次及分值如下表:
考查点 年份 题号 考题设置 分值
名词词义辨析 2024 41 friends/parents/teachers/coaches 1分
47 ears/eyes/arms/hands 1分
48 cost/name/date/test 1分
2023 42 price/time/fun/level 1分
47 month/week/hour/minute 1分
50 advice/order/action/interest 1分
2022 48 cities/countries/towns/villages 1分
49 choices/reports/reasons/lessons 1分
2021 41 rules/excuses/facts/examples 1分
43 doctors/parents/teachers/students 1分
2020 35 book/menu/newspaper/magazine 1分
41 ways/reasons/habits/results 1分
43 jokes/sports/tasks/lessons 1分
49 worry/pity/surprise/pain 1分
2019 27 singers/dancers/painters/writers 1分
37 parent/teacher/inventor/engineer 1分
39 lights/projects/suggestions/inventions 1分
45 habit/story/interest/plan 1分
名词单复数 2024 72 school→schools 1分
76 child→children 1分
2023 76 color→colors 1分
2022 76 kind→kinds 1分
2021 77 match→matches 1分
2020 75 step→steps 1分
2019 78 note→notes 1分
用所给词的正确形式填空
(2024·河北)They study in different 　　　　(school).
(2024·河北)Several minutes later,many 　　　　(child) walked out in a line.
(2023·河北)Wow! I like those bright 　　　　(color)!
(2023·河北)She plants different 　　　　(kind) of beautiful flowers in her garden.
考点一　可数名词
可数名词的复数形式
(1)规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-s map→maps bag→bags book→books
以s、x、sh、ch等结尾的词 加-es bus→buses watch→watches wish→wishes box→boxes (特例:stomach→stomachs)
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es baby→babies city→cities
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词 加-s monkey→monkeys holiday→holidays
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词 表示无生命的词加-s photo→photos piano→pianos
表示有生命的词加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词 加-s zoo→zoos radio→radios kangaroo→ kangaroos video→videos
以f或fe结尾的词 大多数变f或fe为v,再加-es shelf→shelves thief→thieves knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolves
名词变复数时,变f/fe为v,再加-es的单词:
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,
妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),
架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命忙。
(2)不规则变化
类别 构成方法 例词
复合 名词 将主体名词变为复数 girl friend→girl friends boy student→boy students looker-on(旁观者)→lookers-on
man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,两部分都变为复数 man doctor→men doctors woman teacher→ women teachers
sport修饰名词时,无论主体名词是单数还是复数,sport通常用复数形式 a sports club sports shoes
特殊 名词 改变单数名词中的元音字母 foot→feet tooth→teeth man→men woman→women mouse→mice (特例:boot→boots)
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen(公牛) child→children
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheep deer→deer spacecraft→spacecraft
只有复数形式 trousers　glasses clothes　pants jeans　scissors
表示“某国人”的名词 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的man为men Englishman→Englishmen Frenchman→Frenchmen
词尾加-s German→Germans Roman→Romans American→Americans Canadian→Canadians
集体名词的数
(1)有些集体名词,如people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牛),以单数形式出现,但表示复数意义。这些名词不能用不定冠词或one修饰。作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
There are a lot of people in the park.公园里有很多人。
(2)有些集体名词,如class(班级),family(家庭),team(队,组)等,既可以表示单数意义,又可以表示复数意义。若把集体名词看作一个整体,表示单数意义,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;若强调集体中的各个成员,表示复数意义,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
My family is a happy one.我家是一个幸福的家庭。
My family are watching TV.我们全家正在看电视。
【注意】有些以-s结尾但仍为单数的名词,如maths、politics、physics等学科名词,news(不可数名词)和the United States等,及以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸名、杂志名等都视为单数。
Those you admire very much are called 　　　　(hero).
How many 　　　　(woman doctor)are there in the hospital
Most of the tourists on the coach are 　　　 　(German),and only two of them are 　　　　
(Japanese).
People had rebuilt the bridge many 　　 　　(time).But it was still washed away over and over again.
We needn’t buy any CDs for them.Most 　　　　(child) never listen to CDs.
考点二　不可数名词
中考常见的不可数名词
类别 例词
物质 名词 液体 orange橙汁　 milk牛奶　 water水 wine酒 juice果汁 tea茶 coffee咖啡 soup汤 oil油
食物 bread面包　 meat肉　 beef牛肉 cheese奶酪
自然 soil土壤　 sand沙子 　wood木头 fire火 rain雨 wind风 snow雪 ice冰
材料 paper纸　 plastic塑料　 silk丝绸 gold金子　 cotton棉花
抽象 名词 情感 joy高兴　　　　 sadness忧伤 friendship友情 peace和平
学科 maths数学　　 geography地理 physics物理 chemistry化学
其他 高频 词汇 advice建议　　 information信息 news消息 time时间 fun乐趣 health健康 money金钱 knowledge知识 wealth财富 music音乐 success成功 housework家务 work工作 interest兴趣 weather天气 progress进步
不可数名词量化的表示
a bottle of一瓶　 a piece of一片/张
a cup of一杯　　 a pair of一副/双
【注意】短语“数词+pair/piece(s) of+复数名词/不可数名词”作主语时,中心词是pair/piece,由其单复数决定谓语动词用单数还是复数。
【拓展】有些名词既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词,但意思不同。
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 orange 橙子 橙汁
experience 经历 经验 paper 试卷; 论文 纸
interest 业余爱好 利息 radio 收音机 无线电广播
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 room 房间 空间
iron 熨斗 铁 time 次数, 倍数 时间
beauty 美人 美 wood 树林 木材
fish 鱼(的种类) 鱼肉 hair (几根)头发 头发(整体)
常见的名词修饰词
你好,露西,关于如何提高我的英语请给我一些建议。
Hello,Lucy,please give me 　　　　 　　　　on how to improve my English.
他们渴了。你能给他们几瓶水吗
They are thirsty.Will you please give them 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　
——蒂娜,你早餐经常吃什么
——我通常吃两片面包,喝些牛奶。
—Tina,what do you often have for breakfast
—I usually eat 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　and drink some milk.
当春天来了,杭州总是有很多雨。
When spring comes,there is always 　　　　 　　　　in Hangzhou.
考点三　名词所有格
名词所有格的定义和形式
名词所有格用于表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种形式:一种是词尾加-’s;另一种是介词of后加名词。
名词所有格的构成规则
规则 示例
-’s 所 有 格 表示有生命的名词的所有格一般在其词尾加-’s,以-s或-es结尾的名词只加-’ my cousin’s clothes我表弟的衣服 students’ books学生们的书
表示时间、距离、度量衡、价值、自然现象、国家、城镇等无生命事物的名词,也可以加-’s或者-’构成所有格 today’s newspaper今天的报纸 two hours’ ride两个小时的车程
-’s 所 有 格 两人或多人共有某物时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s;如果该物为各自所有,则各个名词后都要加-’s Lucy and Lily’s bedroom露西和莉莉(共同)的房间 Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms露西和莉莉(各自)的房间
为了避免重复,可单独使用-’s所有格,其作用在句中相当于名词 Whose pen is this Is it Tony’s 这是谁的钢笔 它是托尼的吗
of所 有格 表示无生命东西的所有关系,of所有格由“of+名词/代词”构成 We’ll meet at the gate of the school.我们将在学校门口见面。
双重 所有 格 双重所有格的构成有两种形式:一种是“of+-’s所有格”,另一种是“of+名词性物主代词” a picture of Lily’s莉莉的一张照片 a friend of hers她的一个朋友
More than 60 percent of Chinese teenagers don’t get eight 　　 　(hour) sleep a day and homework is thought to be the key reason.
—Who is the girl singing now I seem to have seen her before.
—She is a friend of 　　　　(I).
Tom has tried every possible way to solve the problem because he doesn’t want to receive anybody
　　　　(else) help.
Where did you go on 　　　　(child) Day
这间卧室是我的。那间卧室是吉姆和汤姆的。
This bedroom is mine.That bedroom is 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.
考点四　名词词义辨析
　　常见的易混名词辨析:
family、house与home
family 指“家,家庭,家人”,不指住房
home 作“家”讲,指人们较长时间生活居住的地方,有家庭的环境和气氛
house 有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点
job与work
job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作
work 不可数名词,指工作、劳动
problem与question
problem 与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、数学问题,这种问题是有待解决的,与之搭配的动词是solve
question 与“疑问、质问、询问”相联系,这种问题是有待回答的,常与动词answer、ask连用
voice、noise与sound
voice 嗓音
noise 吵闹声,指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声
sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音
选词填空
Tom regards Nanjing as his second 　　　　(family;house;home) because he has been here for over ten years.
Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it’s an interesting 　　　　(work;job).
The 　　　　was that he gave me no chance to answer his 　　　　.(question;problem)
At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the 　　　　(voice;noise;sound)of the running water.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ⅰ.从方框中选择合适的单词并用其适当形式填空
price,high,advantage,inspire,rubbish
—Dorando is about 1.99 metres tall.He can touch something high up easily.
—Yes,that’s true.His 　　　　gives him a clear advantage.
Is the world in danger of producing too much 　　　　that can’t be recycled
The 　　　　of most new drugs(药品) will be cut down by 61.7% so that more people can afford them.
They are breaking the law in order to obtain a(n) 　　　　over their competitors.
—After listening to Musk’s speech,I make up my mind to invent something to change the world.
—Yeah!He is really a(n) 　　　　to us all.
Ⅱ.用所给词的正确形式填空
There are some 　　　　(cup) of tea on the table.
Everyone was touched by that great erhu 　　　　(master) performance.
Tourists can see many western-style 　　　　(build) in Shanghai Disneyland.
Two Chinese 　　　　(woman) have been to space so far.They’re Liu Yang and Wang Yaping.
Alisa will pick strawberries and 　　　　(tomato) with her father tomorrow.
Working as a team means celebrating 　　　　(victory) and facing losses together.
I spent one 　　　　(night) time making a video to take part in Tell China’s Stories competition.
This year, the family went camping on 　　　　(children) Day.
It’s less than three 　　　　(hour) flight from Xi’an to Lhasa.
Even the bottom was full of rubbish and there were no more fish for 　　　　(fisherman) to catch.
Ⅲ.短文填空
　　As a kind of traditional Chinese dress,mamianqun(horse face skirt) first appeared in the Song Dynasty and grew popular during the Ming Dynasty.The two 1.(side) of mamianqun are pleated(起褶的),and there is a smooth part in the middle,commonly known as “mamian”.
Why is it called “mamian” In fact,“mamian” is a kind of structure used for 2.(protect) in the city wall system.However,all the 3.(book) about mamianqun only show that the smooth surface without pleats in the middle is called “mamian”.But there is no further explanation of how mamianqun got its name.
Mamianqun is colorful,mostly red and blue.Red means good luck and joy.According to Han customs,4.(woman) usually wore red skirts during celebrations of festivals.In the Qing Dynasty,blue was also common and popular,paired with black and yellow.
Mamianqun has different kinds of patterns with different5.(mean).For example,dragon and phoenix(凤凰) 6.(pattern) show the love between a man and a woman or a beautiful marriage.Peony(牡丹) is a symbol of wealth and honor.
Recently,mamianqun has become a popular form of skirt for hanfu fans.More and more modern fashion7.(design) find ideas from mamianqun.For example,some get 8.(idea) from the patterns.Some combine the styles of mamianqun with T-shirts or blouses,which are more suitable for everyday wear.Even western fashion has been influenced by mamianqun for many years.
【详解答案】
河北中考·真题体验
1.schools　2.children　3.colors
4.kinds
语法专项·考点过关
专项精讲
考点一:
针对训练
1.heroes　2.women doctors
3.Germans;Japanese　4.times
5.children
考点二:
针对训练
1.some advice　2.some bottles of water
3.two pieces of bread　4.much rain
考点三:
针对训练
1.hours’　2.mine　3.else’s
4.Children’s　5.Jim and Tom’s
考点四:
针对训练
1.home　2.job　3.problem;question　4.sound
专项精练
Ⅰ.1.height　2.rubbish　3.price
4.advantage　5.inspiration
Ⅱ.1.cups　2.master’s　3.buildings
4.women　5.tomatoes　6.victories
7.night’s　8.Children’s　9.hours’
10.fishermen
Ⅲ.1.sides　2.protection　3.books
4.women　5.meanings　6.patterns
7.designers　8.ideas