专项05　介词和介词短语 学案 （含答案） 2025年中考人教版英语语法专项复习

专项五　介词和介词短语
河北中考考情分析
　　分析河北近六年的中考真题可以看出,介词是河北中考的必考点,主要考查介词(短语)辨析和固定搭配。设题形式多为单项选择、词语运用以及完形填空等。预计2025年河北中考中的完形填空和短文填空可能会涉及介词短语和固定搭配的考查。近六年考查频次及分值如下表:
考查点 年份 题号 考题设置 分值
介词(短语) 辨析 2024 31 by/in/for/to 1分
2023 31 in/of/for/with 1分
2024 32 at/in/of/by 1分
47 because of/opposite to/according to/instead of 1分
2023 31 in/on/with/for 1分
47 about/from/except/without 1分
2023 31 at/to/on/off 1分
76 from 1分
2024 28 for/in/with/by 1分
41 with/about/into/from 1分
固定搭配 2024 74 wait for 1分
2023 79 learn from 1分
2024 75 say hello to sb. 1分
2023 72 look after 1分
2024 80 think of 1分
Ⅰ.单项选择
(2024·河北)Hurry up,Nancy!The meeting will start 　　　　ten minutes.
A.by B.in C.for D.to
(2023·河北)Many thanks 　　　　your gift. I love it.
A.in B.of C.for D.with
(2024·河北)Look! The fish is swimming fast 　　　　the river.
A.at B.in
C.of D.by
(2023·河北)I eat rice 　　　　beef and potatoes. It’s delicious.
A.in B.on C.with D.for
(2023·河北)When are you arriving I’ll pick you up 　　　　the station.
A.at B.to C.on D.off
(2024·河北)This story is 　　　　simple English. My little sister can read it.
A.for B.in C.with D.by
Ⅱ.用适当的介词填空
(2024·河北)Lin Ming stood at the school gate and waited 　　　　his sister.
(2023·河北)Also, he shows us how to learn 　　　　our mistakes.
(2024·河北)She often says hello 　　　　me from her front garden when I come back home.
(2023·河北)I have two little brothers. They’re very lovely. I often help my parents look 　　　　
them in my spare time.
(2023·河北)When everything was ready, Dad came back home 　　　　his office.
(2024·河北)I always look at the album when I think 　　　　David. I really miss him.
考点一　时间介词
词条 用法 示例
in+ 时间段 (1)较长的时间段(如世纪、年代、年、月、季节) (2)较短的时间段(泛指上午、下午、傍晚、白天等) (3)固定短语中 in the 21st century 在21世纪 in July在七月 in Spring在春天 in the morning/after-noon/evening在上午/ 下午/晚上 in the end最后 in class在课堂上
on+具 体一天 (1)日期(几月几日) (2)星期、节日 (3)特指某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on September 1st 在9月1日 on Monday/weekdays在周一/周末 on National Day 在国庆节 on Saturday morning在周六上午
at+ 时间点 (1)具体时间点前 (2)固定短语中 at one o’clock在1点 at noon在中午 at the age of six在六岁时
during 在……期间 during the summer holiday在暑假期间 during those 20 days在那20天里
before 在……之前 I must finish all the work before ten o’clock.我必须在10点前完成所有的工作。
after (在…… 后) 后接时间点,常用于将来时 I will go to school after seven o’clock.我将在7点之后去上学。
后接以过去为起点的时间段,多用于过去时 Uncle Tom finished school after three years.汤姆叔叔三年后毕业了。
by (到…… 为止) by+时间点(表示过去,常用于过去完成时) By 2024,I had worked there for ten years.到2024年为止,我已经在那里工作10年了。
by+时间点(表示将来,常用于将来完成时) By the end of this term,I will have learned 1,000 English words.到这个学期结束时,我将学完1 000个英语单词。
until/till (直 到……) 表示动作持续到某一时间点 We must work here until 10 o’clock.我们必须在这儿工作到10点钟。
用适当的介词填空
The astronauts of Shenzhou-15 completed the third spacewalk 　　　　March 30,2023.
My sister is clever and she could read and write 　　　　the age of 4.
　　　　 the morning of April 2,the 2023 Xiangjiang Marathon Zhuzhou Station fired a starting gun at Wanfeng Lake and the race began.
—What time does our school library open
—It opens 　　　　8:30 a.m.
　　　　 spring,the days are often windy and bright.It’s a perfect time to fly a kite.
考点二　方位介词
in、on、at、by和along的用法
介词 用法 示例
in 表示“在……里”;表示“在……上”时,暗示占去了某物的一部分;表示地点时,多指较大的地方 He lives in Shanghai.他住在上海。
on 意为“在……之上”,表示与物体的表面有接触 The English book is on the desk.英语书在桌子上。
at 表示地点时,多指较小的地方或某一地点的具体位置 We live at No.87 Beijing Road.我们住在北京路87号。
by 表示“靠近……,在……旁边” The telephone is by the window.电话在窗户旁边。
along 表示“沿着;靠着……边” They walked slowly along the road.他们沿公路慢慢走。
above、over、under和below的用法
介词 用法 示例
above 和 below 指离开物体表面而在其上方,但不一定是正上方,above和below是反义词 The bird is flying above my head.那只鸟在我头顶上飞。 I could hear voices in the courtyard below my window.我能听到窗户下面的院子里说话的声音。
over 和 under 指正上方,与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。over与under相对。over还可表示一物被另一物覆盖 The bridge over the river has a long history.河上的这座桥历史悠久。 Write your name under your picture.在你的照片下面写上名字。
across、through和past的用法
介词 用法 示例
across 表示从表面通过,动作是在某一物体的表面进行的 Tom is swimming across the river.汤姆正游过那条河。
through 表示从某一空间内穿过,强调动作在某一物体的内部进行 She smiled at him as he walked through the door.他从门口进来时,她朝他笑了笑。
past 强调从某一物体的一旁经过 She waved as she drove past.她开车经过的时候挥了挥手。
between和among的用法
介词 用法 示例
between 用于两者之间或者多者以上的两两之间,常用于结构 “between...and...” I sat down between Sarah and Jane.我坐在萨拉和简之间。
among 用于三者或三者以上之间 She was the eldest among them.她是他们当中年纪最大的。
Ⅰ.用适当的介词填空
Vincent sometimes sits 　　　　the river and listens to music.
Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge 　　　　the sea helps people travel conveniently.
He has developed a good habit of running 　　　　the lake every morning.
Shirley is still waiting for her flight to New York City 　　　　the airport.
—Excuse me,Mr.Li,where is the Diaoyu Island 　
—Let me show you 　　　　the map.It’s 　　　　the east of China.
Ⅱ.从方框中选择合适的介词填空(每词限用一次)
among,in,on,below,above,across
A little girl is walking 　　　　the road.
He spent a few days 　　　　a hotel.
A recent study in Australia shows that parents are 　　　　the top five world’s hardest jobs.
The temperature in Heilongjiang can reach 　　　　35 degrees in summer and 　　　　minus 30 degrees in winter.
You must be careful when you swim 　　　　the lake.
考点三　方式介词
介词 用法 示例
with 后跟具体的工具,与后面的名词或代词构成介词短语,指“借助于;用” I often do my homework with a pen.我经常用钢笔写家庭作业。
in 后跟表示语言、墨水、颜色、颜料等的名词,名词前不加冠词 Can you say it in English 你能用英语说它吗 Please write it in ink.请用墨水写下它。
by 表示用某种方式或手段,名词前不加冠词 This pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工制作的。
on 表示借助、通过某一器械、机器,名词前一般加冠词the I could do all my work on the computer.我能在电脑上完成所有的工作。
【注意】by、in与on表示交通方式的区别
　　用by时,交通工具前不加任何限定词;用on或in时,交通工具前加限定词。如:
by bike=on a bike;by car=in a car
用适当的介词填空
Do you learn English grammar 　　　　taking notes and doing exercises
—Excuse me.How does the machine work
—It runs 　　　　electricity.
—Look,Peter is writing 　　　　his left hand.
—Wow,cool!
Students here often do physics experiments 　　　　small groups.
考点四　介词短语及固定搭配
介词与名词的常用搭配
in+名词 in English用英语 in surprise惊奇地 in danger处于危险中 in public公开 in bed躺在床上 in order有序的
at+名词 at night在夜晚 at present目前 at school在学校 at work在工作
on+名词 on show在展出 on duty值日,值班 n vacation在度假 on fire着火
of+名词 of importance重要 of value有价值
under+名词 under control在控制中
to+名词 to one’s surprise令某人惊奇的是
by+名词 by hand手工 by bike骑自行车
with+名词 with pleasure愉快地
out of+名词 out of sight看不见 out of danger脱离危险
名词+介词 the answer to... ……的答案 the key to... ……的钥匙
介词与动词的常用搭配
动词+in fill in填入　hand in上交
动词+on put on穿上　get on上车
动词+at laugh at嘲笑 shout at冲……大叫 look at看　knock at敲
动词+to listen to听　get to到达 write to给……写信
动词+of hear of听说　think of认为
动词+for look for寻找　ask for询问 leave for前往
动词+off get off下车　put off推迟
动词+about talk about谈论　worry about担忧
动词+from learn from向……学习 hear from收到……的来信
动词+with talk with和……谈话 deal with处理
动词+after look after照顾
介词与形容词的常用搭配
形容词+in be interested in对……感兴趣 be poor in缺乏
形容词+at be good at擅长
形容词+of be afraid of害怕 be full of充满 be proud of为……感到骄傲
形容词+to be similar to与……相似 be close to与……接近
形容词+from be different from与……不同 be free from免于
形容词+about be worried about对……感到担心
形容词+with be strict with对……严格 be busy with忙于
形容词+for be famous for因……而著名 be good for对……有好处
用适当的介词填空
Thanks 　　　　free education,lots of poor children in the mountain areas can go back to school.
Healthy eating together regular exercise is the best way to keep fit.
Many wild animals are 　　　　danger and it’s time for us to do whatever we can to protect them.
Every job has an influence 　　　　the future of the world.
—I think washing hands every day is good 　　　　our health.
—Yes,I agree 　　　　you.
Ⅰ.根据句意,用适当的介词填空
—A model plane is 　　　　the tree. Let’s get it down.
—Look! The apples 　　　　the tree are really red.
Maria went skating with her friends in the park 　　　　a sunny morning.
—Why are you so excited
—All of us take pride 　　　　the successful coming back of the spacecraft.
There is a low brick wall 　　　　the garden and the field.
My classmates like to read English novels 　　　　their free time.
　　　　 his opinion, learning to cook is a meaningful thing.
Lily is an outgoing girl. You can always see a beautiful smile 　　　　her face.
I often buy school things 　　　　my way home.
The man 　　　　blue is my uncle.
The local community center is open 　　　　Monday to Saturday.
Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成句子
我真的什么都看不见。他的头挡住了我的视线。　
I really can’t see anything.His head is 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　of my view.
世界上许多野生动物因为人类的行为而处于危险之中。
Many wild animals in the world are 　　　　 　　　　because of human activities.
妈妈,我今晚可以晚睡吗 毕竟,我明天不必去上学。
Mom,can I stay up late tonight 　　　　 　　　　,I needn’t go to school tomorrow.
多亏了我们的英语老师,我们班所有的学生在考试中都取得了好成绩。
　　　　 　　　　our English teacher,all the students in our class got good grades in the exam.
你应该自己完成这项作业。
You should finish the homework 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.
Ⅲ.根据短文内容,用适当的介词填空
　　A video series named Escape from the British Museum was released(发布) last year.It has caused a heated discussion 1.China’s social media recently.Directed by two Chinese vloggers,the three-episode series tells the story of how a Chinese cultural relic(遗迹) escapes 2. the British Museum and finds its way back to China.
In the video series,the female vlogger plays the role 3. an ancient Chinese jade teapot(玉茶壶),while her male partner is a journalist who helps the teapot return to China.The video series was inspired 4. a netizen who suggested making a video in memory of the ordeal(严峻的考验) of Chinese cultural relics returning home from the UK to celebrate the Chinese lunar New Year.The story was based 5. historic facts and aims to draw attention to the Chinese cultural relics held abroad.Some netizens humorously remarked(评论) the story that the treasures 6. the British Museum must be feeling “homesick”.What an educational and creative story!
It is believed that more great micro-dramas like Escape from the British Museum are worth looking forward 7. and they will become better and better.
【详解答案】
河北中考·真题体验
Ⅰ.1.B　解析:句意:快点,Nancy!会议十分钟后开始。by“到……为止”;in“在(某段时间)后”;for其后加一段时间;to“到”。根据“The meeting will start...ten minutes.”可知,此处应用“in+一段时间”表示将来。故选B。
2.C　解析:句意:非常感谢你的礼物。我喜欢它。many thanks for sth.表示“对某事非常感谢”,为固定短语。故选C。
3.B　解析:句意:看!那条鱼在河里游得很快。根据常识可知,鱼在河里游。故选B。
4.C　解析:句意:我吃米饭时和牛肉土豆一起吃。这样吃很好吃。根据语境可知,此处指的是“吃饭时连同牛肉土豆一起吃”,应用介词with。故选C。
5.A　解析:句意:你什么时候到 我将在车站接你。station“车站”,是小地点,表示“在车站”,其前用at。故选A。
6.B　解析:句意:这个故事是用简单的英语写的。我妹妹能读它。根据“My little sister can read it.”可知,故事是用简单的英语写的。in“用”,指用某种语言;with“用”,指用某种工具。故选B。
Ⅱ.1.for　2.from　3.to　4.after
5.from　6.of
语法专项·考点过关
专项精讲
考点一:
针对训练
1.on　2.at　3.On　4.at　5.In
考点二:
针对训练
Ⅰ.1.by　2.over　3.along　4.at
5.on;in
Ⅱ.1.on　2.in　3.among
4.above;below　5.across
考点三:
针对训练
1.by　2.on　3.with　4.in
考点四:
针对训练
1.to　2.with　3.in　4.on　5.for;with
专项精练
Ⅰ.1.in; on　2.on　3.in　4.between　5.in　6.In　7.on　8.on　9.in　10.from
Ⅱ.1.in the way　2.in danger
3.After all　4.Thanks to
5.on your own
Ⅲ.1.on　2.from　3.of　4.by　5.on　6.in　7.to