专项14　构词法 学案（含答案）2025年中考人教版英语语法专项复习

专项十四　构词法
河北中考考情分析
　　构词法这一部分虽然在河北中考中不是直接的考点,但是在完形填空、词语运用等试题中也会经常出现。在平时学习时应了解常见的构词法,注意积累同根词之间词性和意义的区别及识记常见的一些词加前缀和后缀之后的词性变化及含义。近六年的考查频次及分值如下表:
考查点 年份 题号 考题设置 分值
前缀、后缀; 合成;转化 2024 73 词语运用 1分
2024 72 词语运用 1分
2023 71 词语运用 1分
2023 73 词语运用 1分
2024 74/79 词语运用 1分
用所给词的正确形式填空
(2024·河北)Some boys and girls were playing 　　　　(happy) on the playground.
(2024·河北)She is a warm and 　　　　(friend) person.
(2023·河北)They’re very 　　　　(love).
(2024·河北)We had a 　　　　(wonder) time.
(2024·河北)I was 　　　　(deep) moved.
考点　构词法
一、合成法
类型 示例
复合 名词 bedroom卧室,newspaper报纸,breakfast早餐,blackboard黑板,grandfather(外)祖父,playground操场,bathroom浴室,typewriter打字机,overcoat大衣,afternoon下午,handwriting书法,story-telling讲故事,daybreak破晓,sunrise日出,outbreak爆发,downpour倾盆大雨
复合 形容词 worldwide全世界的,homesick想家的,handmade手工制作的,kind-hearted热心肠的,easy-going随和的,good-looking好看的,hard-working勤勉的,well-known著名的,newly-built新建的
复合 动词 overcome克服,underline画线,oversleep睡过头,sleepwalk梦游
复合 副词 upstairs在楼上,indoors在室内,outdoors在室外,however无论如何
复合 代词 anything任何事物,everybody每个人
二、派生法
常考前缀
(1)表示否定
前缀 意义 示例
un- 不; 非 unlucky不幸运的,unhappy不高兴的,unnecessary不必要的,unusual不同寻常的,unimportant不重要的,unhappily不高兴地,unfortunately不幸地
im- impossible不可能的,impolite不礼貌的,impatient没有耐心的
in- incorrect不正确的,informal非正式的,independent独立的
ir- irregular不规则的,irresponsible不负责任的
il- illegal非法的
non- non-stop不停的;直达的, non-smoker不吸烟者
dis- 相反 disappear消失,dislike不喜欢,disagree不同意,dishonest不诚实的, disagreement分歧
mis- 错误 misfortune不幸,misunderstand误解,misspell拼错
(2)表示程度或大小
前缀 意义 示例
super- 超级 supermarket超市,superpower超级大国,superman超人
mini- 小的; 短的 minibus 小型公共汽车,miniskirt 超短裙
(3)其他前缀
前缀 意义 示例
a- 处于……状态或过程中 asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,alive活着的,aside在旁边
anti- 反对 antiwar反战争的
auto- 自动的 automobile汽车
en- 使…… enlarge使变大,enrich使富有
fore- 在……之前 forehead前额,foretell预言
inter- 之间的 international国际的, Internet互联网
kilo- 千 kilometer千米, kilogram千克
mid- 在中间 midnight半夜,midair半空中
pre- 在……之前 preview预演,prepay预付
re- 重新,再次 retell复述,review复习,rewrite重写,rebuild重建
tele- 远程的 telephone电话, telegram电报
vice- 副的 vice-president副总统, vice-chairman副主席
常考后缀
(1)名词后缀
后缀 意义 示例
-er 从事某种 职业的人 player运动员,teacher教师,driver司机,worker 工人
-or actor演员,director导演,inventor发明家
-ess 指女性 actress女演员,hostess女主人
-ese 指民族、 语言 Chinese中国人,汉语;Japanese日本人,日语
-ian 指人 Australian澳大利亚人,Italian意大利人,Indian印度人
-ist 指人 artist艺术家,pianist钢琴家,novelist小说家,scientist科学家,physicist物理学家
-ment ……的行 为(或结果) movement运动,agreement同意,announcement通告
-ion 状态、行 为、机构等 action行动,invention发明,pollution污染
-ation invitation 邀请,operation手术,foundation基金会,organization 组织
-ship 情况、 状态等 friendship友谊,leadership领导,relationship关系
-hood 状态、 性质等 childhood童年,幼年; neighborhood街区,所在地
-ing 活动、状态 feeling感觉,dancing舞蹈,meeting会议
-ness 状态、 特点等 happiness幸福,darkness黑暗,illness疾病
-ance 性质、 状况等 performance表演, appearance出现
-dom 领域、 状况等 freedom自由,wisdom智慧,kingdom王国
-al 过程、 状态等 arrival 到达,refusal 拒绝
(2)形容词后缀
后缀 意义 示例
-ful 充满……的 useful有用的,careful仔细的,helpful有帮助的
-less 没有,无 careless粗心的, meaningless无意义的, harmless无害的
-ly 具有…… 性质;每隔 ……时间 lovely可爱的,friendly友好的,monthly每月的,weekly每周的
-y 有…… 特性的 healthy健康的,noisy吵闹的,rainy多雨的,lucky幸运的,thirsty渴的,sleepy困倦的,cloudy多云的,windy有风的
-ish 稍有……的; 有……性质的 foolish愚蠢的,childish孩子气的
-able 能……的; 具有…… 性质的　 comfortable 舒适的, enjoyable愉快的, changeable易变的
-ible horrible可怕的,terrible糟糕的
-ed 状况、 心情等 interested感兴趣的,excited感到兴奋的,surprised感到惊讶的,tired 疲倦的,pleased高兴的
-ing 描述事物本 身所具有的 属性特征 interesting有趣的,exciting令人兴奋的,moving动人的
-al 与……有关的 natural自然的,personal个人的,musical音乐的
-ic ……的 electric电的,scientific科学的,plastic塑料的
-ical medical医学的,chemical 化学的,historical历史的
-en 表示材料 wooden木制的,golden金的,woolen羊毛的
-ern 表示方位 eastern东方的,southern南方的,western西方的
-ous 表示特点 famous著名的,dangerous危险的
-ive
active积极的,expensive昂贵的,attractive吸引人的
(3)副词后缀
后缀 意义 示例
-ly 以……方式 happily高兴地,quickly迅速地,freely自由地,politely有礼貌地
-ward(s) 表示 方向 northward(s)向北, downward(s)向下, forward(s)向前
三、转化法
词类转化 示例
名词转化为动词 water n.水→v.浇水 show n.演出,节目→v.给……看;展示 hand n.手→v.传递 color n.颜色→v.染色 book n.书→v.预订
动词转化为名词 walk v.散步;走→n.散步(take a walk) look v.看→n.看(have a look) stop v.停止→n.车站(bus stop) talk v.谈论→n.谈话(have a talk)
形容词转化为名词 daily adj.日常的→n.日报 final adj.最后(终)的→n.决赛
形容词转化为动词 slow adj.慢的→v.放慢 free adj.空闲的→v.释放 clean adj.干净的→v.清扫 dry adj.干燥的→v.把……弄干
副词转化为动词 down adv.向下→v.使倒下,击倒
My teacher always offers us help 　　　　(patient).
Three Chinese astronauts on the Shenzhou-15 manned spaceship returned to earth (safe) on June 4,2023.
Deng Yaping is my hero because she’s one of the best table tennis 　　　　(play) in the world,and I love playing table tennis.
China plans to pay more attention to scientific 　　　　(educate) in its primary and middle schools.
Our teacher often advises us not to play on the street because it’s too 　　　　(danger).
Every year many 　　　　(music) come to Vienna to study and work.
—What did you do in class this morning,Sally
—We had a 　　　　(discuss) about Chinese culture.
The players all have 　　　　(confident) in their coach.
World Health Day is used to highlight(强调) the 　　　　(important) of personal health.
It’s very kind of you to help me with my English with great 　　　　(patient).
Although Han Li often gets good marks in maths exams,she isn’t good at Chinese.It is 　　　　
(possible) for her to be a writer in the future.
It’s hard for kangaroos to walk backwards because of the 　　　　(usual) shape of their legs.
If you do something 　　　　(mean),you will have a bunch of reasons to go through the day full of energy.
To our 　　　　(excite),our school team won the basketball match again this time!
My sister has been 　　　　(depend) since she entered the university.She has made all the important decisions by herself.
The sudden 　　　　(appear) of a security guard caused them to drop the money and run away.
I eat fruit and drink milk every day to keep 　　　　(health).
The 　　　　(invent) of the smartphone has already changed the world in many ways.
My trip to the countryside was so 　　　　(enjoy) that I would remember it forever.
We are not sure what caused the young girl’s 　　　　(sad).
Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
Harbin was 　　　　(friend) to the visitors from the south and kindly called them “nanfang xiaotudou” or “southern spuds” last winter.
The secret to getting on well with others is to express your feelings 　　　　(clear).
Kunming is very beautiful.Many 　　　　(tour) visit it every year.
The Silk Road allowed the sharing of 　　　　(value) goods and new ideas.
—Our neighbour next door is putting something on the wall.
—It’s 　　　　(possible) to sleep with all that noise.
I asked him to help me but he 　　　　(agree).　
Poor little girl!It is 　　　　(fair) for her to suffer so much.Let’s give her a hand.
If we don’t take action to protect the forests,they will soon 　　　　(appear).
Mozart was a famous 　　　　(music) in the world.
Li Jun was 　　　　(lucky) because his car broke down yesterday.
You should take an active part in the (discuss).
As we all know,(dependent) thinking is really important to students.
Most 　　　　(west) people like eating fast food.
It was 　　　　(sun) yesterday,but there is much rain today.
When you make a 　　　　(decide),you must be careful.
I have got a headache,so I feel 　　　　(comfortable) now.
His 　　　　(ill) was more serious than the doctor thought.
It’s very 　　　　(danger) to play soccer on the street.
I can’t understand the 　　　　(mean) of all the new words.
We were touched by the 　　　　(warm) of the welcome.
Ⅱ.短文填空
I still remember my middle school life in Tianjin 1.　　　　(clear). I was then in a school for students from Xizang. We 2.　　　　(meet) lots of problems in our daily lives, 3.　　　　 we all left home at an early age. We had to do the washing, cleaning and shopping 4.　　　　 ourselves. However, we never felt lonely or 5.　　　　(help). We enjoyed 6.　　　　(we) happy lives.
　　At 7.　　　　(weekend), we would play basketball, swim in the pool or go for 8.　　　　 picnic. We were 9.　　　 　(live) in a big family. We treated each other as brothers or sisters. If anyone
10.　　　　(have) difficulty in his or her life and study, the others would help him or her out. It has been five years since we graduated, but those memories are as sweet as ever before.
【详解答案】
河北中考·真题体验
1.happily　2.friendly　3.lovely
4.wonderful　5.deeply
语法专项·考点过关
专项精讲
针对训练
1.patiently　2.safely　3.players
4.education　5.dangerous　6.musicians
7.discussion　8.confidence
9.importance　10.patience
11.impossible　12.unusual
13.meaningful　14.excitement
15.independent　16.appearance
17.healthy　18.invention　19.enjoyable
20.sadness
专项精练
Ⅰ.1.friendly　2.clearly　3.tourists
4.valuable　5.impossible　6.disagreed　7.unfair　8.disappear　9.musician
10.unlucky　11.discussion
12.independent　13.Western　14.sunny
15.decision　16.uncomfortable
17.illness　18.dangerous　19.meanings
20.warmth
Ⅱ.1.clearly　2.met　3.as　4.by
5.helpless　6.our　7.weekends　8.a　9.living　10.had