新概念第三册
Lesson 1 A Puma at large
单词精讲
puma n.美洲狮
【释义】:一种大型猫科动物,体型似猫而远大于猫,具有很强的捕猎能力,生活在美洲地区的山林等地带。
【词源】:源自南美洲印第安人的克丘亚语“puma”。
【短语】:puma cub(美洲狮幼崽);puma population(美洲狮种群)。
【例句】:The puma is a very powerful predator in the American wild.(美洲狮是美洲荒野中非常强大的掠食者。)
spot v. 看出,发现
【释义】:注意到、察觉到某个事物或情况,尤其是在众多事物中或者不容易被发现的情况下。
【词源】:源自古英语“spot”,最初表示斑点,后来引申为看到像斑点一样的东西,即发现。
【短语】:spot the difference(发现差异);spot a mistake(发现一个错误)。
【例句】:I finally spotted my friend in the crowded market.(我终于在拥挤的市场中发现了我的朋友。)
evidence n. 证据
【释义】:用来证明某事是否真实、存在或发生的事实、信息、材料等。
【词源】:源自中古法语“évidence”,再往前可追溯到拉丁语“evidentia”,表示明显性、清晰性,与用来使事情变得明显的证据相关。
【短语】:evidence for(...的证据);give evidence(作证);scientific evidence(科学证据)。
【例句】:There is not enough evidence to prove his guilt.(没有足够的证据证明他有罪。)
accumulate v. 积累,积聚
【释义】:逐渐地、持续地收集或聚集某物,使数量不断增加。
【词源】:源自拉丁语“accumulare”,由“ad -”(表示增加、加强)和“cumulare”(堆积)组成,意思是堆积起来、增加。
【短语】:accumulate wealth(积累财富);accumulate experience(积累经验)。
【例句】:He has accumulated a large collection of stamps over the years.(多年来他积累了大量的邮票藏品。)
oblige v. 使……感到必须
【释义】:使某人觉得有责任、义务去做某事,或者因形势所迫而不得不做某事。
【词源】:源自古法语“obliger”,再往前追溯到拉丁语“obligare”,由“ob -”(对着、向着)和“ligare”(捆绑)组成,原意是捆绑起来,引申为使有义务。
【短语】:be obliged to(不得不;感激);oblige sb. to do sth.(迫使某人做某事)。
【例句】:His illness obliged him to stay in bed.(他的病使他不得不卧床休息。)
hunt n. 追猎;寻找
【释义】作为“追猎”时,指的是追逐、捕杀野生动物的活动,通常是为了获取食物、皮毛或作为一种运动。
作为“寻找”时,表示努力寻找某人或某物的行为。
【词源】:源自古英语“huntian”,表示追逐、搜寻。
【短语】:hunt for(搜寻;寻找);go on a hunt(去打猎);treasure hunt(寻宝游戏)。
【例句】:The hunt for the missing child continued all night.(寻找失踪孩子的行动持续了一整夜。)
blackberry n. 黑莓
【释义】:一种灌木植物及其所结的果实,果实呈黑色或深紫色,可食用。
【词源】:由“black”(黑色)和“berry”(浆果)组成,因其果实的颜色而得名。
【短语】:blackberry bush(黑莓灌木丛);blackberry jam(黑莓果酱)。
【例句】:Blackberries are rich in vitamins.(黑莓富含维生素。)
human being 人类
【释义】:地球上具有智慧、能够使用语言、制造工具并具有复杂社会结构的生物,区别于其他动物。
【词源】:“human”源自古法语“humain”,再往前可追溯到拉丁语“humanus”,表示人的、人类的;“being”表示存在、生物,组合起来表示人类这种生物。
【短语】:human being rights(人权);as a human being(作为一个人类)。
【例句】:Human beings have made great progress in science and technology.(人类在科学技术方面取得了巨大进步。)
corner v. 使走投无路,使陷入困境
【释义】:将某人或某物逼到一个难以逃脱或没有选择余地的境地。
【词源】:源自古法语“corner”,最初表示角落,使某人进入角落就意味着使其陷入困境。
【短语】:corner sb. into(把某人逼入...);be cornered(陷入困境)。
【例句】:The police cornered the thief in the alley.(警察把小偷逼在小巷里走投无路。)
trail n. 一串,一系列
【释义】:指一系列连续的事物,如一连串的脚印、一系列的事件等;也可表示小路、小径。
【词源】:源自古法语“traile”,表示拖、拉,可能与留下拖曳的痕迹有关,后来引申为一系列的痕迹等。
【短语】:trail of footprints(一串脚印);a trail of events(一系列事件);mountain trail(山间小路)。
【例句】:The hiker followed the trail through the forest.(徒步旅行者沿着森林中的小径前行。)
print n. 印痕
【释义】:物体表面留下的痕迹、印记,如脚印、手印、印刷的图案或文字等。
【词源】:源自古法语“preinte”,表示压印、印记,最初来自于动词“preindre”(压、印)。
【短语】:finger print(指纹);print mark(印痕标记)。
【例句】:The detective found a strange print on the window.(侦探在窗户上发现了一个奇怪的印痕。)
cling v. 粘
【释义】:紧紧附着、黏附在某物表面,不容易分开;也可表示坚持(信念、想法等)。
【词源】:源自古英语“clingan”,表示黏附、紧握。
【短语】:cling to(紧紧抓住;坚持);cling on(紧紧抱住)。
【例句】:The wet clothes clung to his body.(湿衣服紧紧地贴在他的身上。)
convince v. 使……信服
【释义】:通过提供证据、解释或劝说等方式,使某人相信某事是真实的、正确的。
【词源】:源自拉丁语“convincere”,由“con -”(完全地)和“vincere”(征服)组成,意思是完全征服某人的想法,即使其信服。
【短语】:convince sb. of(使某人相信...);be convinced(被说服;确信)。
【例句】:I tried to convince him of the importance of this plan.(我试图使他相信这个计划的重要性。)
somehow adv. 不知怎么搞地,不知什么原因
【释义】:表示以某种不确定的方式、方法,或者不知道是由于什么原因。
【词源】:由“some”(某些)和“how”(如何)组成,表示以某些不确定的方式。
【短语】:somehow or other(设法;莫名其妙地)。
【例句】:Somehow, I lost my keys on the way home.(不知怎么搞的,我在回家的路上丢了钥匙。)
disturb v. 令人不安
【释义】:打断、干扰正常的状态或进程;使某人感到不安、烦恼或焦虑。
【词源】:源自古法语“distourber”,由“dis -”(分开、散开)和“turbare”(扰乱)组成,意思是使混乱、扰乱。
【短语】:disturb sb.(打扰某人);disturb the peace(扰乱治安)。
【例句】:The loud noise from the construction site disturbed the residents.(建筑工地传来的巨大噪音令居民们不安。)
重点句型
一、同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1、从定义上看:同位语从句解释前面名词的具体内容,两者可以互换;而定语从句仅起到修饰限定的作用, 常译为“……的”;
2、从形式上看:同位语从句中的“that”是个连词,仅起到连接符号的作用,不充当语法成分,不可以用which代替;而定语从 句中的“that”是关系代词,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,且常可用which来代替;
3、从先行词来看,定语从句无限制,是名词就行,而同位语从句一般限制为抽象名词(思想,信息类)如:belief,idea,news,doubt,order,truth,fact,result,conclusion,hope,question;
4、从引导词来看,定语从句无限制,when/where/why关系副词引导时一般有对应的 先行词,如when对应day,where对应office。注意,how与what均不可以引导定语 从句。同位语从句一般用whether(不用if),用that不用which。
The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable. 同位语
The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable. 定语
二、 疑问词 + ever
whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever ...有两个含义:
1.表示“无论……”引导让步状语从句。= no matter + 疑问词
No matter where it went, …
No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.
2.表示 “到底……” 用于疑问句中。
'Whatever are you doing up here Bill ' asked the vicar in surprise.
Wherever did you go yesterday
Whenever am I going to see you again
三、 情态动词+have done
must have done 肯定推测, 一定做过某事
may / might have done 可能性推测,可能已经 或 也许已经
can not / could not have done 否定推测,不可能做过某事
could+have+done对过去的假设,本来能够做某事而没有做
would+have+done对过去的假设,本来会做
should / ought to have done 对过去的假设,本来应该做某事,而实际没做
should not / ought not to have done 对过去的假设,本来不应该做某事,而实际做了
need+have+done对过去的假设,本来需要做某事而没有做
needn't+have+done对过去的假设,本来不需要做某事而做了
三、课文精讲
1.at large 逃遁的, 没有被控制的
The thief is still at large
at large 详细地(= in detail)n.细节, 详情
I need talk to you at large
at large 总体来讲(= as a whole)
The students at large are hungry for English. (hungry adj.饥饿的, 渴望的)
2.Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
在英文的表达方式中,首先呈现给读者的是结果(和中文不同)
英文擅长用长句,中文擅长用短句。
Pandas are large cat-like animals which are found in Asia. (panda n.熊猫)
cat-like 猫一样的, 偷偷摸摸的
dog-like 狗一样的
life-like 栩栩如生的
3.When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词的后面,但为了保持句子平衡,也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前.
1> 定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰
-- 定语从句的引导词:
-- 指人:主语 who;宾语 who, whom;定语 whose
-- 指物:that(也可以指人)/ which
-- 时间状语:when / 地点状语:where / 原因状语:why
2> 同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
-- 同位语从句的引导词:
-- 名词(做主语、宾语等):关系词用 that 而不是 which
-- 时间:when;地点:where
-- 定语从句中没有 what 这个关系词,但 what 可以引导同位语从句
-- An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
-- I have no idea what has happened to him。
4.they were not taken seriously
they指代reports
take sth seriously = deal with sth seriously 认真地对待某事
-- I always take your suggestions seriously.
take sth lightly 草率地对待某事 (lightly adv.轻率地)
-- Don’t take the hot potato lightly (hot potato n.棘手的问题)
5.However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
However adv.然而(起转折作用)
As 连词:随着, 当...之时过去分词做定语:
-- the descriptions given by people
-- the story told by the sailor (n.海员, 水手, 船员)
-- a book written by Luxun claim to have done sth 声称曾经做过某事
-- He claimed to have been the manager of the large shop.
6.The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.
Where a woman picking… 定语从句
-- I still remember the school where I studied English.
7.It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
Confirm = be sure = be certain (confirm vt.确定)
Unless it is cornered = if it is not cornered (unless conj.如果不, 除非)
-- He will accept the job unless the salary is too low.
8.The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
search = hunt Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
把某物留在后面:leave behind
-- Wherever he went, the wound left behind him a trail of blood.(n.血)
9.Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
英文表达方式习惯用被动语态, 突出客观事实。而中文则善于运用动作的执行者。
puma fur was found clinging to bushes. (被动)
We found the puma fur clinging to bushes. (主动)
-- clinging to bushes 是现在分词短语做宾补
10.Several people complained of "cat-like noises at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
complain of/about sth 抱怨某事
on+名词:强调动作正在进行
-- on the rise 在上升 / on the increase 在增加
-- on the watch 在观看 / on the match 在比赛中
-- on the fishing trip 在钓鱼的途中 / on holiday 在度假
11.The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from
Fully(adv.充分地, 完全地)= completely = entirely
12.As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
sth be in the possession of sb = sth be in sb s possession 某物归某人所有(主语是物)
-- The beautiful car is in my possession.= The beautiful car is in the possession of me.
Sb be in possession of sth 某人拥有某物(主语是人)
-- I am in possession of the beautiful car.(in possession of… 做表语)
-- The person in possession of the big house is excited. (in possession of… 做定语)
take possession of… 拥有…
The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught.
Went on = lasted (last vi.继续, 持续)
13.It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
It is disturbing to think that... 一想到…就心理不安
-- It is disturbing to think that I fail my examination
in the quiet countryside 在宁静的山村