新概念第三册
Lesson 14 A noble gangster
单词精讲
gangster n.歹徒,强盗
【释义】从事非法和暴力活动(如抢劫、勒索、贩毒等)的人,是犯罪团伙中的成员。
【词源】源于美国英语,由“gang”(帮派)和“-ster”(表示人)组成,表示帮派中的成员,通常为犯罪分子。
【短语】gangster movie(黑帮电影);a notorious gangster(一个臭名昭著的歹徒)。
【例句】The gangster was finally caught by the police.(那个歹徒最终被警察抓住了。)
Chicago(n.芝加哥(美国城市))
【释义】美国伊利诺伊州的一个大型城市,是重要的商业、金融、文化和交通中心。
【词源】源于印第安语,可能是部落名称或地理特征相关的词汇。
【短语】Chicago Bulls(芝加哥公牛队);Chicago Loop(芝加哥卢普区)。
【例句】Many tourists visit Chicago every year.(每年有许多游客参观芝加哥。)
protection(n.保护)
【释义】使某人或某物免受伤害、危险或破坏的行为或状态。
【词源】源自拉丁语“protectio”,由“pro -”(在前面)和“tectere”(覆盖、保护)组成。
【短语】environmental protection(环境保护);under the protection of(在……的保护下)。
【例句】The hat provides protection from the sun.(这顶帽子提供防晒保护。)
promptly(adv.准时地)
【释义】及时地、迅速地、按照预定时间地。
【词源】由“prompt”(迅速的、及时的)加上“-ly”构成副词形式。
【短语】arrive promptly(准时到达);promptly reply(及时回复)。
【例句】He always finishes his work promptly.(他总是准时完成工作。)
destroy(v.毁掉;消灭)
【释义】使某物完全损坏、破碎或不复存在,也可表示破坏关系、计划等抽象事物。
【词源】源自拉丁语“destruere”,由“de -”(向下、相反)和“struere”(建造)组成,即把建造的东西毁掉。
【短语】destroy evidence(销毁证据);destroy the environment(破坏环境)。
【例句】The fire destroyed the whole building.(大火毁掉了整座建筑物。)
remarkable(adj. 不寻常的)
【释义】值得注意的、显著的、非凡的,因具有特殊性质或品质而引起人们的关注。
【词源】由“remark”(评论、注意)加上“-able”(可……的)组成,表示值得被注意的。
【短语】remarkable achievement(显著的成就);a remarkable person(一个不寻常的人)。
【例句】His performance in the game was remarkable.(他在比赛中的表现很不寻常。)
hand(n. 帮,团伙)
【释义】一群为了共同目的(通常是非法目的)而聚集在一起的人,类似于帮派。
【词源】其表示“帮、团伙”的用法可能是从“手”的概念引申而来,暗示一群人携手合作(往往是做坏事)。
【短语】a criminal hand(一个犯罪团伙);join hands(加入团伙,这里的hands表示团伙,是比较特殊的用法)。
【例句】That hand is involved in many illegal activities.(那个团伙参与了许多非法活动。)
Florence(n.佛罗伦萨(意大利城市))
【释义】意大利中部的一个著名城市,是文艺复兴的发源地之一,以其艺术、建筑和文化遗产而闻名。
【词源】源自拉丁语,可能与城市的建立者或早期名称有关。
【短语】Florence Cathedral(佛罗伦萨大教堂);Florence art(佛罗伦萨艺术)。
【例句】Florence attracts a large number of art lovers every year.(佛罗伦萨每年吸引大量艺术爱好者。)
city - state(n.(古代)城邦)
【释义】古代的一种城市形式,城市本身作为一个独立的政治单位,拥有自己的政府、法律和军队,周围可能有附属的乡村地区。
【词源】由“city”(城市)和“state”(国家、政权)组成,表示城市形式的国家。
【短语】ancient city - state(古代城邦);the development of city - state(城邦的发展)。
【例句】Athens was a famous city - state in ancient Greece.(雅典是古希腊著名的城邦。)
hire(v. 租出,雇给)
【释义】为了完成某项工作或使用某物而支付费用给某人,或者将自己拥有的东西(如房屋、车辆等)出租以获取报酬。
【词源】源自古英语“hyran”,有“租用、雇佣”的意思。
【短语】hire a car(租车);hire someone to do something(雇人做某事)。
【例句】They decided to hire a gardener to take care of their garden.(他们决定雇一个园丁来照料他们的花园。)
prince(n. 君主,诸侯)
【释义】君主制国家中的男性统治者,通常是国王或皇帝的儿子或近亲;也可指小国家或领地的统治者。
【词源】源自拉丁语“princeps”,最初表示“首要的、第一的”,后来用于表示君主等重要人物。
【短语】prince charming(白马王子);crown prince(王储)。
【例句】The prince ruled the small kingdom.(这位君主统治着这个小王国。)
Florentine(n.佛罗伦萨人)
【释义】指来自佛罗伦萨这个城市的人。
【词源】由“Florence”(佛罗伦萨)加上“-ine”(表示人)构成。
【短语】a famous Florentine(一位著名的佛罗伦萨人);Florentine culture(佛罗伦萨文化,这里强调由佛罗伦萨人所创造的文化)。
【例句】Many great artists were Florentines.(许多伟大的艺术家都是佛罗伦萨人。)
funeral(n.葬礼)
【释义】为悼念死者而举行的仪式,包括遗体的处理、告别仪式等。
【词源】源自拉丁语“funus”,有“死亡、葬礼”的意思。
【短语】funeral service(葬礼服务);attend a funeral(参加葬礼)。
【例句】Hundreds of people came to his funeral.(数百人来参加他的葬礼。)
dedicate(v. 奉献,题献给)
【释义】将时间、精力、物品等专门用于某个目的、人或事业;也可表示把作品(如书籍、音乐等)题献给某人。
【词源】源自拉丁语“dedicare”,由“de -”(强调)和“dicare”(宣称、奉献)组成。
【短语】dedicate oneself to(致力于);dedicate a book to(将一本书题献给)。
【例句】He dedicated his life to helping the poor.(他将自己的一生奉献给帮助穷人的事业。)
memory(n.纪念)
【释义】对过去的人、事、物的回忆;也可表示为纪念某人或某事而设立的事物(如纪念碑等)。
【词源】源自拉丁语“memoria”,有“记忆、回忆”的意思。
【短语】in memory of(为了纪念);memory lane(回忆之路,指对过去的回忆)。
【例句】They built a statue in memory of the hero.(他们建造了一座雕像以纪念这位英雄。)
valiant(adj.英勇的)
【释义】在面对危险、困难或敌人时表现出勇敢、无畏的。
【词源】源自拉丁语“valere”(强壮、有价值),通过古法语进入英语。
【短语】valiant effort(英勇的努力);a valiant soldier(一名英勇的士兵)。
【例句】The valiant firefighters saved many lives.(英勇的消防员挽救了许多生命。)
二、课文精讲
1.There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for 'protection'.曾经有一个时期,芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取'保护'。
when 引导状语从句修饰time
There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.
pay large sums of money to sb. 向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in return for…,作“作为……的报答”讲。目的是为了换取----作为对……的回报
Eg.: He gave me some books in return for my help.
2.If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a manout of businessby destroying his shop.如果交款不及时,歹徒们就会很快捣毁他的商店,让他破产。
out of business, 倒闭,破产。
promptly: immediately
put a man out of business: 使某人失业
put sb./sth.out of...使某人失去……
Eg.: You are putting me out of patience.
Eg.: You have already put everything out of order.
put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧
by destroying his shop 通过……手段
Eg.: You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me.
3.Obtaining 'protection money' is not a modern crime.榨取'保护金'并不是一种现代的罪恶行径。
obtaining...
obtaining: getting
4.As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery早在14世纪,英国人约翰.霍克伍德就有过非凡的发现
as long ago as, 作“追溯到”、“早在”讲。注意要与as long as分开,后面这个短语作“只要”或“长达……之久”讲。as long ago as=dating back to
Eg.: I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
5.that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.'人们情愿拿出大笔的钱,也不愿毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。
would rather ...than...宁愿而不 Eg.: He would rather die than surrender.
Eg.: I would rather play tennis than swim. would prefer to do ... than do...
would prefer doing ... to doing...
Eg.: He would prefer to die than surrender.
Eg.: He would prefer dying to surrendering. would rather/sooner+ that 宾语从句(过去式)
Eg.: I would rather that you were not here.
Eg.: I would rather that I didn't see you.
Eg.: He would rather that he didn't hear the news. would rather do than do
would rather that (that宾语从句中要出现动词的过去时) 宁愿不做..."would rather not do life work 毕生的事业
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.600年前,约翰.霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利,在佛罗伦萨附近驻扎下来, settled near Florence 定居在 Florence 附近
7.He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.很快就出了名。意大利人叫他乔凡尼.阿库托。 made a name for himself, 出名了。 made a name for himself: become famous Eg.: They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop e to/get to 渐渐的
come to be known 渐渐被人所熟知
Eg.: I come to be known to my students.
Eg.: I got to know him
8.Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other,每次意大利各城邦之间打伏, whenever 无论什么时候 be at war with…, 与……处于战争状态。 at war 交战; at war with 于……交战
9.In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and,和平时期,当生意萧条时,霍克伍德便带领士兵进入某个城邦, in times of peace, 在和平时期。 march into 大踏步行军
10.after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.纵火烧毁一两个农场,然后提出,如向他们缴纳保护金,他们便主动撤离。 burn down 烧毁/burn up 烧光/burn out 烧空 would offer to go away: would promise to go away
In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.尽管如此,意大利人还是把他视作某种英雄。 a sort of hero, 某种英雄。sort of作“可以说是一种”讲。 Eg.: the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. in spite of this 尽管如此
12.and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue'.并为他画像以纪念这位“骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼.阿库托先生”。
have sth.done which 指代picture be dedicated to the memory of sb. the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式 Signor 意大利语,先生