2025年高考英语语法专题 课件 冠词和介词

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板块四　代词、数词、冠词和介词
冠词和介词
2025年高考英语专题复习
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with ___ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious.
2．(2022·全国甲卷)__ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is ___ must to visit!
a
A
a
考点一　不定冠词
　　不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰可数名词单数，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个发音音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个发音音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)用在可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
人们普遍认为，男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。
(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，与a certain同义。
—Excuse me, would you please give the book to John
——打扰一下，请你把这本书给约翰好吗？
—Sorry, but I don’t think there’s a John in our class.
——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。
(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于“of the same＋名词”。
The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind).
这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。
2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
First impressions are the most lasting.After all, you never get a second chance to make the first impression.
最初的印象最持久。毕竟，你不可能再有机会给别人留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection, understanding等后面加of... 时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of... “精通……”； have a (clear/good) understanding of... “了解……”。
If you don’t have a good knowledge of English, it’s out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently!
如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．不定冠词在固定搭配中的使用
all of a sudden 突然
as a matter of fact 事实上
be/go on a diet 节食
pay a visit to 参观；拜访
make a fool of 愚弄
in a hurry 匆忙地
make a living 谋生
a waste of... 浪费……
once in a while 偶尔
keep an eye on 留意；留神
give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车
at a loss 不知所措；困惑
have a gift for 在……方面有天赋
have a word with 与……谈话
in a way 从某种意义上说
as a result/consequence 因此
1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas, even though _____ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
2．(2023·浙江1月卷)In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect _____ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
3．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate _____ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
the
the
the
考点二　定冠词
4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times _____ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)_____ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
6．(2022·浙江1月卷)Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organisers who invited her to speak whether she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of _____ time, they agreed.
7．(2022·浙江6月卷)The tactile (可触知的) paintings work as a way to show art to _____ blind because we don’t see with just our eyes: We see with our brains.
the
The
the
the
8．(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)A company representative wrote back and told me the airline was switching over _____ plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights.
9．(2021·全国乙卷)Due to _____ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
10．(2021·全国甲卷)It took us about 3 hours to go all _____ way around the Xi’an City Wall.
the
the
the
1．定冠词的基本用法
(1)用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的人或事物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。
It is reported that the young athlete won another world champion in diving yesterday.
据报道，这位年轻运动员昨天又赢得了世界跳水冠军。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.
我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的生命。
(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级和only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。
As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
This book is the better one of the two.
这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。
(1)a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。
Home Coming is a most moving film.Have you ever seen it
《万里归途》是一部非常感人的电影。你看过吗？
(2)定冠词the与序数词连用，意为“第……”，不定冠词a/an与序数词连用，意为“再一；又一”。
Would you like to try it a third time
你想再尝试一次吗？
(3)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪前、年代前。如the sun, in the 21st century。
(4)“the＋姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。
The Smiths are coming to dinner.
史密斯一家要来赴宴。
(5)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中，表示“按……计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogramme.
他惊奇地发现这家书店的书是按重量来卖的，也就是说是按千克来卖的。
(6)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。
hit sb. on the head 打某人的头
pull/take sb. by the hand 拉/抓住某人的手
strike sb. in the face 打某人的脸
2．定冠词在固定搭配中的使用
at the moment 此刻，目前
by the way 顺便说一下
in the way 阻碍；挡路
in the distance 在远处
not in the least 一点也不
on the contrary 与此相反
the other day 几天之前
on the other hand 另一方面
to the point 中肯；切题
take the place of 代替
go to the cinema/theatre 去看电影/戏剧
in the habit of 有……的习惯
make the most/best of 充分利用
to tell (you) the truth (跟你)说实话
for the time being 暂时
1．零冠词的基本用法
(1)不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前，一般不加冠词。
Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此，我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。
考点三　零冠词
(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。
Each student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week.
每个学生必须在本周末上交作业本。
(3)表示头衔、职务或家庭成员的称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前通常不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(4)表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前，一般不加冠词。
Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。
2．零冠词在固定搭配中的使用
on/catch fire 着火
by mistake 错误地
by chance/accident 碰巧
in history 在历史上
under repair 在维修中
hand in hand 手拉手
do harm to 对……有害
on purpose 故意地
in place 在正确的位置
in danger 在危险中
in return 作为回报
at present 目前
ahead of time 提前
in advance 提前
lose heart 灰心
out of control 失控
at dawn/dusk/night 在黎明/黄昏/夜晚
make room for 为……让出空间
3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配
1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English _______
2．(2023·浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing’s long history __ the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
3．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
to/with
as
by
考点四　常考介词的用法
4．(2021·全国乙卷)It was not widely accepted as a travel concept _______ the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
5．(2021·全国甲卷)The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It was built originally to protect the city ____ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
6．(2021·浙江1月卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ____ 2.1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain was 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
until
in
by
1．表示时间的介词
介词 意义或用法
at 表示时间的点、时刻等。at 6 o’clock在6点钟； at daybreak在黎明
on 表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午； on a rainy morning在一个雨天的上午
in 表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪； in winter在冬季；in September在9月； in the morning在上午
Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.
简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。
介词 意义或用法
since＋时间点 自从……以来
for＋时间段 长达……
during 在……期间
until/till 直到……
by 到……为止；不迟于……；表示增减的量
in/after＋时间段 在……之后。“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用；“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
before 在……之前
over 在……期间；直到……结束
(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
(2)“on/upon＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
2．表示方位的介词
The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream.
这只狗跳过一些灌木丛看到了小溪。
介词 用法
at 后常接相对较小的地方
in 后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内
on 表示“在……上”(反义词beneath)
across 表示“从……的表面穿过；在……对面”
through 表示“从……的内部穿过”
over 表示“从……的上面跨过”(反义词under)
above 指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于”(反义词below)
3．表示方式的介词
　　介词with, by, in, on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。
with a pencil用铅笔；by train乘火车；in English用英语；on the radio通过收音机。
4．表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
Apart/Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。
介词(短语) 意义或用法
besides 意为“除……之外(还有)”，相当于in addition to
except 意为“除……之外(别无)”，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句
but 意为“除……之外”(＝except)
apart/aside from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except for
other than 意为“除……之外(别无)”
(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式时，如果前面有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。
Tony did nothing but play video games last weekend, which made his mother angry.
托尼上周末除了玩电子游戏什么也没做，这让他妈妈很生气。
(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”。
5．表示原因的介词(短语)
　　表示原因的介词(短语)：for, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of, as a result/consequence of。
The open-air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.
因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝活动被推迟了。
介词(短语) 意义
against 违背，反对；倚靠；以……为背景，衬托
beyond (范围、限度)超出，为……所不能及
by 程度或增减的幅度；按……计
despite/in spite of 尽管
for (表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从……来看；赞成，支持
6．其他常考的介词(短语)
She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.
她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。
介词(短语) 意义
like 像，如同
with 和……在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着
within (范围、程度)在……内
without 没有
off (表示位置)在……的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从……离开
regardless of 不管，不顾
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)There, you’ll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed ____ hand rather than rolled.
2．(2023·全国乙卷)Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ____ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3，000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
by
to
考点五　常考介词短语及搭配
3．(2022·全国甲卷)He flew 4,700 kilometers ______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, plannig to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve ____ an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
5．(2022·浙江6月卷)Luc Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ____ age seven.
6．(2021·全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
7．(2021·浙江6月卷)In 1844 they bought it _____ $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.
from
as
at
of
for
　　高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配：
1．与名词的搭配
at a time 每次，一次
at a loss 困惑，不知所措
at first sight 乍一看
at table 在吃饭
by mistake 错误地
by the way 顺便说
in charge 主管，看管
in return 作为回报
in turn 依次，转而
in shape 健康状况良好
in trouble 处于困境中
on purpose 故意地
on holiday 在度假
in time 及时，迟早
on time 准时
on average 平均
in place of 代替
in addition to 除了
by hand 手工
on the contrary 相反地
on account of 由于
on behalf of 代表
an approach to ……的方法
a visit to 到……的访问
for the sake of 为了
by means of 借助
out of shape 身体状况不好
(a) lack of ……的缺乏
2．与动词的搭配
answer for 对……负责
apply for 申请
call at 拜访(地点)
call on 拜访(某人)
refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅
result from 由于
result in/lead to 导致
suffer from 遭受
approve of 赞成
complain of 抱怨
consist of 由……组成
dream of 梦到
think of 想起；考虑到
depend/rely on 依靠
belong to 属于
date from/back to 追溯到
succeed in 在……方面成功
protect... from... 保护……不受……伤害
keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
3．与形容词的搭配
be aware of 意识到
be proud of 以……为荣
be tired of 厌倦
be angry with 对……生气
be eager for 渴望
be absent from 缺席
be ashamed of 对……感到羞耻
be sure of 对……有信心；确信
be familiar with 熟悉……
be familiar to 为……所熟悉
be patient with 对……有耐心
be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意
be popular with 受……欢迎
be strict with 对……严格
be addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于
be available to 对……可用；可供……使用
be beneficial to 对……有益处
be devoted to 致力于，献身于
be similar to 与……相似
be confident in 对……有信心
be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心
be crazy about 热衷；着迷
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 挑剔
be suitable for/to 适合于
4．其他搭配
far from 远非
once in a while 偶尔
after all 毕竟，终究
in spite of 尽管；虽然
up to 达到；由……决定
ahead of (时间，空间)在……前面；领先　
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