外研版中考英语 复习名词讲解及练习（无答案）

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名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词叫名词。
名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词：专有名词主要指人名、地名以及某些事物专有的名称。
例如：
(1)人名:Tom(汤姆) Lincoln(林肯)
(2)地名:Beijing(北京) Los Angeles(洛杉矶)
(3)组织机构:WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织
(4)语言:Chinese(中文) English(英语) German(德语)
(5)星期节日:Monday(星期一) the Spring Festival(春节)
特点： 1.首字母一般大写。2.有些单词的首字母大小写不同，意思也不一样。比如China(中国),china(瓷器),Turkey(土耳其),turkey(火鸡)
普通名词：普通名词分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词、抽象名词。
(1)个体名词:单个人或事物。
如:pen(钢笔),ruler(尺子),bear(熊); 单数前面加an或者the；
(2)集合名词：一群人或一些事物总称。
如:people(人们),clothes(衣服),family(家人); 可以表示单数也可以表示复数；
(3)物质名词：无法分为个体的物质。
如：paper(纸), air(空气), water(水); 通常不可数，没有复数形式；
(4)抽象名词:指人或者事物的品质、情感、状态等抽象概念的名词。
如:happiness(幸福),health(健康),education(教育); 通常不可数，前面不加a(an)，没有复数形式；
可数名词的变化形式
类别
构成方法
示例
一般变化
直接在单数名词词尾加s
pen-pens钢笔
book-books书
boy-boys男孩
以s、x、ch、sh、结尾的名词
在词尾加es
class-classes班级
box-boxes箱子
watch-watches手表
dish-dishes盘子
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词
将词尾的y变成i 再加es
family-families家庭
baby-babies婴儿
以f或者fe结尾的名词变复数
把f或者fe变成v,再加es
leaf-leaves树叶
wolf-wolves狼
life-lives生活
wife-wives妻子
以“o”结尾的名词
一般加es
hero-heroes英雄
potato-potatoes土豆
tomato-tomatoes西红柿
无规则变化：foot-feet脚goose-geese鹅tooth-teeth牙齿woman-women女人mouse-mice老鼠child-children儿童
还有一类可数名词单复数同形，即单数和复数一样
比如:people-people人，人们deer-deer鹿fish-fish鱼Chinese-Chinese中国人
例.There?are?two___________________?over?there.?(watch)
There are four ___________________(knife) on the table.
I?like?taking?_____________________.?(photo)
Are there three __________________(child) playing in the classroom?
My father and mother are____________________(doctor).
You should brush your ____________________(tooth) at least twice every day.
We do too much _________________(homework) every day so we have no time to play.
There are five (sheep)on my farm.
How?many?_______________________can?you?see??(radio)
四、不可数名词
不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能以数目计算，无法拆分为个体，没有复数概念，因而也没有词形的变化。
常见的不可数名词类型：
抽象事物：ability能力、power力量、knowledge知识、work工作、love爱、beauty美
液体：water水、juice果汁、beer啤酒、coffee咖啡、oil油
天气：weather天气、snow雪、rain雨、wind风
气体：gas气体、air空气、smoke烟
肉类：meat肉、beef牛肉、pork猪肉、fish鱼肉
不可数名词的特点：
不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
如:The food is very fresh.食物很新鲜。
不可数名词不能直接用不定冠词a(n)、指示代词和基数词修饰，但可以用定冠词the以及some、any、a lot of、much、a little等限定词修饰。
如:I want to drink some water.我想喝一些水。
如果要表示不可数名词的具体数量，可在其前用“单位词+of”。其中，单位词有单复数变化。
如:a cup of tea一杯茶→two cups of tea 两杯茶
a bag of rice一袋米→three bags of rice 三袋米
有的名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意义有所不同。
如:chicken鸡肉→a chicken 一只小鸡
room空间→a room一个房间
youth青春→a youth一个青年人
beauty美→a beauty一个美人或一件美的事物
例.
I want to buy (两杯水)
He bought (三双鞋)
I’d like to have a glass of milk and (两片面包)
My mother gave me (四箱苹果)
He drank (一杯茶)
五、名词所有格
名词所有格通常表示名词之间的所属关系,主要有's和of两种表示方式，可以翻译成“......的”
's（或s'）所有格
1.单数名词:
(1) 一般直接在名词后加's
如:Peter's book彼得的书
(2) 如果单数名词以s结尾,则在单数名词后可以加's,也可以加 '
如:the actress's performance或the actress' performance女演员的表演；
Dickens's/Dickens' works狄更斯的作品
2.复数名词
(1) 以s结尾的复数名词后只加'
如:two hours' walk两小时的步行
(2) 不以s结尾的复数名词加-'s
如:the children's gifts孩子们的礼物
3.复合名词;在最后一个名词后加's
如:her son-in-law's job她女婿的工作；
an hour and a half's test 90分钟的测试
4.并列名词;
对于由and连接的并列名词,当表示共同拥有时,只需在最后一个名词后加's；若表示各自所有,则并列的几个名词都用所有格
如:This is Tom, James and Dick's room.这是汤姆、詹姆斯和迪克的房间
Jenny's, Joan's and Mary's rooms all face to the south.珍妮、琼和玛丽的房间都朝南
5.有同位语的名词;
名词后有同位语时,只将同位语变所有格
如:This is my friend Lily's house.这是我朋友莉莉的房子
6.of属格
of属格由“of+名词”构成,主要用法如下:
表示无生命事物的名词的所属关系
如:the roof of the house屋顶
the title of the book书名
当有生命名词后面接短语或从句修饰时,用of属格
如:What is the name of the girl singing the song? 正在唱歌的那个女孩叫什么名字？
不能说:What is the girl singing the song's name?
I know the father of the boy I met yesterday on the train.我认识昨天我在火车上遇到的那个男孩的父亲
例.
This is room. The twin sisters like it very much.(Lily and Lucy)
Did you hear these report.(policeman)
The are open.(教室的窗户)
I have (中国的地图)
六、修饰名词
可以修饰名词的成分有形容词、名词、分词、介词短语、不定式、从句等。
1.形容词作修饰语
a beautiful woman一位漂亮的女士
a big balloon 一个大的气球
2.名词作修饰语
an apple tree一棵苹果树
a shoe factory一个鞋厂
a pencil box一个铅笔盒
注意:名词作修饰语，一般用单数，但是有些时候也会用复数。
比如:clothes shop服装店
sports car跑车
savings bank储蓄银行
women doctors女医生
eight hours sleep八个小时的睡眠（hours相当于hours’）
3.分词作修饰语
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
a packed bag 一个打包好的包裹
4.介词短语作修饰语
the boy in blue 穿蓝衣服的那个男孩
the cat in the tree 树上的那只猫
5.不定式作修饰语
something to eat 一些吃的东西
the best way to improve English提高英语的最佳方法
a board to write on 一个可以写字的板子
6.从句作修饰语
the house where Tom once lived 汤姆以前居住过的房子
food that no one eats 没有人吃的食物
课后练习
1. Are there three __________________(child) playing in the classroom?
2. Here are two __________________(bottle) of milk for you.
3. Bob always wears a pair of ___________________(glass) and he looks clever.
4. There are two baskets of _____________________(apple) on the floor.
5. Look?at?those_____________________.?(child)
6. He?doesn't?like?these_______________________.?(glass)
7. There?are?many?____________________?drivers?in?Shanghai?now.?(woman)
8. Give?me?some?____________________,?please.?(water)
9. In the picture, there are two ________________________(fox).
10. She has black _______________(hair)and blue _______________(eye).
11. Look! My _______________are here.(dog)
12. My _______________ is very large.(Families/family/Family)
13. Kate has a happy _______________(family).
14. They are my _______________(brother). I love them.
15. My father and my mother are my _______________.(parent)
16. This _______________(be) is a big family. The family _______________(be) happy.
17. The little girl ove there is _______________cousin.(Tom)
18. This is _______________bedroom. It’s tidy and nice.(Lucy and Lily)
19. ---Jim, are these your _______________?(key)
--- _______________ .They are hers.
20. These two _______________are blue.(eraser)
21. You can see some _______________here.(dictionary)
22. Bob and Mike are _______________in a middle school.(teacher)
23. These are my _______________(teacher). They _______________(be) nice.
24. --- _______________fathers didn’t come to the meeting. Why?(Jeff and Amy)
---Because they have gone to Beijing.
---Is this Helen’s dictionary?
---No, it is _______________(Helen and Bob)
Some _______________are in my pencil box.(pencil)
I find some _______________in the box.(watch)
This is _______________room. It’s very bright(明亮的).(Tom and Tim)
These are my _______________.(box)
Are the two _______________in your room?(bed)
You can see two _______________on the desk.(radio)
---Are the _______________on the sofa?(key) ---Yes, they are.
We can see two _______________in the room.(table)
I have some _______________in my room.(ball)
We have five _______________on Monday.(class)
I love my class and I like my _______________.(classmate)
The girl has five _______________.(baseball)
Do you want to play computer _______________.(game)
Mr.Smith has two nice _______________.(watch)
Two _______________are under the chair.(volleyball)
---Lily, let’s make vegetable salad. How many _______________do we need?
(oranges/tomato/potato)
---One is enough.
She took lots of beautiful _______________during her stay in Europe.(photo)
My grandma likes _______________.(vegetable)
It’s very hot today and Tom wants to eat some _______________ .(ice-cream)
I don’t like _______________.(tomato) What about you?
My father likes _______________(strawberry)
Do you like the _______________of Guangzhou?(food)
I think eating _______________is good for health.(tomato)
Bananas, apples and oranges are all _______________.(fruits/vegetables/drinks)
I like eating _______________.(大米)