新概念英语第二册外刊精读扩展讲义
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新概念英语第二册外刊精读扩展讲义
Rays of hope
Exposure to the sun's UV radiation may be good for you
For now, though, keep the sun cream handy
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north. The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
双语精读
1
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
晒太阳对身体有害的观念至少已存在40年。这主要是因为太阳除了发射可见光外，还会释放出紫外线（UV）。紫外线增加了患皮肤癌的风险——而且相关的诊断数量正逐年增加。同时，紫外线还会导致皮肤提早老化和皱纹的形成。因此，大多数发达国家建议，在日照强烈的时段，尤其是夏季，日光浴者应涂抹防晒霜来保护皮肤。
词汇精讲
hazard / h z rd/
名词，表示：危险；风险
英文释义：a danger or risk.
例句：Growing levels of pollution represent a serious health hazard to the local population. 日益严重的污染对当地人民的健康构成了重大威胁。
固定搭配：safety hazard 安全隐患
同义替换：risk 风险
ultraviolet / ltr va l t/
形容词，表示：紫外的
英文释义：relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light.
例句：Wearing sunscreen is essential to protect your skin from ultraviolet rays. 涂抹防晒霜对保护皮肤免受紫外线的伤害至关重要。
emit / m t/
动词，表示：发射；散发
英文释义：to send out; discharge.
例句：The factory emits harmful gases into the atmosphere. 工厂向大气中排放有害气体。
固定搭配：emit light 发光
radiation / re di e n/
名词，表示：辐射
英文释义：the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.
例句：Exposure to radiation can have various health effects. 接触辐射可能导致各种健康问题。
固定搭配：nuclear radiation 核辐射
diagnose / da ɡno z/
动词，表示：诊断
英文释义：to identify a disease or illness through examination.
例句：The doctor was able to diagnose the patient's condition accurately. 医生成功准确地诊断了患者的病情。
固定搭配：diagnose a problem 诊断问题
premature / pr m t r/
形容词，表示：过早的；提前发生的
英文释义：occurring or done before the usual or proper time.
例句：Premature birth can lead to various health complications. 早产可能导致各种健康并发症。
固定搭配：premature aging 过早衰老
wrinkles / r k lz/
名词，表示：皱纹
英文释义：lines on the skin caused by old age or other factors.
例句：She started using anti-wrinkle cream to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. 她开始使用抗皱霜减少皱纹的出现。
固定搭配：fine wrinkles 细纹
recommend / r k m nd/
动词，表示：推荐；建议
英文释义：to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose.
例句：I recommend this book to anyone interested in learning about history. 我推荐这本书给任何对历史感兴趣的人。
固定搭配：recommend a product 推荐一种产品
同义替换：suggest 建议
sun cream /s n krim/
名词短语，表示：防晒霜
英文释义：a lotion applied to the skin to protect it from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
例句：It's important to apply sun cream before going out in the sun. 出门前涂抹防晒霜非常重要。
2
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
紫外线（UV）确实存在健康风险，但最新的研究提示，我们可能需要重新评估其潜在的好处。最近发表在《健康与地点》（Health and Place）杂志上的一项研究显示，增加紫外线的接触显著降低了人们死于心血管疾病和癌症的几率。不过，即使紫外线接触增加，死于最致命的黑色素瘤皮肤癌的风险并没有显著变化。尽管以前的小规模研究已经指出了紫外线的某些健康益处，但这项是目前为止最大规模的研究，首次直接证实了紫外线接触与延长寿命之间存在直接关联。
词汇精讲
pose /po z/
动词，表示：构成；带来
英文释义：to present.
例句：The new regulations pose a challenge for small businesses. 新规定给小企业带来了挑战。
固定搭配：pose a threat 带来威胁
同义替换：present 提出
exposure / k spo r/
名词，表示：暴露；接触
英文释义：the state of being exposed to contact with something.
例句：Long-term exposure to pollution can have serious health effects. 长期接触污染物可能会对健康造成严重影响。
固定搭配：sun exposure 日晒
significantly /s ɡ n f k ntli/
副词，表示：显著地；重要地
英文释义：in a way that is large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.
例句：The new treatment significantly improved the patient's condition. 新的治疗显著改善了患者的病情。
固定搭配：increase significantly 显著增加
同义替换：substantially 实质性地
cardiovascular / kɑ r.di.o v s.kj .l r/
形容词，表示：心血管的
英文释义：relating to the heart and blood vessels.
例句：Regular exercise is important for maintaining good cardiovascular health. 经常锻炼对保持良好的心血管健康至关重要。
固定搭配：cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
melanoma / mel. no .m /
名词，表示：黑色素瘤
英文释义：a type of skin cancer that can be very dangerous and needs to be treated quickly.
例句：Early detection is crucial for successfully treating melanoma. 早期发现对成功治疗黑色素瘤至关重要。
meaningfully / mi n f li/
副词，表示：有意义地
英文释义：in a way that is significant or important.
例句：The new policy change will meaningfully impact the local community. 新的政策变化将有意义地影响当地社区。
correlation / k r le n/
名词，表示：相关性；相互关系
英文释义：a connection or relationship between two or more things.
例句：There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 吸烟和肺癌之间存在着很强的相关性。
固定搭配：positive correlation 正相关
同义替换：connection 连接
lifespan / la fsp n/
名词，表示：寿命；生命周期
英文释义：the length of time a person, animal, or thing exists or functions.
例句：Advancements in medicine have led to longer lifespans in many societies. 医学的进步导致许多社会的寿命延长。
3
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
为了进行这项研究，爱丁堡大学的研究团队使用了英国生物银行（UK Biobank）收集的超过36万人的数据。他们找出了两个可能较频繁接触紫外线（UV）的群体：一是经常使用日光浴床或日光灯的人，二是居住在日照充足地区的人。为了验证他们对参与者紫外线接触的假设是否准确，科学家们还检测了一部分血样中的维生素D水平。维生素D在紫外线照射下会在皮肤中合成，因此它是判断太阳曝晒程度的可靠指标。
词汇精讲
analysis / n l s s/
名词，表示：分析；分析过程
英文释义：the process of studying or examining something in detail.
例句：The analysis of the data revealed interesting trends. 对数据的分析揭示了有趣的趋势。
固定搭配：statistical analysis 统计分析
同义替换：examination 检查
database / de t be s/
名词，表示：数据库
英文释义：a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
例句：The company's database contains valuable customer information. 公司的数据库中包含有价值的客户信息。
cohort / ko h rt/
名词，表示：队列；群体
英文释义：a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience.
例句：The study followed a cohort of students over a period of five years. 这项研究追踪了一群学生五年。
固定搭配：age cohort 年龄群体
sunbed / s n b d/
名词，表示：日光浴床
英文释义：a bed-like structure with a system of lights, used for tanning the skin.
例句：Using a sunbed increases the risk of skin damage. 使用日光浴床会增加皮肤受损的风险。
sunlamp / s n l mp/
名词，表示：日光灯
英文释义：a lamp that emits ultraviolet light, used for tanning or therapeutic purposes.
例句：Doctors may recommend sunlamp therapy for certain skin conditions. 医生可能会建议使用日光灯治疗某些皮肤问题。
assumption / s mp n/
名词，表示：假设；设想
英文释义：things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
例句：The success of the project was based on several key assumptions. 项目成功的基础是几个关键的假设。
synthesise / s nθ sa z/
动词，表示：合成；综合
英文释义：to combine different elements to form a coherent whole.
例句：The new drug was synthesised using advanced techniques. 这种新药是利用先进技术合成的。
presence / pr z ns/
名词，表示：存在；出现
英文释义：the fact or condition of being present in a particular place.
例句：Her presence at the meeting was unexpected. 她在会议上的出现出人意料。
固定搭配：physical presence 实体存在
同义替换：existence 存在
reliable /r la bl/
形容词，表示：可靠的；可信赖的
英文释义：able to be trusted to do or provide what is needed; trustworthy.
例句：A reliable car is essential for long commutes. 一辆可靠的汽车对长途通勤至关重要。
indicator / nd ke t r/
名词，表示：指示物；指标
英文释义：a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level of something.
例句：Rising unemployment rates can be an indicator of an economic downturn. 不断上升的失业率可能是经济衰退的指标。
4
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
在研究受试者的死亡率时，研究人员考虑并调整了包括年龄、性别、吸烟以及社会经济地位（在英国，通常居住在阳光充足的地方的人收入较高）等多种可能的干扰因素。此外，他们还考虑到了体育锻炼的影响，因为那些喜爱阳光的人往往会有更多的户外活动，从而过着更健康的生活。
词汇精讲
confounding /k n fa nd /
形容词，表示：混淆的；困惑的
英文释义：causing confusion or surprise by being unexpected.
例句：The results were confounding, as they contradicted previous findings. 结果令人困惑，因为它们与先前的发现相矛盾。
固定搭配：confounding factors 混淆因素
同义替换：perplexing 令人困惑的
clime /kla m/
名词，表示：气候；地区
英文释义：a region considered with reference to its climate.
例句：People from colder climes often seek warmer vacation destinations. 来自寒冷地区的人经常寻找更温暖的度假地点。
固定搭配：warmer climes 更温暖的气候
5
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north.
研究结果表明，使用日光浴床的人相比不使用的人，心血管疾病的死亡风险降低了23%，癌症的死亡风险降低了14%。此外，居住地的日照情况也对这些数据有影响。例如，在英国南部的特鲁罗（Truro），居民每年接收到的太阳短波辐射量（包括紫外线、可见光及部分红外线）比北部的格拉斯哥（Glasgow）或爱丁堡（Edinburgh）多出大约25%。
词汇精讲
on average
短语，表示：平均；通常来说
英文释义：typically, typically representing a usual amount or estimate.
例句：On average, students spend about six hours a day studying. 通常来说，学生每天学习约六个小时。
solar / s l r/
形容词，表示：太阳的；太阳能的
英文释义：relating to or determined by the sun.
例句：Solar energy is becoming more popular as a sustainable power source. 太阳能作为可持续能源的应用越来越普遍。
infrared / nfr red/
形容词，表示：红外线的
英文释义：having a wavelength longer than that of the red end of the visible spectrum but shorter than that of microwaves.
例句：Infrared cameras can detect heat signatures not visible to the naked eye. 红外摄像头可以探测肉眼看不见的热量标记。
6
The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
基于这一点，研究团队得出结论，住在阳光较多地区的人心血管疾病的死亡风险降低了19%，癌症死亡风险降低了12%。也就是说，在这15年的研究中，使用日光浴床的人平均比不使用的人多活了48天，而住在阳光较多的地区的居民则多活了26天。
词汇精讲
corresponding / k r sp nd /
形容词，表示：相应的；对应的
英文释义：similar in character, form, or function; comparable in position, purpose, or function.
例句：The increase in sales was not matched by a corresponding increase in profits. 销售增长没有对应的利润增长。
7
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
理查德·韦勒（Richard Weller），这项研究的联合负责人表示，迄今为止，大多数有关紫外线（UV）的防护指南主要目的是防止黑色素瘤皮肤癌的发生。但他指出：“实际上，死于其他类型的癌症和疾病的人数要远多于黑色素瘤。我们应该考虑如何利用紫外线辐射来帮助人们避免生病。”
词汇精讲
guidance / ɡa d ns/
名词，表示：指导；建议
英文释义：advice or information aimed at resolving a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority.
例句：The teacher's guidance was instrumental in helping the students succeed. 老师的指导对帮助学生成功起到了关键作用。
avoid / v d/
动词，表示：避免
英文释义：keep away from or stop oneself from doing something.
例句：Drivers should avoid distractions while on the road. 驾驶员应该避免在路上分心。
固定搭配：avoid illness 避免疾病
同义替换：prevent 阻止
8
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
目前尚不清楚紫外线（UV）具体是如何延长生命的。研究作者们认为，这可能与维生素D增强免疫系统和改善骨骼健康的功能有关。他们还指出，一氧化氮这种强效的血管扩张剂，能有效降低心血管疾病的风险。《调查性皮肤学杂志》（Journal of Investigative Dermatology）2014年的一项研究显示，皮肤细胞在适度暴露于某些紫外线后会释放一氧化氮，阳光则帮助这种气体进入循环系统，从而可能发挥促进健康的作用。研究人员希望未来的研究能进一步阐明这一因果关系。
词汇精讲
mechanism / m k n z m/
名词，表示：机制；原理
英文释义：a process or system that is used to produce a particular result.
例句：Understanding the mechanism behind a phenomenon is crucial for scientific advancement. 理解现象背后的机制对科学进步至关重要。
固定搭配：mechanism of action 行动机制
lengthen / l θ n/
动词，表示：延长
英文释义：to make or become longer.
例句：Regular exercise can help lengthen your lifespan. 定期锻炼可以延长你的寿命。
固定搭配：lengthen lives 延长寿命
boost /bu st/
动词，表示：提高；增强
英文释义：to help or encourage something to increase or improve.
例句：A healthy diet can boost your overall well-being. 健康的饮食可以提高你的整体健康。
固定搭配：boost the economy 促进经济
同义替换：enhance 增强
immune system / mju n s st m/
名词短语，表示：免疫系统
英文释义：the bodily system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response.
例句：A strong immune system is vital for fighting off infections. 健康的免疫系统对抵抗感染至关重要。
nitric oxide / na tr k ksa d/
名词短语，表示：一氧化氮
英文释义：a colorless, toxic gas with a sharp odor, involved in various physiological processes in the body.
例句：Nitric oxide plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. 一氧化氮在调节血压中起着至关重要的作用。
potent / po t nt/
形容词，表示：有效的；强有力的
英文释义：having great power, influence, or effect.
例句：The new drug is potent in treating certain types of cancer. 这种新药在治疗某些癌症方面非常有效。
固定搭配：potent effect 强大的效果
moderate / m d r t/
形容词，表示：适度的；中等的
英文释义：neither very great nor very small in amount, size, strength, or degree.
例句：A moderate amount of exercise is recommended for overall health. 适量的运动对整体健康有益。
circulatory system / s rkj l t ri s st m/
名词短语，表示：循环系统
英文释义：the system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatics, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body.
例句：The circulatory system is essential for delivering nutrients to cells. 循环系统对向细胞提供营养至关重要。
causal / k z l/
形容词，表示：因果关系的
英文释义：relating to or acting as a cause.
例句：Researchers aim to identify the causal factors behind the disease. 研究人员旨在找出这种疾病背后的因果因素。
固定搭配：causal relationship 因果关系
9
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
还有其他一些问题亟待解决。例如，韦勒博士（Dr Weller）的研究团队只能分析在英国居住者的数据：不同地区对阳光暴露的风险和益处的看法可能会有所不同。另外，由于数据结构的限制，他们也无法考虑防晒霜使用的影响。
词汇精讲
individual / nd v d l/
名词，表示：个人；个体
英文释义：a single human being, as distinguished from a group.
例句：Each individual has unique preferences and opinions. 每个个体都有独特的偏好和看法。
固定搭配：individual rights 个人权利
attitude / t tud/
名词，表示：态度；看法
英文释义：a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.
例句：Having a positive attitude can greatly impact your success. 拥有积极的态度可以极大地影响你的成功。
同义替换：perspective 观点
structure / str kt r/
名词，表示：结构；构造
英文释义：the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.
例句：The company is reevaluating its organizational structure. 公司正在重新评估其组织结构。
固定搭配：social structure 社会结构
10
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
最重要的一点或许是，研究者们主要调查了大多数为白种欧洲血统的参与者，以确保他们对紫外线的反应具有一致性。韦勒博士（Dr Weller）解释说：“我们知道皮肤颜色会影响人体对紫外线的反应，但具体的影响机制尚不清楚。”莱登大学医学中心（Leiden University Medical Centre）皮肤科荣誉教授弗兰克·德·格鲁伊尔（Frank de Gruijl）指出，由于深色皮肤的人群更容易出现维生素D缺乏，需要对紫外线对这些人群的影响进行更多研究。“我们需要深入了解这一生物学过程。”
词汇精讲
participant /pɑ r t s p nt/
名词，表示：参与者；参加者
英文释义：a person who takes part in or is entered in a competition or other situation.
例句：All participants in the study provided informed consent. 研究中的所有参与者都提供了知情同意。
固定搭配：active participant 积极参与者
同义替换：attendee 参加者
ancestry / nsestri/
名词，表示：血统；祖先
英文释义：one's family or ethnic descent.
例句：She traced her ancestry back to the Mayflower settlers. 她追溯到了《五月花号》的移民祖先。
consistent /k n s st nt/
形容词，表示：一致的；始终如一的
英文释义：unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.
例句：Her performance has been consistently outstanding. 她的表现一直都非常出色。
固定搭配：consistent results 一致的结果
deficiency /d f nsi/
名词，表示：缺乏；不足
英文释义：a lack or shortage.
例句：Iron deficiency can lead to anemia. 缺铁可以导致贫血。
同义替换：shortage 短缺
emeritus / m r t s/
形容词，表示：名誉退休的；退休的
英文释义：having retired but allowed to retain their title as an honor.
例句：He was appointed Professor Emeritus after his retirement. 退休后他被任命为名誉教授。
dermatology / d rm t l d i/
名词，表示：皮肤病学
英文释义：the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
例句：She decided to specialize in dermatology after her internship. 她在实习后决定专攻皮肤病学。
dig into
短语动词，表示：深入研究；钻研
英文释义：to investigate thoroughly; to delve into.
例句：Researchers need to dig into the underlying causes of the phenomenon. 研究人员需要深入研究这一现象的根本原因。
固定搭配：dig into the details 深入细节
11
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
这项新研究可能会促使科学家和健康专家更加深入地研究紫外线暴露的益处与风险，并有望在未来为不同人群提出更精准的日晒安全建议。但目前，专家们一致认为，这项研究并不是停止使用防晒霜的借口。
词汇精讲
prompt /pr mpt/
动词，表示：促使；激励
英文释义：to cause someone to do something.
例句：The results of the study may prompt further investigations into the effects of UV exposure. 研究结果可能促使进一步调查紫外线暴露的影响。
expert / ksp t/
名词，表示：专家；专家人士
英文释义：a person who is very knowledgeable about or skillful in a particular area.
例句：Health experts are analyzing the implications of the new research findings. 健康专家正在分析新研究结果的影响。
固定搭配：legal expert 法律专家
同义替换：specialist 专家
versus / v s s/
介词，表示：与...相对比；对抗
英文释义：against; in contrast to.
例句：The debate is often framed as nature versus nurture. 这场辩论经常被框定为自然与养育之间的对抗。
available / ve l bl/
形容词，表示：可获得的；可利用的
英文释义：able to be used or obtained.
例句：More research is needed before this treatment will be widely available. 在这种治疗方法被广泛应用之前需要进行更多研究。
固定搭配：available resources 可利用资源
nuanced / nju ɑ nst/
形容词，表示：微妙的；细致入微的
英文释义：characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression.
例句：The issue is complex and requires a nuanced approach to understand fully. 这个问题很复杂，需要一种细致入微的方法才能完全理解。
Rays of hope
Exposure to the sun's UV radiation may be good for you
For now, though, keep the sun cream handy
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north. The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
双语精读
1
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
晒太阳对身体有害的观念至少已存在40年。这主要是因为太阳除了发射可见光外，还会释放出紫外线（UV）。紫外线增加了患皮肤癌的风险——而且相关的诊断数量正逐年增加。同时，紫外线还会导致皮肤提早老化和皱纹的形成。因此，大多数发达国家建议，在日照强烈的时段，尤其是夏季，日光浴者应涂抹防晒霜来保护皮肤。
词汇精讲
hazard / h z rd/
名词，表示：危险；风险
英文释义：a danger or risk.
例句：Growing levels of pollution represent a serious health hazard to the local population. 日益严重的污染对当地人民的健康构成了重大威胁。
固定搭配：safety hazard 安全隐患
同义替换：risk 风险
ultraviolet / ltr va l t/
形容词，表示：紫外的
英文释义：relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light.
例句：Wearing sunscreen is essential to protect your skin from ultraviolet rays. 涂抹防晒霜对保护皮肤免受紫外线的伤害至关重要。
emit / m t/
动词，表示：发射；散发
英文释义：to send out; discharge.
例句：The factory emits harmful gases into the atmosphere. 工厂向大气中排放有害气体。
固定搭配：emit light 发光
radiation / re di e n/
名词，表示：辐射
英文释义：the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.
例句：Exposure to radiation can have various health effects. 接触辐射可能导致各种健康问题。
固定搭配：nuclear radiation 核辐射
diagnose / da ɡno z/
动词，表示：诊断
英文释义：to identify a disease or illness through examination.
例句：The doctor was able to diagnose the patient's condition accurately. 医生成功准确地诊断了患者的病情。
固定搭配：diagnose a problem 诊断问题
premature / pr m t r/
形容词，表示：过早的；提前发生的
英文释义：occurring or done before the usual or proper time.
例句：Premature birth can lead to various health complications. 早产可能导致各种健康并发症。
固定搭配：premature aging 过早衰老
wrinkles / r k lz/
名词，表示：皱纹
英文释义：lines on the skin caused by old age or other factors.
例句：She started using anti-wrinkle cream to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. 她开始使用抗皱霜减少皱纹的出现。
固定搭配：fine wrinkles 细纹
recommend / r k m nd/
动词，表示：推荐；建议
英文释义：to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose.
例句：I recommend this book to anyone interested in learning about history. 我推荐这本书给任何对历史感兴趣的人。
固定搭配：recommend a product 推荐一种产品
同义替换：suggest 建议
sun cream /s n krim/
名词短语，表示：防晒霜
英文释义：a lotion applied to the skin to protect it from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
例句：It's important to apply sun cream before going out in the sun. 出门前涂抹防晒霜非常重要。
2
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
紫外线（UV）确实存在健康风险，但最新的研究提示，我们可能需要重新评估其潜在的好处。最近发表在《健康与地点》（Health and Place）杂志上的一项研究显示，增加紫外线的接触显著降低了人们死于心血管疾病和癌症的几率。不过，即使紫外线接触增加，死于最致命的黑色素瘤皮肤癌的风险并没有显著变化。尽管以前的小规模研究已经指出了紫外线的某些健康益处，但这项是目前为止最大规模的研究，首次直接证实了紫外线接触与延长寿命之间存在直接关联。
词汇精讲
pose /po z/
动词，表示：构成；带来
英文释义：to present.
例句：The new regulations pose a challenge for small businesses. 新规定给小企业带来了挑战。
固定搭配：pose a threat 带来威胁
同义替换：present 提出
exposure / k spo r/
名词，表示：暴露；接触
英文释义：the state of being exposed to contact with something.
例句：Long-term exposure to pollution can have serious health effects. 长期接触污染物可能会对健康造成严重影响。
固定搭配：sun exposure 日晒
significantly /s ɡ n f k ntli/
副词，表示：显著地；重要地
英文释义：in a way that is large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.
例句：The new treatment significantly improved the patient's condition. 新的治疗显著改善了患者的病情。
固定搭配：increase significantly 显著增加
同义替换：substantially 实质性地
cardiovascular / kɑ r.di.o v s.kj .l r/
形容词，表示：心血管的
英文释义：relating to the heart and blood vessels.
例句：Regular exercise is important for maintaining good cardiovascular health. 经常锻炼对保持良好的心血管健康至关重要。
固定搭配：cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
melanoma / mel. no .m /
名词，表示：黑色素瘤
英文释义：a type of skin cancer that can be very dangerous and needs to be treated quickly.
例句：Early detection is crucial for successfully treating melanoma. 早期发现对成功治疗黑色素瘤至关重要。
meaningfully / mi n f li/
副词，表示：有意义地
英文释义：in a way that is significant or important.
例句：The new policy change will meaningfully impact the local community. 新的政策变化将有意义地影响当地社区。
correlation / k r le n/
名词，表示：相关性；相互关系
英文释义：a connection or relationship between two or more things.
例句：There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 吸烟和肺癌之间存在着很强的相关性。
固定搭配：positive correlation 正相关
同义替换：connection 连接
lifespan / la fsp n/
名词，表示：寿命；生命周期
英文释义：the length of time a person, animal, or thing exists or functions.
例句：Advancements in medicine have led to longer lifespans in many societies. 医学的进步导致许多社会的寿命延长。
3
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
为了进行这项研究，爱丁堡大学的研究团队使用了英国生物银行（UK Biobank）收集的超过36万人的数据。他们找出了两个可能较频繁接触紫外线（UV）的群体：一是经常使用日光浴床或日光灯的人，二是居住在日照充足地区的人。为了验证他们对参与者紫外线接触的假设是否准确，科学家们还检测了一部分血样中的维生素D水平。维生素D在紫外线照射下会在皮肤中合成，因此它是判断太阳曝晒程度的可靠指标。
词汇精讲
analysis / n l s s/
名词，表示：分析；分析过程
英文释义：the process of studying or examining something in detail.
例句：The analysis of the data revealed interesting trends. 对数据的分析揭示了有趣的趋势。
固定搭配：statistical analysis 统计分析
同义替换：examination 检查
database / de t be s/
名词，表示：数据库
英文释义：a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
例句：The company's database contains valuable customer information. 公司的数据库中包含有价值的客户信息。
cohort / ko h rt/
名词，表示：队列；群体
英文释义：a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience.
例句：The study followed a cohort of students over a period of five years. 这项研究追踪了一群学生五年。
固定搭配：age cohort 年龄群体
sunbed / s n b d/
名词，表示：日光浴床
英文释义：a bed-like structure with a system of lights, used for tanning the skin.
例句：Using a sunbed increases the risk of skin damage. 使用日光浴床会增加皮肤受损的风险。
sunlamp / s n l mp/
名词，表示：日光灯
英文释义：a lamp that emits ultraviolet light, used for tanning or therapeutic purposes.
例句：Doctors may recommend sunlamp therapy for certain skin conditions. 医生可能会建议使用日光灯治疗某些皮肤问题。
assumption / s mp n/
名词，表示：假设；设想
英文释义：things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
例句：The success of the project was based on several key assumptions. 项目成功的基础是几个关键的假设。
synthesise / s nθ sa z/
动词，表示：合成；综合
英文释义：to combine different elements to form a coherent whole.
例句：The new drug was synthesised using advanced techniques. 这种新药是利用先进技术合成的。
presence / pr z ns/
名词，表示：存在；出现
英文释义：the fact or condition of being present in a particular place.
例句：Her presence at the meeting was unexpected. 她在会议上的出现出人意料。
固定搭配：physical presence 实体存在
同义替换：existence 存在
reliable /r la bl/
形容词，表示：可靠的；可信赖的
英文释义：able to be trusted to do or provide what is needed; trustworthy.
例句：A reliable car is essential for long commutes. 一辆可靠的汽车对长途通勤至关重要。
indicator / nd ke t r/
名词，表示：指示物；指标
英文释义：a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level of something.
例句：Rising unemployment rates can be an indicator of an economic downturn. 不断上升的失业率可能是经济衰退的指标。
4
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
在研究受试者的死亡率时，研究人员考虑并调整了包括年龄、性别、吸烟以及社会经济地位（在英国，通常居住在阳光充足的地方的人收入较高）等多种可能的干扰因素。此外，他们还考虑到了体育锻炼的影响，因为那些喜爱阳光的人往往会有更多的户外活动，从而过着更健康的生活。
词汇精讲
confounding /k n fa nd /
形容词，表示：混淆的；困惑的
英文释义：causing confusion or surprise by being unexpected.
例句：The results were confounding, as they contradicted previous findings. 结果令人困惑，因为它们与先前的发现相矛盾。
固定搭配：confounding factors 混淆因素
同义替换：perplexing 令人困惑的
clime /kla m/
名词，表示：气候；地区
英文释义：a region considered with reference to its climate.
例句：People from colder climes often seek warmer vacation destinations. 来自寒冷地区的人经常寻找更温暖的度假地点。
固定搭配：warmer climes 更温暖的气候
5
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north.
研究结果表明，使用日光浴床的人相比不使用的人，心血管疾病的死亡风险降低了23%，癌症的死亡风险降低了14%。此外，居住地的日照情况也对这些数据有影响。例如，在英国南部的特鲁罗（Truro），居民每年接收到的太阳短波辐射量（包括紫外线、可见光及部分红外线）比北部的格拉斯哥（Glasgow）或爱丁堡（Edinburgh）多出大约25%。
词汇精讲
on average
短语，表示：平均；通常来说
英文释义：typically, typically representing a usual amount or estimate.
例句：On average, students spend about six hours a day studying. 通常来说，学生每天学习约六个小时。
solar / s l r/
形容词，表示：太阳的；太阳能的
英文释义：relating to or determined by the sun.
例句：Solar energy is becoming more popular as a sustainable power source. 太阳能作为可持续能源的应用越来越普遍。
infrared / nfr red/
形容词，表示：红外线的
英文释义：having a wavelength longer than that of the red end of the visible spectrum but shorter than that of microwaves.
例句：Infrared cameras can detect heat signatures not visible to the naked eye. 红外摄像头可以探测肉眼看不见的热量标记。
6
The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
基于这一点，研究团队得出结论，住在阳光较多地区的人心血管疾病的死亡风险降低了19%，癌症死亡风险降低了12%。也就是说，在这15年的研究中，使用日光浴床的人平均比不使用的人多活了48天，而住在阳光较多的地区的居民则多活了26天。
词汇精讲
corresponding / k r sp nd /
形容词，表示：相应的；对应的
英文释义：similar in character, form, or function; comparable in position, purpose, or function.
例句：The increase in sales was not matched by a corresponding increase in profits. 销售增长没有对应的利润增长。
7
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
理查德·韦勒（Richard Weller），这项研究的联合负责人表示，迄今为止，大多数有关紫外线（UV）的防护指南主要目的是防止黑色素瘤皮肤癌的发生。但他指出：“实际上，死于其他类型的癌症和疾病的人数要远多于黑色素瘤。我们应该考虑如何利用紫外线辐射来帮助人们避免生病。”
词汇精讲
guidance / ɡa d ns/
名词，表示：指导；建议
英文释义：advice or information aimed at resolving a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority.
例句：The teacher's guidance was instrumental in helping the students succeed. 老师的指导对帮助学生成功起到了关键作用。
avoid / v d/
动词，表示：避免
英文释义：keep away from or stop oneself from doing something.
例句：Drivers should avoid distractions while on the road. 驾驶员应该避免在路上分心。
固定搭配：avoid illness 避免疾病
同义替换：prevent 阻止
8
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
目前尚不清楚紫外线（UV）具体是如何延长生命的。研究作者们认为，这可能与维生素D增强免疫系统和改善骨骼健康的功能有关。他们还指出，一氧化氮这种强效的血管扩张剂，能有效降低心血管疾病的风险。《调查性皮肤学杂志》（Journal of Investigative Dermatology）2014年的一项研究显示，皮肤细胞在适度暴露于某些紫外线后会释放一氧化氮，阳光则帮助这种气体进入循环系统，从而可能发挥促进健康的作用。研究人员希望未来的研究能进一步阐明这一因果关系。
词汇精讲
mechanism / m k n z m/
名词，表示：机制；原理
英文释义：a process or system that is used to produce a particular result.
例句：Understanding the mechanism behind a phenomenon is crucial for scientific advancement. 理解现象背后的机制对科学进步至关重要。
固定搭配：mechanism of action 行动机制
lengthen / l θ n/
动词，表示：延长
英文释义：to make or become longer.
例句：Regular exercise can help lengthen your lifespan. 定期锻炼可以延长你的寿命。
固定搭配：lengthen lives 延长寿命
boost /bu st/
动词，表示：提高；增强
英文释义：to help or encourage something to increase or improve.
例句：A healthy diet can boost your overall well-being. 健康的饮食可以提高你的整体健康。
固定搭配：boost the economy 促进经济
同义替换：enhance 增强
immune system / mju n s st m/
名词短语，表示：免疫系统
英文释义：the bodily system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response.
例句：A strong immune system is vital for fighting off infections. 健康的免疫系统对抵抗感染至关重要。
nitric oxide / na tr k ksa d/
名词短语，表示：一氧化氮
英文释义：a colorless, toxic gas with a sharp odor, involved in various physiological processes in the body.
例句：Nitric oxide plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. 一氧化氮在调节血压中起着至关重要的作用。
potent / po t nt/
形容词，表示：有效的；强有力的
英文释义：having great power, influence, or effect.
例句：The new drug is potent in treating certain types of cancer. 这种新药在治疗某些癌症方面非常有效。
固定搭配：potent effect 强大的效果
moderate / m d r t/
形容词，表示：适度的；中等的
英文释义：neither very great nor very small in amount, size, strength, or degree.
例句：A moderate amount of exercise is recommended for overall health. 适量的运动对整体健康有益。
circulatory system / s rkj l t ri s st m/
名词短语，表示：循环系统
英文释义：the system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatics, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body.
例句：The circulatory system is essential for delivering nutrients to cells. 循环系统对向细胞提供营养至关重要。
causal / k z l/
形容词，表示：因果关系的
英文释义：relating to or acting as a cause.
例句：Researchers aim to identify the causal factors behind the disease. 研究人员旨在找出这种疾病背后的因果因素。
固定搭配：causal relationship 因果关系
9
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
还有其他一些问题亟待解决。例如，韦勒博士（Dr Weller）的研究团队只能分析在英国居住者的数据：不同地区对阳光暴露的风险和益处的看法可能会有所不同。另外，由于数据结构的限制，他们也无法考虑防晒霜使用的影响。
词汇精讲
individual / nd v d l/
名词，表示：个人；个体
英文释义：a single human being, as distinguished from a group.
例句：Each individual has unique preferences and opinions. 每个个体都有独特的偏好和看法。
固定搭配：individual rights 个人权利
attitude / t tud/
名词，表示：态度；看法
英文释义：a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.
例句：Having a positive attitude can greatly impact your success. 拥有积极的态度可以极大地影响你的成功。
同义替换：perspective 观点
structure / str kt r/
名词，表示：结构；构造
英文释义：the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.
例句：The company is reevaluating its organizational structure. 公司正在重新评估其组织结构。
固定搭配：social structure 社会结构
10
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
最重要的一点或许是，研究者们主要调查了大多数为白种欧洲血统的参与者，以确保他们对紫外线的反应具有一致性。韦勒博士（Dr Weller）解释说：“我们知道皮肤颜色会影响人体对紫外线的反应，但具体的影响机制尚不清楚。”莱登大学医学中心（Leiden University Medical Centre）皮肤科荣誉教授弗兰克·德·格鲁伊尔（Frank de Gruijl）指出，由于深色皮肤的人群更容易出现维生素D缺乏，需要对紫外线对这些人群的影响进行更多研究。“我们需要深入了解这一生物学过程。”
词汇精讲
participant /pɑ r t s p nt/
名词，表示：参与者；参加者
英文释义：a person who takes part in or is entered in a competition or other situation.
例句：All participants in the study provided informed consent. 研究中的所有参与者都提供了知情同意。
固定搭配：active participant 积极参与者
同义替换：attendee 参加者
ancestry / nsestri/
名词，表示：血统；祖先
英文释义：one's family or ethnic descent.
例句：She traced her ancestry back to the Mayflower settlers. 她追溯到了《五月花号》的移民祖先。
consistent /k n s st nt/
形容词，表示：一致的；始终如一的
英文释义：unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.
例句：Her performance has been consistently outstanding. 她的表现一直都非常出色。
固定搭配：consistent results 一致的结果
deficiency /d f nsi/
名词，表示：缺乏；不足
英文释义：a lack or shortage.
例句：Iron deficiency can lead to anemia. 缺铁可以导致贫血。
同义替换：shortage 短缺
emeritus / m r t s/
形容词，表示：名誉退休的；退休的
英文释义：having retired but allowed to retain their title as an honor.
例句：He was appointed Professor Emeritus after his retirement. 退休后他被任命为名誉教授。
dermatology / d rm t l d i/
名词，表示：皮肤病学
英文释义：the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
例句：She decided to specialize in dermatology after her internship. 她在实习后决定专攻皮肤病学。
dig into
短语动词，表示：深入研究；钻研
英文释义：to investigate thoroughly; to delve into.
例句：Researchers need to dig into the underlying causes of the phenomenon. 研究人员需要深入研究这一现象的根本原因。
固定搭配：dig into the details 深入细节
11
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
这项新研究可能会促使科学家和健康专家更加深入地研究紫外线暴露的益处与风险，并有望在未来为不同人群提出更精准的日晒安全建议。但目前，专家们一致认为，这项研究并不是停止使用防晒霜的借口。
词汇精讲
prompt /pr mpt/
动词，表示：促使；激励
英文释义：to cause someone to do something.
例句：The results of the study may prompt further investigations into the effects of UV exposure. 研究结果可能促使进一步调查紫外线暴露的影响。
expert / ksp t/
名词，表示：专家；专家人士
英文释义：a person who is very knowledgeable about or skillful in a particular area.
例句：Health experts are analyzing the implications of the new research findings. 健康专家正在分析新研究结果的影响。
固定搭配：legal expert 法律专家
同义替换：specialist 专家
versus / v s s/
介词，表示：与...相对比；对抗
英文释义：against; in contrast to.
例句：The debate is often framed as nature versus nurture. 这场辩论经常被框定为自然与养育之间的对抗。
available / ve l bl/
形容词，表示：可获得的；可利用的
英文释义：able to be used or obtained.
例句：More research is needed before this treatment will be widely available. 在这种治疗方法被广泛应用之前需要进行更多研究。
固定搭配：available resources 可利用资源
nuanced / nju ɑ nst/
形容词，表示：微妙的；细致入微的
英文释义：characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression.
例句：The issue is complex and requires a nuanced approach to understand fully. 这个问题很复杂，需要一种细致入微的方法才能完全理解。
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