人教版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural Disasters 考点清单学案（含答案）

Unit 4 Natural Disasters考点清单
学习目标整合
language competence To improve listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities; To learn and understand some new word and expressions; To study and master the structure and usage of attributive clause; To learn the structure and language features of a summary.
cultural awareness To understand some major natural disasters at home and abroad; To be aware of the danger of natural disasters; To learn some measures to protect oneself in natural disasters; To establish the awareness of disaster prevention and self-protection; To get the awareness and attitude to deal with disasters actively.
thinking quality To understand and analyze the structure of the passage; To infer the meaning of words and expressions in the passage; To identify and analyze the grammar rules of attributive clause; To improve independent thinking and problem-solving skills; To improve critical thinking and creative thinking.
learning ability To master effective learning methods and develop good study habits; To improve independent learning, cooperative learning and inquiry-based learning abilities; To improve learning strategies, such as effective note-taking; To learn some communication strategies, such as clarification and paraphrasing; To enhance cooperation ability by working together with partners.
思维导图回顾知识
重难知识易混易错
定语从句
一、定义
1. 在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
2. 关系词分为关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose，as等)和关系副词(when，where，why等)两类。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who引导的定语从句
The children who were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
目前，在车祸中受伤的孩子们正在医院接受治疗。
Danny was the man who we rescued from the ruins.
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的那个人。
who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语。
2. whom引导的定语从句
Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。
The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。
3. whose引导的定语从句
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.
我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
他住在一个窗子朝北的房间里。
whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。
4. which引导的定语从句
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring(which) he had lost on the train.
那个年轻人领回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。
The little girl is having an apple which is big and red.
小女孩正在吃一个又大又红的苹果。
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。
5. that引导的定语从句
The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。(that指人，作主语)
The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.
地上放的那个手提箱是她的。(that指物，作主语)
that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。习惯上指人多用who/whom替代，指物多用which替代。
注意：
（1）关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
（2）关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。
练习：
1. However, the majority of people are _____ (effect) speakers because they train to be.
2. As long as we make every effort _____ (solve) the problems, we will surely achieve our goal.
3. To build up his strength, he gradually increases the _____ (long) of the runs.
4. Many buildings _____ (sweep) away in the flood last year, which led to many deaths.
5. Never before has our country been so _____ (power) as it is today.
6. Everyone breathed a sigh of relief, and they cheered to celebrate their _____ (survive).
7. Dance expresses love and hate, joy and sorrow, life and _____ (dead), and everything else in between.
8. I was in a state of shock when I _____ (rescue). They immediately sent me to the hospital.
9. They are now in a better position _________ they can be very successful this year.
10. The famous basketball star, ________ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
答案：
1.答案：effective
解析：考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,设空处在句中作定语,修饰复数名词speakers,故填形容词effective,意为“有影响力的”。句意:然而,大多数人是因为他们受过训练才成为有影响力的演说家的。
2.答案：to solve
解析：考查不定式。make every effort to do sth.意为“尽一切努力做某事”,故填to solve。句意:只要我们尽一切努力解决问题,我们就一定会实现我们的目标。
3.答案：length
解析：考查名词。句意:为了增强他的体力,他逐渐增加了跑步的里程。根据设空处前的the和设空处后的of可知此处应用名词,long是形容词,其名词是length。
4.答案：were swept
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:在去年的洪水中,很多建筑物被冲走,导致很多人死亡。根据时间状语last year可知此处应用一般过去时,且buildings和sweep away之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。主语是复数名词,谓语动词应用复数。故填were swept。
5.答案：powerful
解析：考查形容词。设空处前面有been和表示程度的副词so,故此处需用形容词作表语,故填powerful,表示“我们的国家以前从来没有像现在这样强大过”。
6.答案：survival
解析：考查名词。句意:每个人都松了一口气,他们欢呼庆祝自己的幸存。根据their可知,设空处应用名词,survive是动词,其名词为survival。故填survival。
7.答案：death
解析：考查名词。句意:舞蹈表达爱与恨,欢乐与悲伤,生与死,以及其他介于两者之间的一切。love and为三个并列的结hate joy and sorrow、life and构,这三个结构都是由and连接两个名词构成的,所以设空处也应用名词,根据语境可知填death。
8.答案：was rescued
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:我获救时已休克。他们立即把我送到了医院。根据前面的was可知此处应用一般过去时,且I(第一人称)和rescue之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was rescued。
9.答案：where
解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们现在处于一个更好的位置，可以在今年取得很大成功。分析句子结构可知，横线往后是一个限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 position。position表示抽象的地点，应用where来引导。故填where。
10.答案：who
解析：考查定语从句。句意为:这位尝试复出的著名篮球明星吸引了许多人的注意。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是"basketball star",指人,关系词在从句中作主语,应用who引导该从句。故填who。
核心素养对接高考
一、阅读理解
Efforts were underway in Bangladesh to deliver food and drinking water to millions of people struggling after a heavy rain led to flooding, which struck a quarter of the country. There are around 3.5 million Bangladeshis at risk of river flooding every year according to a 2015 report by the World Bank.
On Wednesday, at least 17 of the country's 64 districts(地区), mostly in the northern and north-eastern Sylhet, were suffering from the natural disaster. Government officials said at least 36 people had been killed and about 4.5 million people had been stuck so far. The floods also caused damage to agriculture(农业), electricity, and clean water supply.
Sylhet is among the worst affected, with several areas without electricity. "Many people are in great need of food and drinking water," said Enam Ahmed, 45, living in the worst-hit Sunmaganj district. "There is water everywhere but no drinking water. Flood shelters are filled with people but they are not getting enough food," he said.
The situation in Bangladesh has been worsened by rainwater falling down from the surrounding hills of India's Meghalaya state, which received more than 970 mm (about 38 inches) of rain on Sunday, according to a government report.
"The flood situation in the three Barak valley districts continues to be very serious. Army rescuers have evacuated thousands of trapped people to safe places. 14 rescue teams with more than 70 boats and over 400 men have been pressed into action in the heavily flooded districts," said a local flood control official. About 5.5 million people have been displaced, about 3.7 million of whom are staying in government-run temporary(临时的) shelters on higher ground.
Locals in the flood-affected areas said they had never seen such serious floods before.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The role played by government officials. B. The people trapped in the disaster.
C. The number of districts in the country. D. The damage caused by the floods.
2. What do we know about the flood shelters
A. There is a crying need for food. B. They can provide enough clean water.
C. They are too old to hold people. D. There are few villagers staying inside.
3. What does the underlined word "displaced" in Paragraph 5 mean
A. Called on. B. Checked out. C. Moved away. D. Sent in.
4. What can we infer from the text
A. More rescue efforts are needed. B. The floods hit the whole country.
C. The disaster is the biggest ever. D. Rivers nationwide are at risk.
二、七选五
Causes of sandstorms
In desert areas, sandstorms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows(外流) or strong pressure gradients(气压梯度) which cause an increase in wind speed over a wide area. In some cases, dust and sand may set a limit to a shallow depth by a low-lying temperature change. ①_________ Drought is another cause of sandstorms. Poor farming practices make dust and sand free of protection from the wind. ②_________ A sandstorm can transport and carry large amounts of sand. Deserts are the key source of sandstorms. Saharan sandstorms have increased about 10 times during the half century since the 1950s, causing topsoil(表土层) loss in nearby countries. ③_________
Sandstorms have also been shown to increase the spread of disease across the globe. Viruses in the dust are blown into the atmosphere by the storms. Some diseases may not be urgent at the very beginning, but they can develop into deadly ones if left untreated. ④_________
Sandstorms cause soil loss from the dry land, doing harm to agriculture. Sandstorms also reduce visibility, affecting airplanes and road transportation. ⑤_________
Dust can also have good effects. Central and South American rainforests get most of their mineral nutrients from the Sahara; iron-poor ocean regions get iron.
A. This is one of the effects of sandstorms.
B. Bad results are caused by sandstorms.
C. Dry land farming is one of the most serious practices.
D. People know little about the effects about sandstorms.
E. In other cases, dust may be blown as high as 6,100 meters high.
F. For example, a breathing problem can lead to lung cancer, while dry eyes lead to blindness.
G. In addition, sandstorms also discourage visitors from visiting these places, striking tourism.
三、书面表达
昨天A市(A city)发生了严重洪灾,人、建筑物、汽车被大水冲走，损失惨重。请根据下面提供的信息，为某英语报社写一篇80词左右的新闻报道，报道的标题已给出。内容包括：
1. 受灾情况：如人员伤亡(多达50人死亡,数百人受伤)；很多建筑物损毁；供水、供电中断等；
2. 救援情况:军队、医务人员等；
3. 赈灾措施：运送生活物资；人们捐款等。
注意：结尾已给出；不计入总词数。
A Terrible Flood
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
With a large donation and joint efforts of all the people, it is believed that A city will revive itself and get back up on its feet soon.
答案以及解析
一、阅读理解
1.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“at least 17 of the country's 64 districts...suffering from the natural disaster” “at least 36 people had been killed and about 4.5 million people had been stuck so far” “The floods also caused damage to agriculture, electricity, and clean water supply.”可知,这一段从受灾范围、受影响人数以及涉及的生产、生活中的不同方面(农业、电力等)详细介绍了洪水带来的破坏。故选D项。
2.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Many people are in great need of food and drinking water” “Flood shelters are filled with people but they are not getting enough food”可知,洪水避难所的人们急需食物。故选A项。
3.答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。画线词前面的“Army rescuers have evacuated thousands of trapped people...districts”为救援措施;画线词所在部分为主句,其后面的定语从句“about 3.7 million of whom are staying in government-run temporary shelters on higher ground(其中约370万人住在高地上政府运营的临时避难所)”为救援成果。由此可知,画线词所在部分意为“约550万人被转移”。故可推测动词displace 意为“转移”,与词组move away“搬到别处去”意义相似。故选C项。
4.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“受洪水影响地区的当地人表示,他们以前从未见过如此严重的洪水。”可推知,这次洪水灾害是目前最严重的。故选C项。
二、七选五
答案：ECAFG
解析：①由上文In some cases, dust...可知E项In other cases, dust may be blown as high as 6,100 meters high.(在其他情况下,灰尘可能会被吹到高达6,100米高。)承接上文,故选E。
②上文提示“糟糕的耕作方式使灰尘和沙子无法防风。”,由此可知,C项Dry land farming is one of the most serious practices.(旱地农业是最严重的做法之一。)承接上文,故选C。
③上文提示“沙漠是沙尘暴的主要来源。自20世纪50年代以来的半个世纪,撒哈拉沙漠的沙尘暴增加了10 倍,导致附近国家的土壤流失。”。A项This is one of the effects of sandstorms.(这是沙尘暴的影响之一。)切题。故选A。
④上文提示“有些疾病在最开始的时候可能并不紧急,但如果不及时治疗,它们可能会发展成致命的疾病。”,F项For example, a breathing problem can lead to lung cancer, while dry eyes lead to blindness.(例如,呼吸问题可能会导致肺癌,而干眼症可能会导致失明。)承接上文,故选F。
⑤上文提示“沙尘暴也降低了能见度,影响了飞机和公路运输。”,G项In addition, sandstorms also discourage visitors from visiting these places, striking tourism.(此外,沙尘暴还阻碍游客参观这些地方,冲击旅游业。)承接上文,故选G。该项中的In addition使上下文紧密相连。
三、书面表达
答案：
A Terrible Flood
A terrible flood hit A city yesterday, causing great damage. The number of deaths stood at 50 and hundreds of people were injured. Numerous houses and roads were in ruins, leaving a great many citizens homeless. Food was hard to get and water and electricity supplies were cut off.
Soon after the flood, rescue workers, including medical teams and troops, were quickly organized and sent to the disaster-hit area. Fresh water and food were transported to the area. People donated money voluntarily. Volunteers from around the country came to aid in the disaster relief work.
With a large donation and joint efforts of all the people, it is believed that A city will revive itself and get back up on its feet soon.