Unit 5 Languages around the world 单元笔记（讲义）2024-2025学年高一英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

【Unit 5 笔记】
1．native adj．本国的；本地的　n．本地人；本国人
（1）be native to　原产于
one's native country/land/language　某人的祖国/故乡/母语
（2）be a native of…　……的人；原产于……的动物或植物
How many billion people speak the UN's official languages as their native or second language？
有多少亿人把联合国的官方语言作为他们的母语或第二语言？
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English．
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。
As a matter of fact，French is not my native language．事实上，法语不是我的母语。
Is her uncle a native of Shanghai，or just a visitor？她的叔叔是上海的本地人，还是只是一个访客？
The researcher says the tiger is native to India．研究人员说，这只老虎原产于印度。
2．attitude n．态度； 看法； 姿态
attitude to/towards…　对……的态度/看法
have/take a(n)…attitude to/towards…　对……持……的态度/采取……的态度
What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning？说话者对外语学习的态度是什么？
We each should develop a positive attitude to life．我们每个人都应该培养积极的人生态度。
Try to have a positive attitude to/towards everything and stop complaining．尽力对每件事情都持积极的态度，停止抱怨。
It was your bad attitude towards/to your work that made your parents angry．是你对生活的不好态度使父母生气。

3．despite prep．即使；尽管
despite　即使；尽管， 为介词，后常跟名词或v．－ing
even if　即使；尽管，为连词，后跟从句
China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times，despite the many ups and downs in its history．
中国以其悠久的文明而闻名，尽管历史上有过许多起起落落，但中国一直延续到现代。
My parents love me despite my shortcomings． 尽管我有很多缺点，但是父母还是喜欢我的。
John is a good basketball player despite being short and thin． 尽管约翰身材矮小，他依然是个优秀的篮球运动员。
4．based adj．以（某事）为基础的；以……为重要部分（或特征）的
（1） be based on/upon　以……为基础/依据，在句子中常常作状语。
（2） base　vt．以……为据点；以……为基础n． 底部；根据 base…on…　以……为基础
basic adj． 基础的
At the beginning，written Chinese was a picture－based language．最初，书面汉语是一种以象形文字为基础的语言。
In my diary， I set down a series of things that are all based on facts．在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
One should always base his opinion on facts．一个人应该始终以事实为根据发表自己的观点。
【温馨提示】
（1）Based on a true story， the film is very popular．这部电影是根据一个真实的故事改编的，现在很受欢迎。
（2）They have to have a basic understanding of computers in order to use the technology．
为了使用这项技术，他们必须对计算机有一个基本的了解。
A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships．
很多业务仍然是通过电话完成的，其中大部分是基于信任和现有的关系。
5．variety n．（植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化
（1）a variety of＝varieties of　种类繁多的
（2）various adj．　不同的；各种各样的
for various reasons　由于种种原因
vary vt．&vi．　改变；变化
vary from… to…　从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动
One of the advantages is that we can find varieties of topics， such as science， culture and history．
其中优势之一是我们能够找到各种主题，如：科学、文化、历史等。
In my free time， I'd like to take exercise， such as swimming， running and various/a variety of ball games．
在业余时间，我喜欢锻炼，例如：游泳、跑步和各种球类运动。
All languages change over time and vary from place to place because of the local accent．
所有的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化，并且由于地方口音的不同而有所不同。
It is a pity that some people can't go back home at the Spring Festival for a variety of reasons．
遗憾的是，有些人因为各种原因不能回家。
The research team is made up of the pupils，whose ages vary from 10 to 15．
这个研究小组由这些学生组成，他们的年龄从10岁到15岁不等。
6．major adj．主要的；重要的；大的　n．主修课程；主修学生　vi．主修；专门研究
（1） major in　主修……；以……为专业
（2） majority n．　大多数；大半
a/the majority of　大多数……
be in the majority　构成大部分/大多数
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction．
秦始皇统一了七大诸侯国，形成了一个统一的郡，中国的文字系统开始朝一个方向发展。
I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding．我猜想这里可能有个大的误会。
When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is of great importance．
当涉及教育，大部分人认为教育很重要。
Our teacher majored in English in Beijing University many years ago．我们的老师多年前在北京大学主修英语。
The majority were graduates from this school．其中大多数都是这所学校的毕业生。
7．means n．方式；方法；途径 【温馨提示】means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。
（1） by this means　通过这种方法
by all means　无论如何；当然（口语）
by means of　用……办法；借助……
by no means　决不，一点也不（位于句首时，句子用部分倒装）
mean vi．　意思是；意味着；打算
mean doing sth．　意味着做某事
mean to do　打算做某事
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past．
书面汉语也成为中国现在与过去联系的重要手段。
There is no doubt that Wechat is an important means of communication．毫无疑问，微信是一种重要的交流工具。
Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing part－time jobs．学生有时借助兼职工作养活自己。
By no means can you give up when you are in trouble．处境困难时绝对不能放弃。
Success means getting personal desires satisfied．成功意味着个人欲望得到满足。
（1）Every possible means has been tried ，but none has worked．
（2）All possible means have been tried ，but none has worked．
所有可能的方法都尝试过，但都没有奏效。
8．regard n．尊重；关注　vt．把……视为；看待
（1）regard/consider… as…　认为……是……
（2）have high/no regard for…　高度关注/无视……
with/in regard to sth．　 关于某事
The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form which has become an important part of Chinese culture： Chinese calligraphy．
汉字作为一种艺术形式的发展，已经成为中国文化的重要组成部分：书法。
I regard this novel as one of the best novels I have ever read． 我认为这是我读过的最好的小说中的一部。
She has no regard for other people's feelings． 她无视别人的感受。
In regard to his suggestions，we shall discuss them fully．关于你的建议，我们将充分讨论。
I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints．关于你的抱怨，我没什么好说的。
He knew nothing regarding the case．他对这个案子一无所知。
The novel is regarded as one of the classic works．这部小说被认为是经典作品之一。
9．appreciate vt．欣赏；重视；感激；领会　vi．增值
（1）appreciate＋n．/pron．/v．－ing　重视/感激……
I would appreciate it if…　假如……，我将不胜感激
（2）appreciation n．　欣赏； 感激
express one's appreciation to sb． for sth．　 表达对某人的感激之情
As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language．
随着中国在国际事务中发挥越来越大的作用，越来越多的国际学生开始通过这种令人惊叹的语言来欣赏中国的文化和历史。
Many people can't fully appreciate the importance of regular exercise．许多人没有充分认识到定期锻炼的重要性。
I'd appreciate your writing me back as soon as possible．你尽早回信我将感激不尽。
Here I sincerely express my appreciation if you could help find the lost suitcase．
在此，我衷心感谢你能帮忙找到丢失的手提箱。
I appreciate being given the opportunity to work in your company two years ago．
我很感激两年前能有机会在贵公司工作。
10．struggle n．& vi．斗争；奋斗；搏斗
struggle for　努力争取……；为……而斗争
struggle against/with　与……作斗争
struggle to do sth．　努力做某事
struggle to one's feet　挣扎着站起来
When I started studying German， it was a struggle．当我开始学习德语时，这是一场奋斗。
We have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties from home and abroad．我们必须和来自国内外的各种各样的困难作斗争。
After the accident， Tom struggled to his feet and dialed 119．出事后，汤姆挣扎着站起来并拨打了119。
He struggled to explain what he heard in his head． 他努力去解释他在脑子里听到的东西。
Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune．
他成年后的大部分时间都是在与债务和不幸的斗争。
It was in 1862 that the American slaves won their struggle for freedom．
正是在1862年，美国的奴隶们赢得了他们争取自由的斗争。
11．equal n．同等的人；相等物； adj．相同的；同样的
（1）be equal to sth．　等于/胜任某事
equal sb．/sth．in （doing） sth．　在（做）某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物
（2）equality n．　平等；相等
equally adv．　相等地；同等地；均等地；同样地
Our relationship is close and we’re equals， so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us．
我们的关系很亲密，我们是平等的，所以我只需要几句话来弥补我们之间的差距。
I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal．
我知道，这会帮我们实现黑人和白人平等的梦想。
Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories．
曲折离奇的故事结尾给阅读者的喜悦是无与伦比的。
Beethoven was a world-famous musician，who had no equal in music．
贝多芬是世界著名的音乐家，在音乐方面无人能比。
As far as I know，he is quite equal to the job．
据我所知，他能完全能胜任这份工作。
I don't think he is equal to doing this kind of work．
我认为他不太能胜任做这种工作
Your personal circumstances are equally important．
你的个人情况也同样重要
12．demand n．要求；需求　vt．强烈要求；需要　vi．查问
（1）be in （great） demand　（迫切）需求
meet one's demands　满足某人的需求
（2）demand to do sth．　要求做某事
demand that…（should） do…　要求……
（3）demanding adj．　高要求的；要求严格的
But if I'm talking to someone who isn't very close to me， I must make my request longer — and I must make it a question， not a demand，e.g…
但是如果我和一个不是很亲近的人谈话，我必须使请求更长些——我必须把它说成是一个问题，而不是要求，比如……
First， science graduates are in greater demand than art ones in China．
首先，在中国，对理科毕业生的需求比对文科生的更大。
The manager promised that they would try to meet their customers' demands．经理许诺他们会尽力满足顾客的需求。
13．description n．描写（文字）；形容
（1）beyond description　无法形容；难以描述
（2）describe vt．　描述；形容；描绘
Does the writer give a clear description of the problem？作者是否清楚地描述了这个问题？
He gave us a short description of the city．他给我们简短地介绍了这个城市。
It is difficult to describe how I feel now．很难形容我现在的感受。
The beautiful sight of Mount Huangshan is beyond description．黄山的美丽景色令人难以形容。
14．relate vt．联系；讲述
（1）relate sth． to sb． 　向某人讲述
relate to　与……相关；涉及；谈到
（2）be related to　与……有关
（3）relation n．　关系；联系
in relation to　关于
Does each sentence relate to the main idea？ 每句话都与主旨有关吗？
He later related the whole story to me． 他后来给我讲了整件事的来龙去脉。
I have a lot to say in relation to this affair．关于这件事，我有很多话要说。
It is said that the short English film is mainly related to the development of our school．
据说这部英文短片主要与我们学校发展有关。
15．refer to 提及；查阅；参考；谈到；提交；把……称作……；指的是
（1）refer to…as…　把……称作……
（2）reference n．　言及，提及；参考；查阅
Pronouns （it，their，she， etc．） refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier．
代词（it， their， she等）指的是前面提到的某物或某人。
As far as I know， he is referred to as a living Lei Feng．据我所知，他被称为活着的雷锋。
Make notes during lectures for reference later on．听讲座的时候记些笔记以便今后参考。
相关词组
He never referred to his sisters in his letters．提到
They referred their plan to their director．把……提交给……
I didn’t know the word．I had to refer to a dictionary．查阅
What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to？指的是
16．date back （to…）追溯（到……）
（1）date back to＝date from　追溯到……
两个都用主动语态，不用被动语态和进行时态，但可用动词－ing形式作定语、补语、状语等。
谈论现存的物品或建筑物时，虽然这一事物建造于过去某一时期，但date from 和date back to却用一般现在时。
（2）out of date　过时的，陈旧的
It dates back to several thousand years to longgu．它可以追溯到几千年前的龙骨。
As far as I know， the old town dates from/back to the early Tang Dynasty．
据我所知，这个古老的城镇可追溯到初唐时期。
I'd like to buy a new coat，because this one is out of date．我想买一个新外套，因为这个外套已经过时了。
In this remote village stands an ancient temple dating from hundreds of years ago．
在这个偏远的村庄里，矗立着一座几百年前的古庙
17．point of view 观点；看法
依某人看来
I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language， and I could see the world from a different point of view．
我终于来到了一个可以用外语思考的地方，我可以从一个不同的角度看世界。
From my point of view，you should turn to your teacher for help．依我看来，你应该向老师求助。
I respect your point of view，but I'm not sure I agree with you． 我尊重你的观点，但我还是不敢苟同。
（1）In my opinion/view， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
（2）As far as I’m concerned， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
（3）From my point of view， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
在我看来，通过这些活动你可以更好地了解春节。一句多译
18．have trouble with sth． 做某事有困难
have trouble/difficulty with sth．　做某事有困难
have trouble/difficulty （in） doing sth．　做某事有麻烦/困难
I used to get high marks in English， but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening．
我以前英语成绩很好，但是现在我的听力有很多问题。
I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment．眼下我和班上的同学有点儿麻烦。
If you have some trouble in getting along with your friends，you can write to them．
如果你在与朋友的相处上有问题，你可以给他们写信。
19．“of＋抽象名词”结构的具体用法是：
（1）名词是use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/benefit/necessity等时，相当于其名词所对应的形容词，这类名词前可用no， some， any， little， much， great等词修饰。
（2）名词是age/colour/size/height/depth/width/length等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，这类名词前可用the same， different， good等修饰。
That writing system was of great importance （= very important）in uniting the Chinese people and culture．
这一书写体系对于凝聚中国人和中国文化具有重要意义。
What you are saying is of no interest （＝not interesting） to me．你说的话让我提不起兴趣。
His opinion is considered to be of great value （＝very valuable）．大家一致认为他的观点很有价值。
These flags are of different colours．这些旗帜颜色不同。
句型转换
（1）Smoking is of no benefit to you．→Smoking is not beneficial to you．
（2）This line is as long as that one．→The two lines are of the same length．
20．no matter where…意为“无论在那里”，引导让步状语从句。
“no matter ＋ 疑问词”结构与“疑问词 ＋－ever”在用法上的异同：
“no matter ＋ 疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，这时可以和“疑问词＋－ever”互换；
“疑问词＋－ever”可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak， they can all still communicate in writing．
即使在今天，无论中国人住在哪里，说什么方言，他们仍然可以用书面交流。此处可以用wherever替换。
No matter how difficult it is， I'm going to finish the work ahead of time． （状语从句）
无论有多么困难，我打算提前完成工作。
No matter what/Whatever you say， I won't believe you any longer． （状语从句）无论你说什么，我再也不相信你了。
Whatever he said was right．（名词性从句）无论他说什么都是对的。
句型转换
（1）No matter what problem you have， turn to me．→Whatever problem you have， turn to me．
（2）However long it takes， we'll have to find the lost boy．→No matter how long it takes， we'll have to find the lost boy．
21．句子升级
①一场全校范围的英语演讲比赛可以提高学生讲英语的能力。
A school－wide English speech contest can improve the students' ability to speak English．
②一场全校范围的英语演讲比赛将于7月4日下午2点在第一会议室举行。
A school－wide English speech contest will be held in No．1 meeting room at 2 p．m．on July 4．
将句①和句②用不定式连成一个简单句
In order to improve the students' ability to speak English，a school－wide English speech contest will be held in No．1 meeting room at 2 pm．on July 4．
③如果你想参加的话，请找你的班长报名。
If you are willing to take part， please go to your monitor to sign up．
将句③改成含有定语从句的复合句
Anyone who is willing to take part please go to your monitor to sign up．
⑤比赛将会非常精彩。
The contest will be wonderful．
⑥你不可错过。
You can’t miss it．
将句⑤和句⑥连成一个并列句
The contest will be wonderful and you can’t miss it．
单元语法 关系副词引导的定语从句
一、关系副词（when， where， why）引导的定语从句
1．when引导定语从句时，先行词为表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作时间状语。
I can never forget the day when I first saw you．
2．where引导定语从句时，先行词为表示地点的名词，关系词在从句中作地点状语。
After living in Paris for fifty years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child．
在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。（先行词是town）
***where还可用在表示抽象意义的地点名词后，如situation， stage， point， case， position， condition等。
The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in．
事情发展到如此地步，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。
3．why引导定语从句时，先行词通常是reason， 关系词在从句中作原因状语。
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they’re not doing well．不成功的人总能找到自己表现不好的理由。
***先行词是the reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；
如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which，作宾语时可省略。
I don't believe the reason （that/which） he gave me for his being late．我不相信他给出的迟到的理由。
二、“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句
1．“介词＋关系代词”结构引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which （指物） 或whom （指人），即介词＋which/whom，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions，feel free to see me．
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher．
“介词＋关系代词（which/whom）”中介词的选择：一先，二动，三意义。
“一先”，即根据先行词来确定介词。
The factory in which I'm working mainly produces computers．
（in which代替in the factory，“在工厂里”用介词in。）
“二动”，即根据定语从句中的谓语动词来确定介词。
In the dark street there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help．
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb．for help“向某人求助”。）
“三意义”，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm．，by which time many people have gone home．
3．介词前有时加名词、数词等，构成“名词/数词/不定代词＋of which/whom”结构，在定语从句中作主语。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of which uses it differently．
I collected some books， the covers of which （＝whose covers/of which the covers） are yellow with years．
***当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配不可分割时，那么该动词短语中的介词不能前置，如listen to， look at， look for， look into， depend on， make use of， pay attention to， take care of等。
This is the pen which I'm looking for．