【高考英语】语法专题复习:核心语法知识夯基(名、冠、介、代、形)(含答案解析)

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名称 【高考英语】语法专题复习:核心语法知识夯基(名、冠、介、代、形)(含答案解析)
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更新时间 2024-12-27 06:46:02

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名词(讲义)
目录
一 名词的分类
二 名词复数的一般变化
三 不可数名词量的表示
四 定语名词的复数
五 名词的格
六 名词易错题聚焦
七 高考模拟试题
名词的分类
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是人名、地方、国名、季节月份、机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,the Christmas Day等等。普通名词是指一类人、事物、物质或抽象
概念的名称,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
  1)个体名词:指单个人或单个事物的名词,如:gun。
  2)集体名词:指一群人或一些事物总称的名词,如:family。
  3)物质名词:指无法分为个体的物质、材料、食品、液体等的名称,如:air。
  4)抽象名词:指动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:honesty, courage。
能用具体数字来计算的名词是可数名词,不能用具体数字计数的名词是不可数名词。
名词复数的一般变化
一般情况 加 -s map-maps ;bag-bags;car-cars
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es bus-buses watch-watches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es baby---babies
以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys,boy→boys
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves,life→lives, knife→knives,thief,wife,loaf,half,leaf,knife,wolf,life,shelf 口诀:小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼要保命躲架后
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro-Negroes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes 口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos,zoo→zoos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises
变化规则 示例
单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese,Swiss,aircraft, spacecraft, species
变内部元音 foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, man-men, woman-women;mouse-mice
外来名词 medium-media媒体,phenomenon-phenomena现象,analysis-analyses分析
词尾加-(r)en child---children孩子; ox-oxen公牛
名词复数的规则变化
1)以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变复数。例如: 
  monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays  
2)以-o结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加-s,如:photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos;
  b. 加-es,如:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes
  c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes
3)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加-s,如:belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;
b. 去f或fe,加-ves,如:half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves.
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth
mouse-mice man-men woman-women
注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen, a policeman, two policemen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans。
2)单复数同形,如deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,yuan等。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如:people,police,cattle等。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数;
b. news 为不可数名词;
c. the United States 美国 ,the United Nations联合国 应视为单数,如:
  The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses,trousers等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair,如:a pair of glasses,two pairs of trousers等。
不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数,如:
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时为可数,如:
We need various steels.我们需要多种钢制品。
c. 当物质名词表示份数时为可数,如:
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时为可数,如:
four freedoms四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
a success 成功的人或事
a surprise 令人惊讶的人或
3)物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如:
a glass of water一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议
定语名词的复数
1)名词作定语一般用单数
例如:summer holiday暑假
school education 学校教育
weather report 天气预报
orange juice 橙汁
但也有以下例外。
用复数作定语,如:
sports meeting运动会
talks table谈判桌
2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:
Man worker---men workers
Woman teacher---women teachers
Gentleman official ---gentlemen officials
3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留,如:
goods train货车
arms produce武器生产
customs papers海关文件
4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,如:
two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋
a ten-mile walk十英里路
two-hundred trees两百棵树
a five-year plan一个五年计划
名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)单数和复数名词词尾加’s,如the boy’s bag男孩的书包,men’s room男厕所。
2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’即可,如:the workers’ struggle工人的斗争。
3)在很多情况下, “of +名词”的结构可以与-‘s 互换。下列为特殊情况
a. 所有者为无生命的事物时,如:the title of the song歌的名字。
b. 为了避免-‘s所有格的词尾加在过长的短语后,如the plan of Tom and John.
4)在表示店铺、医院、学校、教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber’s 理发店; doctor’s 诊所里。
5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”;只有一个’s,则表示“共有”,如:
John’s and Mary’s rooms(两间)
John and Mary’s room(一间)
6)复合名词或短语,’s 加在最后一个词的词尾,如:a month or two’s absence。
名词易错题聚焦
易错陷阱1:可数名词复数形式规则变化易混易错点。
【分析】名词变复数一般在词尾加-s, 但是还有很多并非直接加-s的规则变化,是高考的重要考点,需要牢记。
【规律总结】
1.一般在词尾加-s toy-toys car-cars
2.以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词加-es glass-glasses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es city-cities baby-babies country-countries
4.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v加-es thief-thieves wife-wives loaf-loaves life-lives
5.以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,一般加-es,元音字母+o结尾的名词一般加-s hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes video-videos radio-radios zoo-zoos
【易错点拨】
1.第四条规律中,笔者根据多年一线教学经验,总结出下列顺口溜变f或fe为v,再加es.
小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命架后藏。
thief-thieves wife-wives thief-thieves loaf-loaves half-halves leaf-leaves knife-knives wolf-wolves self-selves life-lives shelf-shelves
对比:chief-chiefs首领 roof-roofs屋顶 proof-proofs证据 belief-beliefs信仰
有些以辅音字母+o结尾的名词变复数,直接加-s。
piano-pianos photo-photos kilo-kilos
易错陷阱2:可数名词复数形式不规则变化易混易错点。
【规律总结】
单复数同形 deer, fish鱼(条数),sheep,cattle,means,aircraft,series,species,police,Chinese中国人,Japanese日本人
变内部元音 foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men mouse-mice goose-geese woman-women
特殊变形 ox-oxen child-children basis-bases crisis-crises medium-media bacterium-bacteria analysis-analyses datum-data
【易错点拨】 German-Germans德国人
易错陷阱3:复合名词的复数变化形式易混易错点。
【分析】复合名词变复数时,将主体名词变复数,没有主体名词的在词尾加-s。
【经典示例】
passer-by passers-by过路人; looker-on lookers-on 旁观者;
step-mother step-mothers 继母; boyfriend boyfriends男朋友;
grown-up grown-ups 成年人; go-between go-betweens中间人;
【易错点拨】 主体词被man和woman修饰时,这两个词要连同主体词一起变成复数。
a man doctor-two men doctors; a woman doctor -two women doctors;
易错陷阱4:复数形式表示特殊意义的名词易混易错点。
【分析】有些名词的单复数形式不同意义大不相同,作为常考点,其意义对文章的理解起重要作用。
【经典示例】
arm胳膊-arms武器; grass草-grasses草原; paper纸张-papers论文;
people人们-peoples民族; wood木头-woods树林; iron布-irons熨斗;
work工作-works工厂; time时间-times时代; line线路-lines台词;
water水-waters水域; wind风-winds风向; fish鱼肉;条数-fishes种类;
possession拥有-possessions财产;
易错陷阱5:名词的所有格易混易错点。
【分析】1.有生命的名词所有格一般在词尾加’s。如果以s结尾的词,只加’即可。
2.一样东西为两者共有,只在后一个名词后加’s;不是共有的,两个名词后面都加’s。【经典示例】
the president’s room总统的房间;
Engels’ works恩格斯的著作; students’ union学生会
Mary and Lily’s room玛丽和莉莉的房间;(共有)
Mary’s and Lily’s books玛丽和莉莉的书;(不共有)
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)He told me he should have been more careful but it would make no ______.
A.difference B.different C.differ D.differently
【答案】A
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意:他告诉我他本应该更加小心,但这没有什么区别。A. difference差别,不同;B. different不同的;C. differ有区别,不同于;D. differently不同地。空处应用名词,作make的宾语。make no difference意为“没作用,没影响”,为固定搭配。故选A。
2.(2024·山东济南·二模)Look! Two ______are talking happily under the apple tree.
A.man teacher B.man teachers C.men teacher D.men teachers
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词的数。句意:看!两位男教师在苹果树下愉快地交谈。空前有Two,所以teacher应用复数teachers。当可数名词前有man或woman修饰时,变为复数时前面的man或woman要对应改为men或women。所以这里应用men teachers。故选D。
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)Today is September 10th. It’s ________ Day. Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers.
A.Teacher’s B.the Teachers’ C.Teachers D.Teachers’
【答案】D
【详解】考查名词所有格。句意:今天是9月10日。今天是教师节。让我们对我们的老师们说声“谢谢”。结合句意可知,今天是9月10号,是教师节。“教师节”的表达方式是Teachers’ Day,可数名词复数的所有格形式是在名词变复数后加’,所有格构成的专有名词前不加定冠词the。故选D。
4.(2024·山东·一模)During her eight weeks there, she lost__________ in things, in a worldly way of life, and she got__________ in helping people.
A.interested; interest B.interests; interests C.interest; interested D.interested; interested
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词和形容词。句意:在那里的八个星期里,她对事物和世俗的生活方式失去了兴趣,她对帮助别人产生了兴趣。分析句子结构可知,第一空填不可数名词interest“兴趣”,作lost的宾语。lose interest in“对……失去兴趣”。第二空填形容词interested“有趣的”,作表语,表示主语的感受。get interested in“对……感兴趣”。故选C。
二、单词拼写
5.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Even the doctors were shocked by the (严重) of his injuries.
【答案】seriousness
【详解】考查名词。句意:连医生都对他伤势的严重性感到震惊。根据汉语提示可知应填名词seriousness,作宾语,不可数。故填seriousness。
6.(2024·陕西西安·一模)To his parents’ (宽慰), the boy made a quick recovery after the operation.
【答案】relief
【详解】考查名词。句意:令他父母欣慰的是,手术后男孩恢复得很快。根据汉语提示可知应用名词relief,短语to one’s relief“令某人欣慰的是”。故填relief。
7.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within (预算)
【答案】budget
【详解】考查名词。句意:图书馆发现越来越难以保持在预算之内。空前是介词,所以空处应填名词作宾语,根据所给中文提示词,应是budget意为“预算”。故填budget。
8.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)For the third time in a row, she had failed to keep an (约定).
【答案】appointment
【详解】考查名词。句意:她已经连续第三次没有赴约了。空前是不定冠词,所以空处应填名词作宾语,根据所给中文提示词,应是appointment意为“约定”。故填appointment。
9.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Under the new (规章制度), all staff must have safety training.
【答案】regulations
【详解】考查名词复数形式。句意:根据新规定,所有员工都必须接受安全培训。“规章制度”为名词regulation作宾语,为可数名词,应用复数形式表示泛指,故填regulations。
10.(2024·陕西西安·一模)It is human nature that we tend to make an (评估) of the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
【答案】assessment/evaluation
【详解】考查名词。句意:我们总是倾向于对决策的利弊进行评估,这是人类的本性。根据汉语提示可知应用名词evaluation或assessment,作宾语,不定冠词提示用单数。故填evaluation/assessment。
11.(2024·陕西西安·一模)There was a very good atmosphere at the talks and the (参与者) believed movement forward was possible.
【答案】participants
【详解】考查名词。句意:会谈的气氛很好,与会者相信有可能取得进展。根据汉语提示可知应用名词participant,作主语,此处数量大于一应用复数形式。故填participants。
12.(2024·陕西西安·一模)The GPS device guided us through the quickest (路线) to our destination.
【答案】route
【详解】考查名词。句意:GPS设备指引我们通过最快的路线到达目的地。根据汉语提示可知,此处应用名词route,作宾语,此处为特指,应用单数。故填route。
13.(2024·陕西西安·一模)About 400 years ago, Chinese explorer Xu Xiake travelled for 30 years across the country and wrote Xu Xiake’s Travel Notes based on lots of his strange (冒险).
【答案】adventures
【详解】考查名词。句意:大约400年前,中国探险家徐霞客花了30年时间走遍中国,并根据他的许多奇遇写成了《徐霞客游记》。根据汉语提示“冒险”可知,此处为名词adventure,lots of后面接可数名词复数形式。故填adventures。
14.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测)What could cause such high rate of (灭绝)
【答案】extinction
【详解】考查名词。句意:如此快速的物种灭绝是由什么引起的呢 介词of 后接名词作宾语。名词“灭绝”英文为extinction,为不可数名词。根据中英文提示及句意,故填extinction。
15.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测)Those two (过程) are very closely interlinked.
【答案】processes
【详解】考查名词。句意:那两个过程紧密相连。数词two后接可数名词的复数形式。名词“过程”英文为process。根据中英文提示及句意,故填processes。
16.(23-24高一上·全国·课后作业)In (回答)to the audience’s great demand, the play will be put on in the theatre twice a week.
【答案】response
【详解】考查名词。句意:为了响应观众的强烈要求,这出戏将在剧院每周上演两次。固定搭配in response to...“为了响应……”。故填response。
17.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)We now know a lot more about the early stages of planetary (形成).
【答案】formation
【详解】考查名词。句意:我们现在对行星形成的早期阶段有了更多的了解。根据汉语提示“形成”可知,此处使用名词formation,作of的宾语。故填formation。
18.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测) (利润) were at the same level as the last year before.
【答案】Profits
【详解】考查名词。句意:利润和前一年的持平。句中用名词作主语。名词“利润”英文为profit。根据谓语动词were可知,用名词的复数形式。故填Profits。
三、语法填空
19.(2024·河北·一模)The conventional (wise) is that boys mature more slowly than girls.
【答案】wisdom
【详解】考查名词。句意:传统观念认为男孩比女孩成熟得慢。名词wisdom“普通看法”作主语,用单数。故填wisdom。
20.(2024·河北·一模)Their opponents were in (possess) of the ball for most of the match.
【答案】possession
【详解】考查名词。句意:他们的对手在比赛的大部分时间里都控球。作介词的宾语,应用名词possession,构成in possession of“拥有,占有”。故填possession。
21.(20-21高二上·四川成都·期中)The party hopes to win the (argue) about how to reform the health system.
【答案】argument
【详解】考查名词。句意:该政党希望在如何改革医疗体制的辩论中获胜。 定冠词the后接名词形式,作动词win的宾语。故填argument。
四、翻译
22.(2024·上海闵行·一模)除了特效之外,这部电影的情节和演员的表演也可圈可点。(worth)
【答案】In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising.
【详解】考查固定短语,时态,主谓一致。根据句意可知,句子描述客观事实,时态用一般现在时,“除了……之外”是in addition to/besides,“特效”是the special effects,“这部电影的”是in this movie,“情节和演员的表演”是the plot and the acting of the actors,“可圈可点”是be worth praising,主语the plot and the acting是复数,因此be动词用are,因此整句话翻译为“In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising”。故答案为In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising。
23.(23-24高一上·上海·期末)你怎么能把自己犯的错误怪罪到别人身上?(blame)
【答案】How can you blame someone else for your own mistake /How can you blame someone else for your own mistakes
【详解】考查特殊疑问句、情态动词、名词。结合句子意思可知,句子用特殊疑问句形式,即“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。表示“怎么”用特殊疑问词How,位于句首,首字母大写;表示“你”用you,作主语;blame sb. for sth.“因某事责备某人”;表示“能”用情态动词can,故动词blame用动词原形。表示“别人”用someone else,作blame的宾语;mistake“错误”为可数名词,结合句意可知,错误可能一个也可能是多个,所以表示“自己犯的错误”用your own mistake或your own mistakes,作for的宾语。故翻译为How can you blame someone else for your own mistake 或How can you blame someone else for your own mistakes
24.(23-24高三上·上海松江·期末)室友们商定好每两天打扫一次宿舍。(agree)
【答案】The roommates agreed to clean the dormitory every two days.
【详解】考查名词和时态。结合句意可知事情发生在过去,故句子用一般过去时,谓语动词用过去式。句子主语是“室友们”,即“roommates”,是roommate的复数形式,放在句首首字母大写;“agree to do sth.”意为“同意做某事”,“agree”的过去式为“agreed”,是句子谓语;“打扫宿舍”用“clean the dormitory”,“clean”这一动词用在“agree to”后,应用原形;“每两天”用“every two days”,放在句末作时间状语。故答案为The roommates agreed to clean the dormitory every two days.
25.(23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末)除了推出智能电子产品外,这个公司与客户深化合作,探索数字化转型和可持续发展的道路。 (launch)
【答案】In addition to launching smart electronic products, the company is deepening cooperation with customers to explore the pathway to digital transformation and sustainable development.
【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“除了”短语为in addition to (doing),“推出产品”用launch表示。“智能电子产品”用smart electronic products表示。“与客户深化合作”用deepen cooperation with customers表示。“探索数字化转型和可持续发展的道路”用explore the pathway to digital transformation and sustainable development表示。分析句子可知,“这个公司与客户深化合作”是主谓宾机构,“探索数字化转型和可持续发展的道路”做目的状语。“深化合作”是正在发生的事情,所以用正在进行时。故翻译为In addition to launching smart electronic products, the company is deepening cooperation with customers to explore the pathway to digital transformation and sustainable development。
26.(23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末)很多人反对在岛上修建核电站,担心废水可能会排入海洋,污染海洋生物。(for fear that)
【答案】Many people object to building a nuclear power station/plant on the island for fear that the waste water might be dumped into the sea and pollute the marine life.
【详解】
考查短语、名词、被动语态和宾语从句。主语“很多人”用Many people;“反对”用短语object to doing表示,句子陈述事实,用一般现在时。“修建核电站”用 build a nuclear power station/plant表示,动名词形式作介词to的宾语;“担心”用for fear that后面接宾语从句表示,使用虚拟语气。从句主语是“废水” the waste water;谓语动词“排放”用固定短语dump into表示,“废水排入海洋”肯定是人为排放,所以要用被动语态,放在情态动词“可能”might后用动词原形,即用the waste water might be dumped into the sea表示。“污染海洋生物”用pollute marine life表示,and连接并列动词短语。故翻译为Many people object to building a nuclear power station/plant on the island for fear that the waste water might be dumped into the sea and pollute the marine life。
27.(22-23高三下·上海杨浦·阶段练习)这座古镇大街小巷充斥着各色售卖劣质商品的杂货铺,不仅和其原有的自然风貌格格不入,也破坏了生态系统的和谐。(not only…)
【答案】In this ancient town, the streets are full of various grocery shops selling inferior goods, which is not only out of step with/is foreign to/is out of tune with/is against its original natural scenery, but also destroys the harmony of the ecological system.
【详解】考查名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词,连词,短语和时态。表示“这座古镇”应用名词短语in this ancient town;表示“大街小巷”应用名词street的复数形式,表示泛指;表示“充斥着”应用短语be full of;表示“各色”应用形容词various;表示“售卖”应用动词sell;表示“劣质商品”应用名词短语inferior goods;表示“杂货铺”应用名词短语grocery shops;表示“不仅…也…”应用连词not only…but also…;表示“其原有的自然风貌”应用名词短语its original natural scenery;表示“和…格格不入”应用短语be out of step with/ be foreign to/be out of tune with/ be against;表示“破坏”应用动词destroy;表示“生态系统”应用名词短语the ecological system;表示“和谐”应用名词harmony;分析句子结构和意思可知,这句话描述的是现在的事实,谓语用一般现在时。“不仅和其原有的自然风貌格格不入,也破坏了生态系统的和谐”是指上文提到的事情,可用非限制性定语从句表达,在从句中作主语,用关系代词which引导;故翻译为In this ancient town, the streets are full of various grocery shops selling inferior goods, which is not only out of step with/is foreign to/is out of tune with/is against its original natural scenery, but also destroys the harmony of the ecological system.
28.(18-19高三下·上海松江·阶段练习)这位女士很优雅,她的演讲充满激情,给在场的听众留下了深刻的印象。(impression)
【答案】The lady was elegant and her speech was passionate, which left a deep impression on the audience present/leaving a seep impression on the audience present.
【详解】考查考查名词,动词,代词,介词,连词,形容词,副词,短语和时态。表示“这位女士”应用名词短语the lady;表示“优雅”应用形容词elegant;表示“她的”应用形容词性物主代词her;表示“演讲”应用名词speech;表示“充满激情”应用形容词passionate;表示“在场的”应用形容词present;表示“听众”应用名词audience;表示“给...留下了深刻的印象”应用动词短语leave a deep impression on;分析句子结构和意思可知,“给在场的听众留下了深刻的印象”是“她的演讲”的定语,所以用非限制性定语从句结构,先行词在从句中做主语,指物,用连词which;也可以用现在分词形式,做结果状语。这句话描述的是过去的事情,谓语用一般过去时。故翻译为The lady was elegant and her speech was passionate, which left a deep impression on the audience present/leaving a deep impression on the audience present.
29.(2024·上海·模拟预测)尽管市场上饮料品种丰富,但我还是深深着迷于中国传统的茶文化。(although)
【答案】Although there are various beverages in/on the market, I am still deeply fascinated by traditional Chinese tea culture.
【详解】考查时态、让步状语从句、固定短语、副词、形容词和名词。表示“尽管”用although,引导让步状语从句,位于句首,首字母大写;从句中:表示“有”用there be句型,本句陈述事实,故时态用一般现在时,且结合“饮料品种丰富”可知,be动词用are;表示“各种各样的”用形容词various,作定语,修饰“饮料”beverage,饮料不止一种,应用名词复数形式,作主语;表示“市场上”用固定短语in/on the market。主句中:表示“我”用I,作主语;表示“着迷于”用be fascinated by,be动词用am;表示“还是,仍然”用副词still;表示“深深地”用副词deeply,作状语;表示“传统的”用形容词traditional,作定语,修饰“中国茶文化”Chinese tea culture。故翻译为Although there are various beverages in/on the market, I am still deeply fascinated by traditional Chinese tea culture.
30.(2024·上海青浦·二模)旅游目的地人潮涌动,这诠释了人们对美好生活的追求,也展现了繁荣的经济。(full)
【答案】Tourist destinations are full of visitors, which illustrates/interprets people’s pursuit of a beautiful/good life and presents a booming economy.
【详解】考查名词、时态、固定短语、定语从句、形容词。表示“旅游目的地”用tourist destination,结合句意可知,旅游目的地不止一个,应用名词复数形式,作主语,tourist位于句首,首字母大写。表示“充满”用be full of,结合语境可知本句陈述事实,故时态用一般现在时,且主语为Tourist destinations,故be动词用are。表示“游客”用visitor,结合句意可知,游客不止一个,应用名词复数形式,作of的宾语。表示“这诠释了人们对美好生活的追求,也展现了繁荣的经济。”用定语从句,修饰主句,关系词代替主句在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which引导。从句中:表示“诠释”用illustrate/interpret,结合语境可知本句陈述事实,故时态用一般现在时,且主语which指代主句,故谓语用第三人称单数。表示“人们对美好生活的追求”用people’s pursuit of a beautiful/good life,作illustrates/interprets的宾语;表示“展现”用present,与illustrates/interprets并列,用第三人称单数,用连词and与illustrates/interprets连接。表示“繁荣的”用形容词booming,作定语,修饰“经济”;表示“经济”用economy,作presents的宾语。故翻译为Tourist destinations are full of visitors, which illustrates/interprets people’s pursuit of a beautiful/good life and presents a booming economy.
31.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)玛丽把不需要的物品收拾起来,为上课作准备。(put)
【答案】Mary put away the unnecessary items (so as) to get ready for class.
【详解】考查一般过去时,形容词,动词不定式,固定短语。“玛丽”为Mary,put away意为“收起,放好”为固定短语,“不必要的”为unnecessary,item意为“物品”为可数名词,此处应使用复数,且特指不必要的物品,所以需要加上定冠词the;所以前半句为Mary put away the unnecessary items。表示“为了做某事”用so as to do sth.或者to do sth.;“为……做准备”为get ready for sth.,所以后半句为(so as) to get ready for class。故答案为Mary put away the unnecessary items (so as) to get ready for class.
32.(2024·上海闵行·二模)短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么?(account)
【答案】What accounts for the growing popularity of short videos
【详解】考查动词短语和时态。“短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么?”即“什么因素导致了短视频越来越受欢迎?”,“短视频”为“short videos”,“越来越受欢迎”为“growing popularity”,则“短视频越来越受欢迎”为“the growing popularity of short videos”,“导致,解释”为“account for”,句子描述的是客观存在的现状,谓语动词使用一般现在时,主语“什么”为“what”,谓语动词使用单数,故翻译为What accounts for the growing popularity of short videos
试卷第1页,共3页名词(讲义)
目录
一 名词的分类
二 名词复数的一般变化
三 不可数名词量的表示
四 定语名词的复数
五 名词的格
六 名词易错题聚焦
七 高考模拟试题
名词的分类
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是人名、地方、国名、季节月份、机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,the Christmas Day等等。普通名词是指一类人、事物、物质或抽象
概念的名称,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
  1)个体名词:指单个人或单个事物的名词,如:gun。
  2)集体名词:指一群人或一些事物总称的名词,如:family。
  3)物质名词:指无法分为个体的物质、材料、食品、液体等的名称,如:air。
  4)抽象名词:指动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:honesty, courage。
能用具体数字来计算的名词是可数名词,不能用具体数字计数的名词是不可数名词。
名词复数的一般变化
一般情况 加 -s map-maps ;bag-bags;car-cars
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es bus-buses watch-watches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es baby---babies
以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys,boy→boys
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves,life→lives, knife→knives,thief,wife,loaf,half,leaf,knife,wolf,life,shelf 口诀:小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼要保命躲架后
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro-Negroes, hero→heroes, potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes 口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos,zoo→zoos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises
变化规则 示例
单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese,Swiss,aircraft, spacecraft, species
变内部元音 foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, man-men, woman-women;mouse-mice
外来名词 medium-media媒体,phenomenon-phenomena现象,analysis-analyses分析
词尾加-(r)en child---children孩子; ox-oxen公牛
名词复数的规则变化
1)以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变复数。例如: 
  monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays  
2)以-o结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加-s,如:photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos;
  b. 加-es,如:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes
  c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes
3)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加-s,如:belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;
b. 去f或fe,加-ves,如:half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves.
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth
mouse-mice man-men woman-women
注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen, a policeman, two policemen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans。
2)单复数同形,如deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,yuan等。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如:people,police,cattle等。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数;
b. news 为不可数名词;
c. the United States 美国 ,the United Nations联合国 应视为单数,如:
  The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses,trousers等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair,如:a pair of glasses,two pairs of trousers等。
不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数,如:
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时为可数,如:
We need various steels.我们需要多种钢制品。
c. 当物质名词表示份数时为可数,如:
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时为可数,如:
four freedoms四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
a success 成功的人或事
a surprise 令人惊讶的人或
3)物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如:
a glass of water一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议
定语名词的复数
1)名词作定语一般用单数
例如:summer holiday暑假
school education 学校教育
weather report 天气预报
orange juice 橙汁
但也有以下例外。
用复数作定语,如:
sports meeting运动会
talks table谈判桌
2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:
Man worker---men workers
Woman teacher---women teachers
Gentleman official ---gentlemen officials
3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留,如:
goods train货车
arms produce武器生产
customs papers海关文件
4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,如:
two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋
a ten-mile walk十英里路
two-hundred trees两百棵树
a five-year plan一个五年计划
名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)单数和复数名词词尾加’s,如the boy’s bag男孩的书包,men’s room男厕所。
2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’即可,如:the workers’ struggle工人的斗争。
3)在很多情况下, “of +名词”的结构可以与-‘s 互换。下列为特殊情况
a. 所有者为无生命的事物时,如:the title of the song歌的名字。
b. 为了避免-‘s所有格的词尾加在过长的短语后,如the plan of Tom and John.
4)在表示店铺、医院、学校、教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber’s 理发店; doctor’s 诊所里。
5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”;只有一个’s,则表示“共有”,如:
John’s and Mary’s rooms(两间)
John and Mary’s room(一间)
6)复合名词或短语,’s 加在最后一个词的词尾,如:a month or two’s absence。
名词易错题聚焦
易错陷阱1:可数名词复数形式规则变化易混易错点。
【分析】名词变复数一般在词尾加-s, 但是还有很多并非直接加-s的规则变化,是高考的重要考点,需要牢记。
【规律总结】
1.一般在词尾加-s toy-toys car-cars
2.以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词加-es glass-glasses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es city-cities baby-babies country-countries
4.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v加-es thief-thieves wife-wives loaf-loaves life-lives
5.以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,一般加-es,元音字母+o结尾的名词一般加-s hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes video-videos radio-radios zoo-zoos
【易错点拨】
1.第四条规律中,笔者根据多年一线教学经验,总结出下列顺口溜变f或fe为v,再加es.
小偷妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命架后藏。
thief-thieves wife-wives thief-thieves loaf-loaves half-halves leaf-leaves knife-knives wolf-wolves self-selves life-lives shelf-shelves
对比:chief-chiefs首领 roof-roofs屋顶 proof-proofs证据 belief-beliefs信仰
有些以辅音字母+o结尾的名词变复数,直接加-s。
piano-pianos photo-photos kilo-kilos
易错陷阱2:可数名词复数形式不规则变化易混易错点。
【规律总结】
单复数同形 deer, fish鱼(条数),sheep,cattle,means,aircraft,series,species,police,Chinese中国人,Japanese日本人
变内部元音 foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men mouse-mice goose-geese woman-women
特殊变形 ox-oxen child-children basis-bases crisis-crises medium-media bacterium-bacteria analysis-analyses datum-data
【易错点拨】 German-Germans德国人
易错陷阱3:复合名词的复数变化形式易混易错点。
【分析】复合名词变复数时,将主体名词变复数,没有主体名词的在词尾加-s。
【经典示例】
passer-by passers-by过路人; looker-on lookers-on 旁观者;
step-mother step-mothers 继母; boyfriend boyfriends男朋友;
grown-up grown-ups 成年人; go-between go-betweens中间人;
【易错点拨】 主体词被man和woman修饰时,这两个词要连同主体词一起变成复数。
a man doctor-two men doctors; a woman doctor -two women doctors;
易错陷阱4:复数形式表示特殊意义的名词易混易错点。
【分析】有些名词的单复数形式不同意义大不相同,作为常考点,其意义对文章的理解起重要作用。
【经典示例】
arm胳膊-arms武器; grass草-grasses草原; paper纸张-papers论文;
people人们-peoples民族; wood木头-woods树林; iron布-irons熨斗;
work工作-works工厂; time时间-times时代; line线路-lines台词;
water水-waters水域; wind风-winds风向; fish鱼肉;条数-fishes种类;
possession拥有-possessions财产;
易错陷阱5:名词的所有格易混易错点。
【分析】1.有生命的名词所有格一般在词尾加’s。如果以s结尾的词,只加’即可。
2.一样东西为两者共有,只在后一个名词后加’s;不是共有的,两个名词后面都加’s。【经典示例】
the president’s room总统的房间;
Engels’ works恩格斯的著作; students’ union学生会
Mary and Lily’s room玛丽和莉莉的房间;(共有)
Mary’s and Lily’s books玛丽和莉莉的书;(不共有)
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)He told me he should have been more careful but it would make no ______.
A.difference B.different C.differ D.differently
2.(2024·山东济南·二模)Look! Two ______are talking happily under the apple tree.
A.man teacher B.man teachers C.men teacher D.men teachers
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)Today is September 10th. It’s ________ Day. Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers.
A.Teacher’s B.the Teachers’ C.Teachers D.Teachers’
4.(2024·山东·一模)During her eight weeks there, she lost__________ in things, in a worldly way of life, and she got__________ in helping people.
A.interested; interest B.interests; interests C.interest; interested D.interested; interested
二、单词拼写
5.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Even the doctors were shocked by the (严重) of his injuries.
6.(2024·陕西西安·一模)To his parents’ (宽慰), the boy made a quick recovery after the operation.
7.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within (预算)
8.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)For the third time in a row, she had failed to keep an (约定).
9.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)Under the new (规章制度), all staff must have safety training.
10.(2024·陕西西安·一模)It is human nature that we tend to make an (评估) of the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
11.(2024·陕西西安·一模)There was a very good atmosphere at the talks and the (参与者) believed movement forward was possible.
12.(2024·陕西西安·一模)The GPS device guided us through the quickest (路线) to our destination.
13.(2024·陕西西安·一模)About 400 years ago, Chinese explorer Xu Xiake travelled for 30 years across the country and wrote Xu Xiake’s Travel Notes based on lots of his strange (冒险).
14.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测)What could cause such high rate of (灭绝)
15.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测)Those two (过程) are very closely interlinked.
16.(23-24高一上·全国·课后作业)In (回答)to the audience’s great demand, the play will be put on in the theatre twice a week.
17.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)We now know a lot more about the early stages of planetary (形成).
18.(2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测) (利润) were at the same level as the last year before.
三、语法填空
19.(2024·河北·一模)The conventional (wise) is that boys mature more slowly than girls.
20.(2024·河北·一模)Their opponents were in (possess) of the ball for most of the match.
21.(20-21高二上·四川成都·期中)The party hopes to win the (argue) about how to reform the health system.
四、翻译
22.(2024·上海闵行·一模)除了特效之外,这部电影的情节和演员的表演也可圈可点。(worth)
23.(23-24高一上·上海·期末)你怎么能把自己犯的错误怪罪到别人身上?(blame)
24.(23-24高三上·上海松江·期末)室友们商定好每两天打扫一次宿舍。(agree)
25.(23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末)除了推出智能电子产品外,这个公司与客户深化合作,探索数字化转型和可持续发展的道路。 (launch)
26.(23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末)很多人反对在岛上修建核电站,担心废水可能会排入海洋,污染海洋生物。(for fear that)
27.(22-23高三下·上海杨浦·阶段练习)这座古镇大街小巷充斥着各色售卖劣质商品的杂货铺,不仅和其原有的自然风貌格格不入,也破坏了生态系统的和谐。(not only…)
28.(18-19高三下·上海松江·阶段练习)这位女士很优雅,她的演讲充满激情,给在场的听众留下了深刻的印象。(impression)
29.(2024·上海·模拟预测)尽管市场上饮料品种丰富,但我还是深深着迷于中国传统的茶文化。(although)
30.(2024·上海青浦·二模)旅游目的地人潮涌动,这诠释了人们对美好生活的追求,也展现了繁荣的经济。(full)
31.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)玛丽把不需要的物品收拾起来,为上课作准备。(put)
32.(2024·上海闵行·二模)短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么?(account)
试卷第1页,共3页冠词(讲义)
目录
一 冠词的含义
二 冠词的分类
三 不定冠词的用法
四 定冠词的用法
五 零冠词的用法
六 某些词的冠词使用情况
七 冠词易错题聚焦
八 高考模拟试题
冠词的含义
冠词应包括以下三层含义。
(1)冠词是一种虚词。
(2)冠词不能单独使用,而且不能构成句子成分。
(3)冠词是用来说明名词的,而不是修饰名词,这一点要注意的。
所谓的虚词指的是不能在句子中单独构成成分的几类词,有冠词、连词和介词等。在这里要强调,副词在英语中是实词,做状语,而在中文中却是虚词。
冠词的分类
冠词可分为定冠词(the),不定冠词(an和a)和零冠词。
不定冠词的用法
不定冠词可分为a和an两种。
a一般用于辅音音素前,发作/a/,而an用于元音音素前,发作
eg: an hour
an honest boy
a university
a big apple
元音音素和元音字母是两回事,所以不是以元音字母开头的单词都要用an。
There is ___“s” and___ /s/ in this word “smile”.
用a和an填空,前者填an,后者填a,因为前者是字母,读作/es/,是元音音素开头的;后者是音素,读作/s/,所以用a。
(1)不定冠词表示单数“一”或不确定时使用,源于数词one。
e.g.:A boy is standing under the tree.
一个小男孩正站在树下。
“a”在这里既指一个小男孩,又是表示不确定男孩是谁。
(2)用于单形名词前表示一类东西。
e.g.:A horse is smaller than an elephant.
马比象小。(并不是一匹马比一头大象小。)
可数名词的类指实际上有三种方式。
A horse is smaller than an elephant.
The horse is smaller than the elephant.
Horses are smaller than elephants.
这三句都是“马比象小”,在用法上可以在可数名词单数前加定冠词和不定冠词以及把它们变成复数形式。
(3)固定词组
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result 结果
a few 一些(修饰可数名词复数)
a little一些(修饰不可数名词)
a bit 一点
a little bit more 一点点
a lot of a great deal of a great number of 许多
定冠词的用法
定冠词the用于辅音音素前,也能用于元音音素前。
e.g: the boy the apple
(1)定冠词源于that,用于专指和特指。
e.g.:The boy is my son.
这个男孩是我儿子。
Take the apple.
拿这个苹果。
(2)用于单形名词前。
e.g.:The horse is smaller than the elephant.
马比大象小。(并不是这匹马比这头大象小。)
(3)形容词比较级前和序数词前。
e.g:The most important is that we need deal with this problem first.
最重要的是首先我们要处理这个问题。
The boy is the same as his father.
这个男孩和他爸爸长得一样。(*same前须用the)
It is the first time that I have heard of it.
这是我第一次听说这件事。
不定冠词用于形容词最高级前和序数词前的比较。
It is a most useful book.
这是一本非常有用的书。
It is the most useful book.
这是一本最有用的书。
I won a first prize in politics exam.
我在政治考试中得了一个第一名。
I won the first prize in politics exam.
我在政治考试中得第一名。
(4)用于形容词和过去分词前,表示一类人,且谓语用复数。
e.g.:The poor often hate the rich.
穷人总是很讨厌富人。
The injured were sent to the hospital at once.
受伤的人必须马上被送往医院。
(5)用于乐器之前。
e.g.:play the piano play the violin
如果是中国乐器,且用拼音表示的话,那么一般来说不用冠词,例如;play Yangqin和play Hulusi等
(6)用于世界上独一无二的东西,通常须记住以下几个。
e.g.:
the star
the sun
the earth
the moon
实际上世界上所有的东西都是独一无二的,只是在这里让大家记住这样几个最常用的词,不是绝对的用法。
(7)用于专有名词前。
①用于复形/复数名词前表示一类人。
the Chinese people 中国人
the Germans 德国人
the Browns 布朗一家人
the Grays 格里一家人
②用于某些江河湖海等地理名词前。
the Great Wall 长城
the Changjiang River 长江
the Pacific Ocean太平洋(大洋前用the)
the Alps阿尔卑斯山
the United States美国
the Bible《圣经》
(8)固定词组
in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上
to tell you the truth 老实说
in the middle of 在中间
in the east/west/north/south 在东边/西边/北边/南边(方向前用定冠词)
go to the theater 去看电影(某些娱乐活动用定冠词)
the Spring Festival 春节(中国传统节日前要定冠词)
零冠词的用法
零冠词在英语中运用得相当广泛,零冠词不代表没有冠词,而是省略用法。
(1)用于泛指人类或男女时。
e.g: Man is mortal.
人总有一死。
(2)用于“kind(sort)of”后。
e.g: What kind of deer it is?
这是哪种鹿?
(3)用于职务、职位和头衔前。
e.g: He was elected our president.
他被选举为我们的主席。
(4)用于复形名词前,表一类。
e.g.:Horses are smaller than elephants.
马比象小。(并不是一匹马比一头象小。)
(5)用于月份、星期、节假日(国际性节日)和四季。
e.g.:January
New Year
Christmas Day
National Day
in winter/summer/spring/autumn
(6)用于一日三餐,球类运动前。
e.g: have supper
play football
play basketball
但有限定词修饰时要用冠词。
e.g: have a delicious meal
(7)用于“by+交通工具”前。
e.g.:by car by plane
注意by water和by air等词的用法,不是表示通过水和通过空气,而是表示通过水路和坐飞机。
(8)名词前有代词修饰时不用冠词。
e.g.:Some apples are red.
一些苹果是红的。
They are doing their homework.
他们正在做家庭作业。
(9)固定词组
catch fire起火 lost heart丧失信心 take place发生
by chance偶然 by day整天 from time to time有时
on foot步行 one by one一个接一个 heart and soul全心全意
in time及时 on time按时 in front of在前面
in spite of尽管 take part in参加 make use of利用
某些词的冠词使用情况
(1)“radio”作“电台”时,不加冠词radio station作“无线电广播”时,加冠词listen to the radio.
(2)“society”作“社会”时,不加冠词in our society作“社会主义国家”时,加冠词the societies
(3)“nature”作“自然”时,不加冠词 keep the balance of nature
冠词是一个比较难理解的语法点,因为它在中文里是不存在的。所以在学习时切记不要和中文中的某些词比较使用,一定要记牢冠词的使用方法,不定冠词不是非常重要,记住固定用法即可;然而定冠词和所谓不使用冠词(零冠词)的用法则特别重要。
冠词易错题聚焦
易错陷阱1:不定冠词a与an的易混易错点。
【分析】有些单词虽以辅音字母开头,但辅音字母不发音,如hour。有些单词虽以元音字母开头,但发音不是元音音素,如university,不能用an 。
【经典示例】
a one-eyed monster; an ugly man;
an A-shaped house; an 800-metre-long bridge
There is an“f”in the word“face”.
在“face”这个单词中,有一个字母“f”。
【规律总结】判断用a还是用an的依据:冠词后的第一个单词的音素是元音音素,用an;是辅音音素,用a;不是该词的第一个字母是辅音字母还是元音字母。
易错陷阱2:定冠词the与不定冠词的易混易错点。
【规律总结】
“定冠词the+序数词”表示“第......”;“不定冠词the+序数词”表示“又一;再一......”。
Can you give me a second chance, please
你能再给我一次机会吗?(强调“再一次”,不强调顺序)
如果不是指演奏乐器,也可用“不定冠词+乐器”。
He bought a piano for her daughter.他为女儿买了一架钢琴。
在有形容词修饰的独一无二的名词或专有名词前可用不定冠词。
We can enjoy a full moon tonight.我们今天可以欣赏一轮满月。
表示“同一;相同”,用不定冠词+名词相当于the same.
They are of an age=They are of the same age.
用在形容词比较级之前,表示“一个更......”,a 与most连用表示“非常”。
易错陷阱3:零冠词与不定冠词的易混易错点。
【经典示例】
Spring follows winter.
冬去春来。(三餐、季节、月份等名词前用零冠词。)
This happened on a Sunday toward the end of August.
这件事发生在八月末的一个星期天。
We had a wonderful lunch in the home of Mr Liu.
我们在刘先生家吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。
Child as he is, he is very modest.
虽然他是个孩子,但非常谦虚。
【规律总结】
1.当三餐、季节、月份前有形容词修饰或特指某顿饭时,可加不定冠词。
2.表示物质名词具体化时候,可用不定冠词。
a heavy rain/snow一场大雨/大雪; a failure/a pity/an honor/a beauty
He is a failure as a worker. 作为一名工人,他很失败。
3.由as/though引导的倒装结构中,如果是名词位于句首时,习惯上用零冠词。
4.零冠词和不定冠词用于固定搭配中需要平时多积累。
易错陷阱4:零冠词与定冠词的易混易错点。
【分析】
1.专有名词、不可数名词(包括物质名词、抽象名词)、人名、称呼语、头衔、职务、季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类、棋类、学科名称和表示泛指的名词前都不用冠词。如:China, Canada, Beijing, Saturday, Children’s Day, May Day等。但如果这些名词被限制性定语修饰,表示特定的一个,需加定冠词the。
2. school, prison, hospital, church前不加冠词,表示抽象的概念。
【经典示例】
The dinners she used to give were unforgettable.
她举办的那些宴会令人难以忘怀。
The breakfast today was terrible.
今天的早饭糟透了。
Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike.
学校离家很近,所以我们可以骑自行车去上学。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)-— Would you like ______ red dress, Mary
-— Sorry, mom. I prefer ______ orange one.
A.an; an B.a; a C.an; a D.a; an
【答案】D
【详解】考查冠词。句意:——Mary,你想要一条红色的裙子吗?——对不起,妈妈,我更想要一条橘色的。两空都应用不定冠词,表泛指一条红色的裙子和一条橘色的(裙子)。第一空因red发音以辅音开头,所以其前用a;第二空因orange发音以元音开头,所以其前用an。故选D。
2.(2024·天津武清·模拟预测)They argued for hours on ______ end until the meeting came to ______ end, reaching no agreement.
A.an; / B./; an C.an; an D./; /
【答案】B
【详解】考查冠词。句意:他们连续争论了几个小时,直到会议结束,没有达成任何协议。on end意为“连续地”,为固定搭配,所以此处应用零冠词。come to an end意为“结束”,为固定搭配,所以此处应用不定冠词an。故选B。
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)Our National Day is on ________ first day in ________ October.
A.a; the B.the; a C.the; / D.a; /
【答案】C
【详解】考查冠词。句意:我们的国庆节在十月的第一天。first是序数词,前面要加定冠词the,October是月份,前面不要冠词,故选C。
4.(2024·天津河西·一模)It may not be a great suggestion. But before ______is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A.a good one B.a best one C.a better one D.the best one
【答案】C
【详解】考查形容词和冠词。句意:这可能不是一个好建议。但在提出更好的方案之前,我们将就一下。据句意可知,此处需用比较级,表示“一个更好的建议”,为泛指,用不定冠词。one指代suggestion,不定代词。故选C项。
5.(2024·山东·一模)There 5.5 magnitude (震级) earthquake Pingyuan, Shandong province August 6th, 2023.
A.is a; in; in B.was a; in; on C.was an; in; on D.was an; on; in
【答案】B
【详解】考查冠词,介词,时态和主谓一致。句意:2023年8月6日,山东平原发生5.5级地震。由August 6th, 2023可知,句子描述过去的事情,时态用一般过去时,earthquake是单数,说明是一次地震,5.5是辅音音素开头,因此前面的不定冠词用a,因此空格处用was a;Pingyuan是一个地方,表示“在平原”介词用in;August 6th, 2023是具体的某一天,表示在具体某天介词用on,故选B。
6.(2024·辽宁·模拟预测)Do you know _________ Amazon River in South America is _________ second longest river in the world
A.the; the B.the; a C./; a D./; the
【答案】A
【详解】考查冠词。句意:你知道南美洲的亚马逊河是世界上第二长的河流吗?根据句意以及第一处空后Amazon River专有名词可知,此处为特指亚马逊河,应用定冠词the;该句第二处由空后序数词可知,应为定冠词the+序数词,特指第二长河。故选A项。
7.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)Two Chinese astronauts headed outside the nation’s Tiangong space station on February 9, 2023 for ________ seven-hour-long spacewalk, ________ first of the ongoing Shenzhou 15 mission.
A.a; the B.the; the C.a; a D.the; a
【答案】A
【详解】考查冠词。句意:2023年2月9日两名中国航天员前往天宫空间站外进行为期七小时的太空行走,这是正在进行的神舟十五号的第一次任务。分析句子可知,空格一处泛指一次为期七小时的太空行走,“seven-hour-long”音标的第一个音素为辅音音素,故空格一处应用不定冠词“a”;空格二前“first”为序数词,应用定冠词“the”修饰,故空格二应填“the”。故选A项。
二、语法填空
8.(2024·广东江门·一模) Browns are waiting for you outside.
【答案】The
【详解】考查冠词。句意:布朗一家在外面等你。定冠词the加姓氏复数表示某人一家。句首字母大写,故填The。
9.(202·江苏徐州·二模)She didn’t like the colors of the two bags and asked for third one.
【答案】a
【详解】考查冠词。句意:她不喜欢两个包的颜色,要求再拿一个。序数词前使用不定冠词a/an 表示“又一、再一”。third的发音以辅音因素开头,故填a。
10.(2021·广东湛江·一模)When I worked in the hotel, I was paid by month.
【答案】the
【详解】考查冠词。句意:当我在宾馆上班的时候,我是按月收费的。介词by和表示时间单位的词连用时,by后需要加上定冠词the表示“按……收费”。故填the。冠词(讲义)
目录
一 冠词的含义
二 冠词的分类
三 不定冠词的用法
四 定冠词的用法
五 零冠词的用法
六 某些词的冠词使用情况
七 冠词易错题聚焦
八 高考模拟试题
冠词的含义
冠词应包括以下三层含义。
(1)冠词是一种虚词。
(2)冠词不能单独使用,而且不能构成句子成分。
(3)冠词是用来说明名词的,而不是修饰名词,这一点要注意的。
所谓的虚词指的是不能在句子中单独构成成分的几类词,有冠词、连词和介词等。在这里要强调,副词在英语中是实词,做状语,而在中文中却是虚词。
冠词的分类
冠词可分为定冠词(the),不定冠词(an和a)和零冠词。
不定冠词的用法
不定冠词可分为a和an两种。
a一般用于辅音音素前,发作/a/,而an用于元音音素前,发作
eg: an hour
an honest boy
a university
a big apple
元音音素和元音字母是两回事,所以不是以元音字母开头的单词都要用an。
There is ___“s” and___ /s/ in this word “smile”.
用a和an填空,前者填an,后者填a,因为前者是字母,读作/es/,是元音音素开头的;后者是音素,读作/s/,所以用a。
(1)不定冠词表示单数“一”或不确定时使用,源于数词one。
e.g.:A boy is standing under the tree.
一个小男孩正站在树下。
“a”在这里既指一个小男孩,又是表示不确定男孩是谁。
(2)用于单形名词前表示一类东西。
e.g.:A horse is smaller than an elephant.
马比象小。(并不是一匹马比一头大象小。)
可数名词的类指实际上有三种方式。
A horse is smaller than an elephant.
The horse is smaller than the elephant.
Horses are smaller than elephants.
这三句都是“马比象小”,在用法上可以在可数名词单数前加定冠词和不定冠词以及把它们变成复数形式。
(3)固定词组
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result 结果
a few 一些(修饰可数名词复数)
a little一些(修饰不可数名词)
a bit 一点
a little bit more 一点点
a lot of a great deal of a great number of 许多
定冠词的用法
定冠词the用于辅音音素前,也能用于元音音素前。
e.g: the boy the apple
(1)定冠词源于that,用于专指和特指。
e.g.:The boy is my son.
这个男孩是我儿子。
Take the apple.
拿这个苹果。
(2)用于单形名词前。
e.g.:The horse is smaller than the elephant.
马比大象小。(并不是这匹马比这头大象小。)
(3)形容词比较级前和序数词前。
e.g:The most important is that we need deal with this problem first.
最重要的是首先我们要处理这个问题。
The boy is the same as his father.
这个男孩和他爸爸长得一样。(*same前须用the)
It is the first time that I have heard of it.
这是我第一次听说这件事。
不定冠词用于形容词最高级前和序数词前的比较。
It is a most useful book.
这是一本非常有用的书。
It is the most useful book.
这是一本最有用的书。
I won a first prize in politics exam.
我在政治考试中得了一个第一名。
I won the first prize in politics exam.
我在政治考试中得第一名。
(4)用于形容词和过去分词前,表示一类人,且谓语用复数。
e.g.:The poor often hate the rich.
穷人总是很讨厌富人。
The injured were sent to the hospital at once.
受伤的人必须马上被送往医院。
(5)用于乐器之前。
e.g.:play the piano play the violin
如果是中国乐器,且用拼音表示的话,那么一般来说不用冠词,例如;play Yangqin和play Hulusi等
(6)用于世界上独一无二的东西,通常须记住以下几个。
e.g.:
the star
the sun
the earth
the moon
实际上世界上所有的东西都是独一无二的,只是在这里让大家记住这样几个最常用的词,不是绝对的用法。
(7)用于专有名词前。
①用于复形/复数名词前表示一类人。
the Chinese people 中国人
the Germans 德国人
the Browns 布朗一家人
the Grays 格里一家人
②用于某些江河湖海等地理名词前。
the Great Wall 长城
the Changjiang River 长江
the Pacific Ocean太平洋(大洋前用the)
the Alps阿尔卑斯山
the United States美国
the Bible《圣经》
(8)固定词组
in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上
to tell you the truth 老实说
in the middle of 在中间
in the east/west/north/south 在东边/西边/北边/南边(方向前用定冠词)
go to the theater 去看电影(某些娱乐活动用定冠词)
the Spring Festival 春节(中国传统节日前要定冠词)
零冠词的用法
零冠词在英语中运用得相当广泛,零冠词不代表没有冠词,而是省略用法。
(1)用于泛指人类或男女时。
e.g: Man is mortal.
人总有一死。
(2)用于“kind(sort)of”后。
e.g: What kind of deer it is?
这是哪种鹿?
(3)用于职务、职位和头衔前。
e.g: He was elected our president.
他被选举为我们的主席。
(4)用于复形名词前,表一类。
e.g.:Horses are smaller than elephants.
马比象小。(并不是一匹马比一头象小。)
(5)用于月份、星期、节假日(国际性节日)和四季。
e.g.:January
New Year
Christmas Day
National Day
in winter/summer/spring/autumn
(6)用于一日三餐,球类运动前。
e.g: have supper
play football
play basketball
但有限定词修饰时要用冠词。
e.g: have a delicious meal
(7)用于“by+交通工具”前。
e.g.:by car by plane
注意by water和by air等词的用法,不是表示通过水和通过空气,而是表示通过水路和坐飞机。
(8)名词前有代词修饰时不用冠词。
e.g.:Some apples are red.
一些苹果是红的。
They are doing their homework.
他们正在做家庭作业。
(9)固定词组
catch fire起火 lost heart丧失信心 take place发生
by chance偶然 by day整天 from time to time有时
on foot步行 one by one一个接一个 heart and soul全心全意
in time及时 on time按时 in front of在前面
in spite of尽管 take part in参加 make use of利用
某些词的冠词使用情况
(1)“radio”作“电台”时,不加冠词radio station作“无线电广播”时,加冠词listen to the radio.
(2)“society”作“社会”时,不加冠词in our society作“社会主义国家”时,加冠词the societies
(3)“nature”作“自然”时,不加冠词 keep the balance of nature
冠词是一个比较难理解的语法点,因为它在中文里是不存在的。所以在学习时切记不要和中文中的某些词比较使用,一定要记牢冠词的使用方法,不定冠词不是非常重要,记住固定用法即可;然而定冠词和所谓不使用冠词(零冠词)的用法则特别重要。
冠词易错题聚焦
易错陷阱1:不定冠词a与an的易混易错点。
【分析】有些单词虽以辅音字母开头,但辅音字母不发音,如hour。有些单词虽以元音字母开头,但发音不是元音音素,如university,不能用an 。
【经典示例】
a one-eyed monster; an ugly man;
an A-shaped house; an 800-metre-long bridge
There is an“f”in the word“face”.
在“face”这个单词中,有一个字母“f”。
【规律总结】判断用a还是用an的依据:冠词后的第一个单词的音素是元音音素,用an;是辅音音素,用a;不是该词的第一个字母是辅音字母还是元音字母。
易错陷阱2:定冠词the与不定冠词的易混易错点。
【规律总结】
“定冠词the+序数词”表示“第......”;“不定冠词the+序数词”表示“又一;再一......”。
Can you give me a second chance, please
你能再给我一次机会吗?(强调“再一次”,不强调顺序)
如果不是指演奏乐器,也可用“不定冠词+乐器”。
He bought a piano for her daughter.他为女儿买了一架钢琴。
在有形容词修饰的独一无二的名词或专有名词前可用不定冠词。
We can enjoy a full moon tonight.我们今天可以欣赏一轮满月。
表示“同一;相同”,用不定冠词+名词相当于the same.
They are of an age=They are of the same age.
用在形容词比较级之前,表示“一个更......”,a 与most连用表示“非常”。
易错陷阱3:零冠词与不定冠词的易混易错点。
【经典示例】
Spring follows winter.
冬去春来。(三餐、季节、月份等名词前用零冠词。)
This happened on a Sunday toward the end of August.
这件事发生在八月末的一个星期天。
We had a wonderful lunch in the home of Mr Liu.
我们在刘先生家吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。
Child as he is, he is very modest.
虽然他是个孩子,但非常谦虚。
【规律总结】
1.当三餐、季节、月份前有形容词修饰或特指某顿饭时,可加不定冠词。
2.表示物质名词具体化时候,可用不定冠词。
a heavy rain/snow一场大雨/大雪; a failure/a pity/an honor/a beauty
He is a failure as a worker. 作为一名工人,他很失败。
3.由as/though引导的倒装结构中,如果是名词位于句首时,习惯上用零冠词。
4.零冠词和不定冠词用于固定搭配中需要平时多积累。
易错陷阱4:零冠词与定冠词的易混易错点。
【分析】
1.专有名词、不可数名词(包括物质名词、抽象名词)、人名、称呼语、头衔、职务、季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类、棋类、学科名称和表示泛指的名词前都不用冠词。如:China, Canada, Beijing, Saturday, Children’s Day, May Day等。但如果这些名词被限制性定语修饰,表示特定的一个,需加定冠词the。
2. school, prison, hospital, church前不加冠词,表示抽象的概念。
【经典示例】
The dinners she used to give were unforgettable.
她举办的那些宴会令人难以忘怀。
The breakfast today was terrible.
今天的早饭糟透了。
Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike.
学校离家很近,所以我们可以骑自行车去上学。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)-— Would you like ______ red dress, Mary
-— Sorry, mom. I prefer ______ orange one.
A.an; an B.a; a C.an; a D.a; an
2.(2024·天津武清·模拟预测)They argued for hours on ______ end until the meeting came to ______ end, reaching no agreement.
A.an; / B./; an C.an; an D./; /
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)Our National Day is on ________ first day in ________ October.
A.a; the B.the; a C.the; / D.a; /
4.(2024·天津河西·一模)It may not be a great suggestion. But before ______is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A.a good one B.a best one C.a better one D.the best one
5.(2024·山东·一模)There 5.5 magnitude (震级) earthquake Pingyuan, Shandong province August 6th, 2023.
A.is a; in; in B.was a; in; on C.was an; in; on D.was an; on; in
6.(2024·辽宁·模拟预测)Do you know _________ Amazon River in South America is _________ second longest river in the world
A.the; the B.the; a C./; a D./; the
7.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)Two Chinese astronauts headed outside the nation’s Tiangong space station on February 9, 2023 for ________ seven-hour-long spacewalk, ________ first of the ongoing Shenzhou 15 mission.
A.a; the B.the; the C.a; a D.the; a
二、语法填空
8.(2021·广东江门·一模) Browns are waiting for you outside.
9.(2021·江苏徐州·二模)She didn’t like the colors of the two bags and asked for third one.
10.(2021·广东湛江·一模)When I worked in the hotel, I was paid by month.介词(讲义)
目录
一 介词的分类
二 介词短语的语法功能
三 表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
四 容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
五 介词易错题
六 高考模拟单项选择
介词是虚词,主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。
介词的分类
简单介词;即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词;由两个介词构成的合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词;由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词;由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词;由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词;由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
介词短语的语法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing (表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
in;on;at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段时间之内;
on在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上。
①at 8 o'clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since;from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,;after
in指在一段时间之后,用于一般将来时,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
in the end;at the end of;by the end of
in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;
at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;
by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between;among
一般说来,between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in;on;to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on;in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper.
②There is an interesting article in the newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in;into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through;across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner;on the corner;at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides;except;but;except for
besides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“除...外,撇开”。
①All went out except me.
②I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
③His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
动作
at+名词
at dinner/table 在吃饭 at work 在工作 at war 交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest 在休息
at school 在上学 at press 正在排印 at church 在做礼拜 beyond+名词
beyond belief 难以置信 beyond control 无法控制 beyond compare 无可比拟
beyond description 难以形容 beyond expression 无法表达 beyond suspicion 无可怀疑
in+名词或in +名词+of+名词
in the army 在当兵 in need of 需要 in action 在运转 in progress 在进行
in operation 在运行中 in use 开始使用 in sight 看得见 in store 贮藏着
in course of construction 正在兴建当中 in (good) repair 维修良好的
in course of shipment 定的货正在运输途中 in charge of 负责
in the charge of 由……负责 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business 办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假 on watch 值班
on duty 值勤/日 on guard 在值勤 on strike 在罢工 on sale 出售
on loan 借贷 on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开 on the march 在行军
on the air 在广播 on fire 在燃烧 on trial 在试用 on show/display/exhibition 在展出
under+名词 under control 在被控制之中 under discussion 在被讨论中
under development 在被发展中 under observation 在被观察中
under test 在被测试 under construction 在被建设中 under fire 在炮火中
under examination 在被检查/调查中 under consideration 在被考虑中
under repair 在被修理中 under arrest 被被逮捕中 under attack 在被袭击中
under medical treatment 在被治疗中 under study 在被研究中
其他
against one’s opinion 反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion 同意某人的见解
above reproach 无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion 不受怀疑
above criticism 无可指责
at the mercy of 在…支配下;任由…摆布
for sale 供出售
for rent 供出租
within sight 看得见
容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people 为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room 进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me 跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb. 与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad 出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place 动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction 朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb. 帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from 和……不同(不用with)
with the help of 在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb. 给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
介词易错题
1. So far, several ships have been reported missing _______ the coast of Bermuda Island.
A. off B. along
C. on D. around
2. “How long have you stayed in this hotel ” “Not long, just ______ this Monday.”
A. on B. since
C. until D. after
3. The lift in that tall building went wrong and got trapped _____ floors. People in it had no way to get out.
A. in   B. between
C. among   D. on
4. “What a terrible rain we are having!” “Yes. We are asked to pay more attention to the information about the rain ______ flood.”
A. as well as B. so long as
C. because of D. in case of
5. _____ their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
A. Given B. Supposed
C. Considered D. Concluded
6. They promise that the work would all be finished _____ next week.
A. until B. in
C. by D. to
7. _______ reading the letter, what has he done
A. Because of B. Except
C. Besides D. But for
8. “How did the robber get in ” “______ an open window on the first floor.”
A. Past B. From
C. Over D. Through
9. She knew nothing about his journey _______ he was likely to be away for three months.
A. Except B. except for
C. except that D. in addition
10. He usually goes to work by bike _______ it rains.
A .except B. except when
C. except for D. except that
11. I found the island a wonderful place for our experiments _______ the hot weather.
A. besides B. except for
C. except D. except that
12. ______ the weather, we had a pleasant time.
A. Except B. Except for
C. But D. Besides
13. He always did well at school ______ having to do part-time jobs every now and then.
A. in spite of B. instead of
C. in case of D. in favor of
14. As it was almost time for the flight, all the passengers got ______ the plane.
A. around B. abroad
C. aboard D. ahead
答案
1. 选A。off 用作介词时可表示距离,此时尤其用于指距离某一大路或靠近某海面。又如:
Our house is about 20 meters off the main road. 我们家离大路大约有20米远。
The ship anchored a mile off the coast. 轮船抛锚停泊在离海岸1英里的地方。
2. 选B。此答句为省略句,补充完整为:I’ve stayed in this hotel since this Monday.
3. 选 B。between floors 指在两层楼之间。类例地,以下各例也选between:
Don’t eat anything ______ meals if you want to lose weight.
4. 选D。复合介词in case of有两个意思,一是表示条件,意为“如果”;二是表示目的,意为“以防”。如:
In case of fire, call 119. 万一失火,就打119电话。
Take an umbrella with you in case of rain. 带把雨伞,以防下雨。
5. 选A,given 在此用作介词,意为“考虑到”。又如:Given the low price, I decided to buy it. 考虑到价格很低,我决定把它买下。
6. 选C,by 意为“最迟到……之前,到……的时候已经”。类例地,下面一题也选by:
7. 选C。besides 意为“除……之外,还”。又如:
He has another car besides this. 除了这辆车外,他还有一辆。
Besides being a teacher, he was a poet. 除了是位教师外,他还是位诗人。
Did he do anything besides hitting you 除了打你之外,他还有没有别的什么举动
8. 选D。through 意为“穿过,贯穿,经过,透过”。又如:
The train ran through the tunnel. 火车穿过隧道。
I saw you through the window. 我是透过窗子看到你的。
9. 选 C。在四个选项中,只有except that 后可接句子。
10. 选B。except when 和 except that 后均可接句子,但前者含“当……的时候”的意思,而后者则没有这个意思。
11. 选B。except 与 except for的区别是:前者主要用来谈论同类的东西;后者主要用来谈论不同类的东西,在说明情况后作细节上的修正,有时含有惋惜之意。
12. 选B,except 和 except for 均可表示排除,但若是表示谈论不同类的对象,通常用 except for。另外,except 通常不用于句首。
13. 选A。比较:in spite of=虽然,尽管…仍;instead of=代替,取而代之;in case of=假设,万一;in favour of=赞同,有利于。
14. 选C。aboard 用作介词时意思“在(船、飞机、车)上”、“上(船、飞机、车)”。
高考模拟试题
1.(2024·天津南开·模拟预测)The remote island was ______ modern technology, making communication difficult.
A.in the shape of B.beyond the reach of
C.at the mercy of D.on the side of
【答案】B
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意:这个偏远的岛屿远离现代科技,通讯很困难。根据making communication difficult(通讯很困难)可知,这个岛应该是“远离”现代科技。A. in the shape of以……的形式;B. beyond the reach of超出……的控制范围;C. at the mercy of受制于;D. on the side of在某方面。B项符合句意,故选B。
2.(2024·天津·三模)The little boat is ________ but safe, so I won’t take it.
A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing
【答案】B
【详解】考查固定短语。句意:小船一点也不安全,所以我不会乘坐它。A. something某些事情;B. anything任何事情;C. everything每件事情;D. nothing没什么事情。根据“so I won’t take it”可知,此处指小船一点也不安全,固定短语anything but“绝不,一点也不”符合语境,故选B。
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)—Is that your headmaster
—You mean the man ________ blue
A.on B.with C.in D.at
【答案】C
【详解】考查介词。句意:——那是你们的校长吗?——你是说那个穿蓝衣服的人?“in+颜色”在英语中通常用来表示某人穿着某种颜色的衣服,in blue:穿着蓝色衣服,此处修饰man作定语。故选C。
4.(2024·天津河西·一模)The result is not the same ______they had expected, ______was rather disappointing.
A.what, as B.as, that C.as, which D.that, which
【答案】C
【详解】考查介词和定语从句。句意:结果和他们预期的不一样,这是相当令人失望的。the same as是固定短语,意为“与……一样”,因此第一空用as;第二空引导的是非限制性定语从句,从句中缺少主语,主语是前面整个主句的内容,因此第二空用which引导定语从句,故选C。
5.(2024·天津南开·模拟预测)Sima Qian’s writing had a profound effect ________ me, and I have this to thank for my passion ________ Chinese literature.
A.with, to B.on, to C.with, for D.on, for
【答案】D
【详解】考查介词搭配。句意:司马迁的写作对我影响深远,这是我对中国文学的热爱。第一空表示“对……有深远影响”短语为have a profound effect on;第二空为短语passion for表示“对……的热爱”。故选D。
6.(2024·山东日照·一模)Judy won the first prize in the spelling contest. She spelling 300 words in 5 minutes.
A.successful in B.succeeded in C.successfully in D.success in
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语。句意:朱迪在拼写比赛中获得了第一名。她在5分钟内拼了300个单词。根据句意分析句子可知,空格处应该用动词作谓语,表示“成功做某事”用succeed in doing something或be successful in something;由上一句的won可知,描述过去发生的事,用一般过去时。故选B项。
7.(2024·山东青岛·一模)There 5.5 magnitude (震级) earthquake Pingyuan, Shandong province August 6th, 2023.
A.is a; in; in B.was a; in; on C.was an; in; on D.was an; on; in
【答案】B
【详解】考查冠词,介词,时态和主谓一致。句意:2023年8月6日,山东平原发生5.5级地震。由August 6th, 2023可知,句子描述过去的事情,时态用一般过去时,earthquake是单数,说明是一次地震,5.5是辅音音素开头,因此前面的不定冠词用a,因此空格处用was a;Pingyuan是一个地方,表示“在平原”介词用in;August 6th, 2023是具体的某一天,表示在具体某天介词用on,故选B。
8.(2024·山东烟台·一模)—What do you usually do at home after finishing your homework
—I have a chat__________ my friend__________ WeChat.
A.about; on B.with; on C.on; with D.in; with
【答案】B
【详解】考查介词。句意:——你做完作业后通常在家做什么?——我和朋友在微信上聊天。have a chat with sb.意为“和某人聊天”,因此第一空是with;on WeChat意为“在微信上”,因此第二空是on,故选B。
9.(2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测)Mr.Smith is friendly us. But he is very strict studies.
A.for:with B.to;in C.to:with D.with:with
【答案】B
【详解】考查介词。句意:史密斯对我们友好,但是他对我们的学习要求严格。分析句子可知,这里考查be friendly to sb.表“对某人友好”;be strict in sth.表“对某事严格”均为固定搭配。故选B项。
10.(2024·辽宁·模拟预测)But after graduation, _________ my surprise, I, as an A student, could not find a job.
A.in B.at C.with D.to
【答案】D
【详解】考查介词。句意:但毕业后,令我惊讶的是,我,一个优等生,找不到工作。A. in在……里;B. at在,向;C. with用;D. to向,朝着。此处是固定搭配:to one’s surprise意为“使……惊讶的是”。故选D项。介词(讲义)
目录
一 介词的分类
二 介词短语的语法功能
三 表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
四 容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
五 介词易错题
六 高考模拟试题
介词是虚词,主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。
介词的分类
简单介词;即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词;由两个介词构成的合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词;由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词;由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词;由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词;由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
介词短语的语法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing (表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
in;on;at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段时间之内;
on在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上。
①at 8 o'clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since;from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,;after
in指在一段时间之后,用于一般将来时,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
in the end;at the end of;by the end of
in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;
at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;
by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between;among
一般说来,between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in;on;to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on;in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper.
②There is an interesting article in thenewspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in;into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through;across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner;on the corner;at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides;except;but;except for
besides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“除...外,撇开”。
①All went out except me.
②I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
③His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
动作
at+名词
at dinner/table 在吃饭 at work 在工作 at war 交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest 在休息
at school 在上学 at press 正在排印 at church 在做礼拜 beyond+名词
beyond belief 难以置信 beyond control 无法控制 beyond compare 无可比拟
beyond description 难以形容 beyond expression 无法表达 beyond suspicion 无可怀疑
in+名词或in +名词+of+名词
in the army 在当兵 in need of 需要 in action 在运转 in progress 在进行
in operation 在运行中 in use 开始使用 in sight 看得见 in store 贮藏着
in course of construction 正在兴建当中 in (good) repair 维修良好的
in course of shipment 定的货正在运输途中 in charge of 负责
in the charge of 由……负责 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business 办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假 on watch 值班
on duty 值勤/日 on guard 在值勤 on strike 在罢工 on sale 出售
on loan 借贷 on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开 on the march 在行军
on the air 在广播 on fire 在燃烧 on trial 在试用 on show/display/exhibition 在展出
under+名词 under control 在被控制之中 under discussion 在被讨论中
under development 在被发展中 under observation 在被观察中
under test 在被测试 under construction 在被建设中 under fire 在炮火中
under examination 在被检查/调查中 under consideration 在被考虑中
under repair 在被修理中 under arrest 被被逮捕中 under attack 在被袭击中
under medical treatment 在被治疗中 under study 在被研究中
其他
against one’s opinion 反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion 同意某人的见解
above reproach 无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion 不受怀疑
above criticism 无可指责
at the mercy of 在…支配下;任由…摆布
for sale 供出售
for rent 供出租
within sight 看得见
容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people 为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room 进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me 跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb. 与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad 出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place 动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction 朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb. 帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from 和……不同(不用with)
with the help of 在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb. 给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
介词易错题
1. So far, several ships have been reported missing _______ the coast of Bermuda Island.
A. off B. along
C. on D. around
2. “How long have you stayed in this hotel ” “Not long, just ______ this Monday.”
A. on B. since
C. until D. after
3. The lift in that tall building went wrong and got trapped _____ floors. People in it had no way to get out.
A. in   B. between
C. among   D. on
4. “What a terrible rain we are having!” “Yes. We are asked to pay more attention to the information about the rain ______ flood.”
A. as well as B. so long as
C. because of D. in case of
5. _____ their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
A. Given B. Supposed
C. Considered D. Concluded
6. They promise that the work would all be finished _____ next week.
A. until B. in
C. by D. to
7. _______ reading the letter, what has he done
A. Because of B. Except
C. Besides D. But for
8. “How did the robber get in ” “______ an open window on the first floor.”
A. Past B. From
C. Over D. Through
9. She knew nothing about his journey _______ he was likely to be away for three months.
A. Except B. except for
C. except that D. in addition
10. He usually goes to work by bike _______ it rains.
A .except B. except when
C. except for D. except that
11. I found the island a wonderful place for our experiments _______ the hot weather.
A. besides B. except for
C. except D. except that
12. ______ the weather, we had a pleasant time.
A. Except B. Except for
C. But D. Besides
13. He always did well at school ______ having to do part-time jobs every now and then.
A. in spite of B. instead of
C. in case of D. in favor of
14. As it was almost time for the flight, all the passengers got ______ the plane.
A. around B. abroad
C. aboard D. ahead
高考模拟试题
1.(2024·天津南开·模拟预测)The remote island was ______ modern technology, making communication difficult.
A.in the shape of B.beyond the reach of
C.at the mercy of D.on the side of
2.(2022·天津·三模)The little boat is ________ but safe, so I won’t take it.
A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing
3.(2024·山东泰安·一模)—Is that your headmaster
—You mean the man ________ blue
A.on B.with C.in D.at
4.(2024·天津河西·一模)The result is not the same ______they had expected, ______was rather disappointing.
A.what, as B.as, that C.as, which D.that, which
5.(2024·天津南开·模拟预测)Sima Qian’s writing had a profound effect ________ me, and I have this to thank for my passion ________ Chinese literature.
A.with, to B.on, to C.with, for D.on, for
6.(2024·山东日照·一模)Judy won the first prize in the spelling contest. She spelling 300 words in 5 minutes.
A.successful in B.succeeded in C.successfully in D.success in
7.(2024·山东青岛·一模)There 5.5 magnitude (震级) earthquake Pingyuan, Shandong province August 6th, 2023.
A.is a; in; in B.was a; in; on C.was an; in; on D.was an; on; in
8.(2024·山东烟台·一模)—What do you usually do at home after finishing your homework
—I have a chat__________ my friend__________ WeChat.
A.about; on B.with; on C.on; with D.in; with
9.(2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测)Mr.Smith is friendly us. But he is very strict studies.
A.for:with B.to;in C.to:with D.with:with
10.(2024·辽宁·模拟预测)But after graduation, _________ my surprise, I, as an A student, could not find a job.
A.in B.at C.with D.to代词(讲义)
目录
一 代词的分类
二 代词易错题分析
三 高考模拟试题
代词分类
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。
人称代词[科|网]
(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下四种情况:
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why me?John is sitting there doing nothing.
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he替代)
They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)
③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别:
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him,too.
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。[]
You,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
物主代词
(1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。
(2)one’s own...=...of one’s own句式的转换。
(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。
take sb. by the arm,be wounded in the leg
反身代词
(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。
(2)反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。
devote oneself to致力于 dress oneself自己穿衣 enjoy oneself过得快活 feel oneself觉得正常
(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。
for oneself为自己;独立地,of oneself自然地;自动地,by oneself独自地,in oneself本身
相互代词
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,each other one another
一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。
指示代词
this,that,these,those,such,same
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。
(1)指示代词this(these)和that(those)的区别。
①this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
④this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍,that用于询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。
Can hard work change a person that much
(2)such和same的用法。
①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。
Such was the story.
We have never seen such a tall building.
②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the。
The same can be said of the other article.
Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.[]
疑问代词
(who,whom,which,what,whose)
疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
(1)who/what
①询问姓名或关系。
—Who is he
—He is my brother./He is Henry.
询问职业或地位。
—What is he
—He is a lawyer/teacher.
②what/who 作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。
What is/are on the table
Who is/are in the library
(2)which与who,what
which表示在一定范围内,而who,what则无此限制。
I found two books on the desk. Which is yours
连接代词和关系代词
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who,whom,whose,what,which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that。
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who,whom,whose,which,that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。
不定代词
不定代词主要有:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no等。还有由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every,no只能作定语)。
高考常考的不定代词
one
(一)one(一个),可以指人,也可以指物。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
one(主语)should not praise oneself(宾语).一个人不应炫耀自己。(one作主语和宾语)
If one wants to visit the city,one must find one's own guide.如要参观这个城市,得自己找向导。
(二)one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。
Do you have a car?Yes,I have one.你有一辆小汽车吗?是的,我有一辆。
I like small cars better than large ones.我喜欢小汽车,不喜欢大汽车。
(三)one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词修饰。
There are three pens,which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?这儿有三支钢笔,哪一支是你的?这支?那支?还是在铅笔盒里的那支?
(四)a+形容词+one这一形式,经常见到或使用。
I have an old bike,but he has a new one.我有辆旧自行车,他有辆新的。
(五)own后面不用one
Your shoes don't fit me, I'd better wear my own.我穿你的鞋不合适,我最好还是穿我自己的。
(六)比较it和one的比较
it用来指特定的东西(the+名词);而one则用于替代不特定的东西(a,an+名词)
You have a pen,can I use it(=the pen)?你有一支钢笔,我可以用它(这支钢笔)吗?(特指)
Do you have a pen?Yes,I have one(=a pen).你有钢笔吗?是的,我有一支。(泛指)
some,any
I have some money in my pocket,but it is not enough.
Do you have any?我口袋里有一些钱,但不够,你有钱吗?
(一)some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中,any一般用于否定旬、疑问句和条件句中。
I have some science books.我有一些科技书。(some在肯定句中译为一些)
There is some ink in the bottle.瓶子里有一些墨水。
I haven't any money.(=I have no money.)
Do you have any?我一分钱都没有了,你有(钱吗)?
注意:
not…any =no…
any在否定句、问句中不须译出来。
You can ask me if you have any questions.(条件句)如果你有任何问题,你都可以问我。
(二)some,any与-thing,-body,-one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
我有重要的事告诉你。
I don't know anything about it .(I know nothing about it .)关于这件事,我什么都不知道。
Anybody can do it.任何人都可以做这件事。
注意:something,anything,nothing三者跟形容词时,形容词要放在它们的后面。
(三)在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
Will you have some tea?你喝茶吗?(表邀请)
Did somebody call me this morning?今天上午有人给我打电话吧?(表可能已约好)
(四)在否定句中,some表示半否定,any表示全否定。
I don't know some of you.我只认识你们中的一些人。(我不会认识你们)
I don't know any of you.你们,我一个也不认识。
(五)some用于单数可数名词前时,表示“某个”,而不是“一些”。
This morning some boy asked for you.今天上午,有个男孩要求见你。
There must be some reason for what he's done.他干这些事,肯定有某种原因。
比较:
Is there anything to eat?有什么吃的吗?(不知有没有,只是问一问)
Is there something to eat?有一些吃的吧?(希望,而且断定会有)
other,another的用法
(一)another(=an other),别的、另一个,泛指众多中一个,一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。
This book is too difficult for me.
Will you please give me another one(=another book)?这本书对我而言太难了,可以给我另一本吗?(another是指许多书中的一本,作为定语)
I don't like this one. Show me another.我不喜欢这个,给我看看另一个好吗?(another作宾语)
He got three books;one is a dictionary,another is a play,the third is a grammar.他买了三本书,一本是字典,另一本是剧本,还有一本是语法书。(another作主语)
有时another可以用在复数名词前译为“再、又”。
You may stay for another ten days.你可以再住十天。
(二)the other表示两个中的一个,常与one连用。
one…the other…
I have two pencils;one is red;(and)the other is blue.我有两支铅笔,一支是红的,另一支是蓝的。
There are only two books left. But I don't like this one. Will you please show me the other?
只剩下二本书了。可我不喜欢这一本,请给我另一本好吗?
惯用词组:
each other,one another互相
one after another一个接一个
the other day前几天
(三)other+名词=others(别的)
Some are listening to the radio,others are watching TV.一些人在听广播,一些人在看电视。
Some students went to the Summer Palace. Other students(=others)stayed at home last Sunday.上周日,一些同学去颐和园,一些同学(还有同学)呆在家里。
(四)the other +名词=the others,译为其余的,相当于the rest。
There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls. The other students(=the others)are boys.我们班有三十个学生,二十名女孩,其余的都是男孩。
Some of the pencils are red. The others(=the other pencils)are green.有些铅笔是红的,其余的都是绿的。
比较:
Some of the pencils are red,others(=other pencils)are green.有些铅笔是红的,还有一些是绿的。(暗示可能还有些笔是别的颜色的:白色的、黄色的……)
all,both
All of them go to the movies.他们都去看电影。
Both of my parents are healthy.我的双亲身体都健康。
(一)all代表或修饰两个以上的人或物,或不可数的东西。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like her.(作主语)=We all like her.(作同位语)我们所有的人都喜欢他。
All the oil(不可数名词)has been used up.(作主语)所有的油都用完了。
That's all for today.(作表语)今天就到这儿了。
You haven't eaten all(of)the bread.(作宾语)你的面包没有吃完。
All the students were there.(作定语)所有的学生都在那儿。
注意:all,both的位置和频度副词一样放在be动词、情态动词及助动词之后,如有多个助动词,则放在第一个助动词之后。放在一般动词(实义动词)之前。
They all(both)went there.他们(两个)全都去那里了。
(二)both是指两者都…;而all是指三个和三个以上的人或物都…。在句中可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。注意它们的区别:
They were all waiting outside the gate.他们(三个以上)都在大门外等着。
They were both waiting outside the gate.他们两个都在大门外等着。
each,every
On each(every)side of the square there were policemen.在广场的四周都有警察。
(一)从数量上看:each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。
There are many trees on each side(不能用every side)of the street.大街的两侧有许多大树。
On each(every)side of the square there were soldiers.广场的四周都是士兵。
(二)从含义和语法功能上看:each是“单个”的意思,侧重于个体、个性,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。
而every是“每一个”的意思,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。
(三)含有every的词组
every week每周
every two weeks每两周
every other day(week,line)每隔一天(每隔一周,每隔一行)
every other ten days每隔十天
Every student is here.=All the students are here.所有的学生们都出席了。(强调整体)
Each of the boys has a bike.每个男孩子都有一辆自行车。(each作主语,强调个体,每一个)。
There are flowers on each side of the river.(作定语)河两岸都是花。
Two men came and I gave a book to each.(作宾语)两个人来了,我给他们每人一本书。
each作同位语时在句子中位置及谓语动词的变化。
The students have two pens each.(作同位语)每个学生有两支钢笔。
They each have two pens.(作同位语)他们每人有两支钢笔。
Each of the students has two pens.(作主语)每个学生有两支钢笔。
Each of them has two pens.(作主语)他们每人有两支钢笔。
注意:
every在句中只能作定语,而它的合成词只能作主语、宾语和表语,而不能作定语,也就是说every后面必须跟名词,而它的合成词后面绝不可能跟名词。
Every boy is here .=Everybody is here.每个人都在。
either,neither,both
either:指两者中的任意一个。
neither:指两者中没有一个,全否定。
both:指两者都,肯定。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
Neither of the films is good.两部电影都不好。(没有一部是好的)
Either of the films is good.(作主语,谓语动词用单数)两部电影中有一部不错。
He wrote to neither of them.他没给他们两个任何一个人写信。
He wrote to either of them.(作宾语)他给他们中的一个人写了信。
Neither teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师,没有一个经常解答问题。
Either teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师中有一位常常解答问题。
Both the teachers often answer the questions.(作定语)这两个老师都常常解答问题。
注意:
标题上三词作定语时的比较,both后面的名词要用复数,谓语动词用复数。
either和neither后面的名词要用单数,谓语动词用单数。
many,much
Many(of)the students have sports.(作主语)许多学生参加体育锻炼。
He has not got much time to go over his lessons.(作定语)他没有多少时间复习功课了。
We are many;you are few.(作表语)我们是多数,你们是少数。
She has much(work)to do.(作宾语)她有许多工作要去做。
few, a few; little, a little
There are few minutes left. Hurry up!就剩下几分钟了,快点儿!
Don't worry! There are a few minutes left.别着急,还有几分钟呢。
There is little time left. Hurry up!没多少时间了,快点儿!
There is a little time left. Don't worry.别着急,还有时间呢
My sister has a few friends. But she has few good friends.我姐姐有一些朋友,但是她几乎没有真正的好朋友。
代词易错题分析
When the BBC asked her what kind of person takes to walk around the world, Maxwell said, “It’s probably a combination of ambition, a little stubbornness and a pinch of passion—not for hiking as a sport, but for self-discovery and adventure.
易错分析:1.句子结构复杂,句中包含多个从句,结构分析容易出错。2. 对从句中的形式主语和真正的动词不定式主语分析错误。
【答案】it
【解析】考查it用法。句意:当英国广播公司问她什么样的人才能环游世界时,麦克斯韦尔说:“这可能是雄心壮志、一点点固执和一点点激情的结合——不是把徒步旅行作为一项运动,而是为了自我发现和冒险。”此处it作形式主语,动词不定式作真正的主语。故填it。
As the weather turns warmer and air becomes drier, it is recommended that people eat fresh vegetables and juicy fruits to keep_________ (them) hydrated (保持水分).
易错分析:1.长句子造成句子结构划分错误,逻辑意思不清。2.反身代词复数形式变化易出错。
【答案】themselves
【解析】考查代词。句意:随着天气变暖,空气变得干燥,建议人们吃新鲜的蔬菜和多汁的水果来保持自己的水分。此处指上文people,应用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
It has become a cultural landmark of the Yellow River Basin where visitors can view the river passing through the city and watch exhibitions showing (it) long history’ and diverse cultures.
易错分析:句子成分划分出错,句意不理解,形容词性物主代词和反身代词混用。
【答案】its
【解析】考查代词。句意:它已经成为黄河流域的一个文化地标,游客可以在这里看到河流穿过城市,观看展示其悠久历史和多元文化的展览。修饰后文名词应用形容词性物主代词its。故填it
If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in______ (they) search for warm shelter.
易错分析:解题不注重瞻前顾后,未关注空格后名词缺少定语,只看到介词后错用代词宾格。
【答案】their
【解析】考查代词。句意:同上。修饰名词search,需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·天津河东·二模)Despite her illness, Lucy had lost ________ of her enthusiasm for life and still made many plans for the future.
A.neither B.both C.all D.none
【答案】D
【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意:尽管生病了,露西并没有失去对生活的热情,她仍然为未来制定了许多计划。A. neither两者都不;B. both两者都;C. all全部都;D. none没有一个;都不。根据后文“still made many plans for the future.”指没有失去对生活的热情,为none of。故选D。
2.(2024·天津·模拟预测)The latest report made __________ clear that climate change will influence the poorest countries most strongly.
A.one B.what C.it D.this
【答案】C
【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意:最新的报告明确指出,气候变化将对最贫穷的国家产生最强烈的影响。A. one一个;B. what什么;C. it它;D. this这个。“that climate change will influence the poorest countries most strongly”是that引导的宾语从句,作made的宾语,空格处用it作形式宾语,故选C。
3.(2024·天津武清·模拟预测)Tom still takes ______ for granted that every time a Real Madrid team puts on their shirts to play football, they will win.
A.it B.one C.them D.this
【答案】A
【详解】考查固定句型。句意:汤姆仍然理所当然地认为,每次皇家马德里队穿上球衣踢球,他们就会赢。固定句型:take it for granted that表示“理所当然地认为”,其中it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的that从句。故选A。
4.(2024·天津滨海新·三模)The network of China’s high-speed train is much longer than ______ in Japan.
A.one B.that C.it D.this
【答案】B
【详解】考查代词。句意:中国的高速铁路网络比日本的要长得多。在这个比较句型中,“China’s high-speed train network”与 “high-speed train network in Japan”进行比较。为了避免重复,我们使用代词来替代第二个提到的网络。此处需要that表示特指,that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个。此处特指“日本的高速铁路网络 ”,和前面提到的中国铁路网络是同类,但不是同一个。one通常用来泛指同类中的一个,it与所指名词为同一个。this为指示代词,指离说话人近的人或物,或刚刚提及的事物,所以A,C和D均不符合语境。故选B。
5.(2024·山东泰安·一模)—Is it ________ mobile phone
—No, it isn’t. ________ is left in the office.
A.you; I B.your; My C.yours; Mine D.your; Mine
【答案】D
【详解】考查物主代词。句意:——是你的手机吗?——不,不是。我的留在办公室了。第一空用形容词性物主代词修饰mobile phone,your是形容词性物主代词,yours是名词性物主代词,因此第一空是your;第二空要用名词性物主代词mine,表示“我的”,相当于my mobile phone,故选D。
6.(2024·天津·一模)Few pleasures can equal ______ of a journey to Harbin, enjoying the fantastic icy sculptures as well as the enthusiasm of the local people.
A.one B.that C.those D.ones
【答案】C
【详解】考查指示代词和不定代词。句意:没有什么乐趣能比得上去哈尔滨旅行,欣赏奇妙的冰雕和感受当地人的热情。A. one一个,泛指;B. that那个,特指,同名不同物,代指不可数名词或者名词单数,其后往往有限定短语;C. those 那些,特指,同名不同物;D. ones泛指复数名词。分析句子结构可知,空格处代指上文中提到的pleasures,且同名不同物,且是复数,所以应填those。故选C。
7.(2024江苏扬州·一模)The wedding dress of the Princess is noble and elegant. ________ is the beauty of this style that it will be popular with young women.
A.Such B.It C.What D.That
【答案】A
【详解】考查such作代词的用法。句意:你竟然这样想,真是令人惊讶!我非常喜欢它。公主的婚纱高贵典雅。这种款式如此之美,将会受到年轻女性的欢迎。such用作代词时,可以指代前面提到过的某个人或某件事。这时指代前句所提到的婚纱。故选A。
8.(2024天津·二模)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.
A.ones B.those C.that D.them
【答案】B
【详解】考查代词辨析。句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加的学生更快乐。此处指代上文the students,且后跟定语,应用those。故选B。
9.(2024广东广州·模拟)________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
A.As; whose B.It; whom C.It; whose D.As; whom
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意:众所周知,那个过去生活很苦的老科学家,八十多岁仍然努力工作。分析句子可知,第一个空处应为形式主语,代替主语从句“that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.”,故应用It;第二个空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“the old scientist”,在从句中作介词“for”的宾语,故应用关系代词whom。故选B。
10.(2024·天津·三模)Generally speaking, parents’ influence on their children is greater than ________of anyone else’s.
A.one B.it C.that D.those
【答案】C
【详解】考查代词辨析。句意:一般来说,父母对他们的影响远大于任何别的人的影响。one泛指之前提到的同类中的任一个人或物(泛指同类不同物);it特指之前提到的同一个事物(特指同物);that特指前文提到的同类中的特定的事物(特指同类不同物);those是that的复数形式。that/those常后接修饰语,以体现特指。根据语境,此处特指上文提到influence,后接修饰语of anyone else’s,表示同类不同物。故选C。
11.(2024天津·一模)Nothing taught by others can have the same effect on you as________ learned by yourself.
A.one B.that C.those D.this
【答案】B
【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意:别人教给你的任何东西对你的影响都比不上你自己学到的东西。A. one一个人,表示泛指;B. that那个,特指,代替与前面同类的不同物的单数名词或者不可数名词以及代词;C. those那些,特指,代替与前面同类的不同物的复数名词;D. this这个。此处指代nothing,上文nothing的修饰词是“taught by others ”,此处nothing的修饰词是“learned by yourself”,同类不同物。故选B。
12.(2024江苏南通·三模)Education reform has swept across schools, bringing with ______ new opportunities for students to develop in an all-round way.
A.one B.it C.them D.those
【答案】B
【详解】考查代词辨析。句意:教育改革已经席卷了学校,随之而来的是学生全面发展的新机会。one代指与前文所提事物同类的事物,不合题意,排除选项A;them和those代指的是名词复数,但教育改革是单数,排除选项C和D;it代指前文中提到的同一个事物且为单数,故选B。
13.(2024江苏无锡·模拟)_________was a desperate race against time to land the plane before it ran out of fuel. Fortunately, the young pilot made it eventually.
A.It B.This C.What D.As
【答案】A
【详解】考查形式主语。It在这里是作形式主语,真正的主语是to land the plane before it ran out of fuel。句意:在飞机燃料耗尽之前着陆是一场与时间的拼命赛跑(拼命争分夺秒)。幸运的是,这位年轻的飞行员最终成功了。
14.(2024天津模拟)She didn't understand why I paid a repair man when my brother would do it for _.
A.nothing B.anything
C.everything D.something
【答案】A
【详解】考查不定代词。A. nothing什么也没有;B. anything任何事情; C. everything 每件事情; D. something某事。句意:她不明白为什么我要付钱给一个修理工,而我的哥哥却愿意免费做这件事。for nothing“免费”,故选A。
15.(2024·浙江·宁波一模)How would you like ________ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you
A.them B.one
C.those D.it
【答案】D
【详解】考查代词It。句意:当你正在看一个你喜欢的节目时,突然有个人进来,一声不吭地关掉电视,你会怎么想?It作形式宾语,指代If后面的句子。该句涉及到了一个疑问句,一个条件状语从句(if)和两个并列句(and)。这当时应该先把它转化为陈述句you would like______.分析句子结构可知,like之后缺少一个宾语,需要一个宾格代词充当,故选D。
二、翻译
16.(2024·上海宝山·二模)你认为中学生为了完成作业,有必要花大量的时间到网上去查找资料吗?(it)
【答案】Do you think it necessary for middle school students to spend a large amount of time searching for files online in order to complete their homework
【详解】考查短语和it用法。此处为一般疑问句,主语为you;表示“认为……必要”句型为think it necessary for sb. to do sth.;表示“中学生”短语为middle school students;表示“花大量的时间到网上去查找资料”翻译为spend a large amount of time searching for files online;表示“为了完成作业”应用in order to complete their homework,不定式作目的状语。为一般现在时。故翻译为Do you think it necessary for middle school students to spend a large amount of time searching for files online in order to complete their homework
17.(2023·上海黄浦·一模)超市离我家步行就能到达,买日用品非常方便。(As)
【答案】As the supermarket is within walking distance of my home, it is very convenient to buy daily necessities.
【详解】考查状语从句、固定短语和固定句型。根据句意可知,该句描述的是客观事实,所以使用一般现在时,表示“超市离我家步行就能到达”为原因状语从句,根据提示使用as引导,位于句首,首字母需大写,表示“超市”应为the supermarket作主语,表示“离我家步行就能到”应为within walking distance of my home,该句的谓语动词为系动词is,所以该状语从句应译为As the supermarket is within walking distance of my home;表示“买日用品非常方便”可用固定句型it is+adj+to do sth.,it是形式主语,不定式短语作真正主语,表示“方便的”应为convenient,作表语,谓语动词为is,表示“买日用品”应为to buy daily necessities作真正的主语,所以,主句应译为it is very convenient to buy daily necessities。综上,故翻译为As the supermarket is within walking distance of my home, it is very convenient to buy daily necessities.
18.(23-24高三上·上海·开学考试)你大老远跑去超市买方便面有意义吗 (sense)
【答案】Does it make sense (for you) to go all the way to the supermarket to buy instant noodles
【详解】考查固定短语。根据句意可知,此处应为一般疑问句,讲述的现在的情况,所以使用一般现在时,分析句意可知,该句应使用“it作形式主语,不定式短语作真正主语”的结构,表示“大老远跑去超市”应为go all the way to the supermarket为真正的主语,所以使用不定式形式,使用it作形式主语指代to go all the way to the supermarket;表示“买方便面”应为目的状语,所以也是不定式形式,译为to buy instant noodles;表示“有意义”应为make sense作谓语,因句子主语为it为第三人称单数,所以谓语动词使用单数形式,且为一般疑问句,应使用助动词does置于句首,谓语动词使用动词原形;可以在作真正主语的不定式前加上逻辑主语for you。故翻译为Does it make sense (for you) to go all the way to the supermarket to buy instant noodles
19.(2024上海杨浦·模拟)在新闻发布会上,发言人明确表示他发表的评论媒体不得断章取义,以免造成误解。(it)
【答案】At the press conference, the spokesman/speaker made it clear that his comments should not be taken out of context by the media in order to avoid misunderstanding/so as not to cause misunderstanding/ in case of misunderstanding.
OR: At the press conference, the spokesman/speaker made it clear that the media shouldn’t take his comments out of context in case of misunderstanding.
【详解】考查名词、动词和it作形式宾语。句子陈述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时;“在新闻发布会上”使用at the press conference,“发言人”使用the spokesman/speaker,“明确表示”使用make it clear that,it作形式宾语,that引导真正的宾语从句,“他发表的评论媒体不得断章取义”译为his comments should not be taken out of context by the media,“以免造成误解”译为in order to avoid misunderstanding/so as not to cause misunderstanding/ in case of misunderstanding。故翻译为At the press conference, the spokesman/speaker made it clear that his comments should not be taken out of context by the media in order to avoid misunderstanding/so as not to cause misunderstanding/ in case of misunderstanding.
OR: At the press conference, the spokesman/speaker made it clear that the media shouldn’t take his comments out of context in case of misunderstanding.
20.(2024上海·二模)因为一条假新闻, 这家超市货架上的所有商品已被一抢而空,真是匪夷所思。(It)
【答案】It is unbelievable/incredible/unimaginable that all the products on the shelves in this supermarket have been snapped up/sold out due to a piece of fake news.
【详解】考查动词、名词、短语和固定句型。表示“因为一条假新闻”应用短语due to a piece of fake news;表示“这家超市货架上的所有商品已被一抢而空”应用句子all the products on the shelves in this supermarket have been snapped up/sold out;表示“真是匪夷所思”应用句型It is unbelievable/incredible/unimaginable that。故应翻译为It is unbelievable/incredible/unimaginable that all the products on the shelves in this supermarket have been snapped up/sold out due to a piece of fake news。
试卷第1页,共3页代词(讲义)
目录
一 代词的分类
二 代词易错题分析
三 高考模拟试题
代词分类
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。
人称代词[科|网]
(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下四种情况:
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why me?John is sitting there doing nothing.
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he替代)
They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)
③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别:
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him,too.
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。[]
You,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
物主代词
(1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。
(2)one’s own...=...of one’s own句式的转换。
(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。
take sb. by the arm,be wounded in the leg
反身代词
(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。
(2)反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。
devote oneself to致力于 dress oneself自己穿衣 enjoy oneself过得快活 feel oneself觉得正常
(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。
for oneself为自己;独立地,of oneself自然地;自动地,by oneself独自地,in oneself本身
相互代词
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,each other one another
一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。
指示代词
this,that,these,those,such,same
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。
(1)指示代词this(these)和that(those)的区别。
①this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
④this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍,that用于询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。
Can hard work change a person that much
(2)such和same的用法。
①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。
Such was the story.
We have never seen such a tall building.
②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the。
The same can be said of the other article.
Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.[]
疑问代词
(who,whom,which,what,whose)
疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
(1)who/what
①询问姓名或关系。
—Who is he
—He is my brother./He is Henry.
询问职业或地位。
—What is he
—He is a lawyer/teacher.
②what/who 作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。
What is/are on the table
Who is/are in the library
(2)which与who,what
which表示在一定范围内,而who,what则无此限制。
I found two books on the desk. Which is yours
连接代词和关系代词
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who,whom,whose,what,which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that。
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who,whom,whose,which,that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。
不定代词
不定代词主要有:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no等。还有由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every,no只能作定语)。
高考常考的不定代词
one
(一)one(一个),可以指人,也可以指物。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
one(主语)should not praise oneself(宾语).一个人不应炫耀自己。(one作主语和宾语)
If one wants to visit the city,one must find one's own guide.如要参观这个城市,得自己找向导。
(二)one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。
Do you have a car?Yes,I have one.你有一辆小汽车吗?是的,我有一辆。
I like small cars better than large ones.我喜欢小汽车,不喜欢大汽车。
(三)one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词修饰。
There are three pens,which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?这儿有三支钢笔,哪一支是你的?这支?那支?还是在铅笔盒里的那支?
(四)a+形容词+one这一形式,经常见到或使用。
I have an old bike,but he has a new one.我有辆旧自行车,他有辆新的。
(五)own后面不用one
Your shoes don't fit me, I'd better wear my own.我穿你的鞋不合适,我最好还是穿我自己的。
(六)比较it和one的比较
it用来指特定的东西(the+名词);而one则用于替代不特定的东西(a,an+名词)
You have a pen,can I use it(=the pen)?你有一支钢笔,我可以用它(这支钢笔)吗?(特指)
Do you have a pen?Yes,I have one(=a pen).你有钢笔吗?是的,我有一支。(泛指)
some,any
I have some money in my pocket,but it is not enough.
Do you have any?我口袋里有一些钱,但不够,你有钱吗?
(一)some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中,any一般用于否定旬、疑问句和条件句中。
I have some science books.我有一些科技书。(some在肯定句中译为一些)
There is some ink in the bottle.瓶子里有一些墨水。
I haven't any money.(=I have no money.)
Do you have any?我一分钱都没有了,你有(钱吗)?
注意:
not…any =no…
any在否定句、问句中不须译出来。
You can ask me if you have any questions.(条件句)如果你有任何问题,你都可以问我。
(二)some,any与-thing,-body,-one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
我有重要的事告诉你。
I don't know anything about it .(I know nothing about it .)关于这件事,我什么都不知道。
Anybody can do it.任何人都可以做这件事。
注意:something,anything,nothing三者跟形容词时,形容词要放在它们的后面。
(三)在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
Will you have some tea?你喝茶吗?(表邀请)
Did somebody call me this morning?今天上午有人给我打电话吧?(表可能已约好)
(四)在否定句中,some表示半否定,any表示全否定。
I don't know some of you.我只认识你们中的一些人。(我不会认识你们)
I don't know any of you.你们,我一个也不认识。
(五)some用于单数可数名词前时,表示“某个”,而不是“一些”。
This morning some boy asked for you.今天上午,有个男孩要求见你。
There must be some reason for what he's done.他干这些事,肯定有某种原因。
比较:
Is there anything to eat?有什么吃的吗?(不知有没有,只是问一问)
Is there something to eat?有一些吃的吧?(希望,而且断定会有)
other,another的用法
(一)another(=an other),别的、另一个,泛指众多中一个,一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。
This book is too difficult for me.
Will you please give me another one(=another book)?这本书对我而言太难了,可以给我另一本吗?(another是指许多书中的一本,作为定语)
I don't like this one. Show me another.我不喜欢这个,给我看看另一个好吗?(another作宾语)
He got three books;one is a dictionary,another is a play,the third is a grammar.他买了三本书,一本是字典,另一本是剧本,还有一本是语法书。(another作主语)
有时another可以用在复数名词前译为“再、又”。
You may stay for another ten days.你可以再住十天。
(二)the other表示两个中的一个,常与one连用。
one…the other…
I have two pencils;one is red;(and)the other is blue.我有两支铅笔,一支是红的,另一支是蓝的。
There are only two books left. But I don't like this one. Will you please show me the other?
只剩下二本书了。可我不喜欢这一本,请给我另一本好吗?
惯用词组:
each other,one another互相
one after another一个接一个
the other day前几天
(三)other+名词=others(别的)
Some are listening to the radio,others are watching TV.一些人在听广播,一些人在看电视。
Some students went to the Summer Palace. Other students(=others)stayed at home last Sunday.上周日,一些同学去颐和园,一些同学(还有同学)呆在家里。
(四)the other +名词=the others,译为其余的,相当于the rest。
There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls. The other students(=the others)are boys.我们班有三十个学生,二十名女孩,其余的都是男孩。
Some of the pencils are red. The others(=the other pencils)are green.有些铅笔是红的,其余的都是绿的。
比较:
Some of the pencils are red,others(=other pencils)are green.有些铅笔是红的,还有一些是绿的。(暗示可能还有些笔是别的颜色的:白色的、黄色的……)
all,both
All of them go to the movies.他们都去看电影。
Both of my parents are healthy.我的双亲身体都健康。
(一)all代表或修饰两个以上的人或物,或不可数的东西。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like her.(作主语)=We all like her.(作同位语)我们所有的人都喜欢他。
All the oil(不可数名词)has been used up.(作主语)所有的油都用完了。
That's all for today.(作表语)今天就到这儿了。
You haven't eaten all(of)the bread.(作宾语)你的面包没有吃完。
All the students were there.(作定语)所有的学生都在那儿。
注意:all,both的位置和频度副词一样放在be动词、情态动词及助动词之后,如有多个助动词,则放在第一个助动词之后。放在一般动词(实义动词)之前。
They all(both)went there.他们(两个)全都去那里了。
(二)both是指两者都…;而all是指三个和三个以上的人或物都…。在句中可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。注意它们的区别:
They were all waiting outside the gate.他们(三个以上)都在大门外等着。
They were both waiting outside the gate.他们两个都在大门外等着。
each,every
On each(every)side of the square there were policemen.在广场的四周都有警察。
(一)从数量上看:each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。
There are many trees on each side(不能用every side)of the street.大街的两侧有许多大树。
On each(every)side of the square there were soldiers.广场的四周都是士兵。
(二)从含义和语法功能上看:each是“单个”的意思,侧重于个体、个性,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。
而every是“每一个”的意思,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。
(三)含有every的词组
every week每周
every two weeks每两周
every other day(week,line)每隔一天(每隔一周,每隔一行)
every other ten days每隔十天
Every student is here.=All the students are here.所有的学生们都出席了。(强调整体)
Each of the boys has a bike.每个男孩子都有一辆自行车。(each作主语,强调个体,每一个)。
There are flowers on each side of the river.(作定语)河两岸都是花。
Two men came and I gave a book to each.(作宾语)两个人来了,我给他们每人一本书。
each作同位语时在句子中位置及谓语动词的变化。
The students have two pens each.(作同位语)每个学生有两支钢笔。
They each have two pens.(作同位语)他们每人有两支钢笔。
Each of the students has two pens.(作主语)每个学生有两支钢笔。
Each of them has two pens.(作主语)他们每人有两支钢笔。
注意:
every在句中只能作定语,而它的合成词只能作主语、宾语和表语,而不能作定语,也就是说every后面必须跟名词,而它的合成词后面绝不可能跟名词。
Every boy is here .=Everybody is here.每个人都在。
either,neither,both
either:指两者中的任意一个。
neither:指两者中没有一个,全否定。
both:指两者都,肯定。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
Neither of the films is good.两部电影都不好。(没有一部是好的)
Either of the films is good.(作主语,谓语动词用单数)两部电影中有一部不错。
He wrote to neither of them.他没给他们两个任何一个人写信。
He wrote to either of them.(作宾语)他给他们中的一个人写了信。
Neither teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师,没有一个经常解答问题。
Either teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师中有一位常常解答问题。
Both the teachers often answer the questions.(作定语)这两个老师都常常解答问题。
注意:
标题上三词作定语时的比较,both后面的名词要用复数,谓语动词用复数。
either和neither后面的名词要用单数,谓语动词用单数。
many,much
Many(of)the students have sports.(作主语)许多学生参加体育锻炼。
He has not got much time to go over his lessons.(作定语)他没有多少时间复习功课了。
We are many;you are few.(作表语)我们是多数,你们是少数。
She has much(work)to do.(作宾语)她有许多工作要去做。
few, a few; little, a little
There are few minutes left. Hurry up!就剩下几分钟了,快点儿!
Don't worry! There are a few minutes left.别着急,还有几分钟呢。
There is little time left. Hurry up!没多少时间了,快点儿!
There is a little time left. Don't worry.别着急,还有时间呢
My sister has a few friends. But she has few good friends.我姐姐有一些朋友,但是她几乎没有真正的好朋友。
代词易错题分析
When the BBC asked her what kind of person takes to walk around the world, Maxwell said, “It’s probably a combination of ambition, a little stubbornness and a pinch of passion—not for hiking as a sport, but for self-discovery and adventure.
易错分析:1.句子结构复杂,句中包含多个从句,结构分析容易出错。2. 对从句中的形式主语和真正的动词不定式主语分析错误。
As the weather turns warmer and air becomes drier, it is recommended that people eat fresh vegetables and juicy fruits to keep_________ (them) hydrated (保持水分).
易错分析:1.长句子造成句子结构划分错误,逻辑意思不清。2.反身代词复数形式变化易出错。
It has become a cultural landmark of the Yellow River Basin where visitors can view the river passing through the city and watch exhibitions showing (it) long history’ and diverse cultures.
易错分析:句子成分划分出错,句意不理解,形容词性物主代词和反身代词混用。
If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in______ (they) search for warm shelter.
易错分析:解题不注重瞻前顾后,未关注空格后名词缺少定语,只看到介词后错用代词宾格。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·天津河东·二模)Despite her illness, Lucy had lost ________ of her enthusiasm for life and still made many plans for the future.
A.neither B.both C.all D.none
2.(2024·天津·模拟预测)The latest report made __________ clear that climate change will influence the poorest countries most strongly.
A.one B.what C.it D.this
3.(2024·天津武清·模拟预测)Tom still takes ______ for granted that every time a Real Madrid team puts on their shirts to play football, they will win.
A.it B.one C.them D.this
4.(2024·天津滨海新·三模)The network of China’s high-speed train is much longer than ______ in Japan.
A.one B.that C.it D.this
5.(2024·山东泰安·一模)—Is it ________ mobile phone
—No, it isn’t. ________ is left in the office.
A.you; I B.your; My C.yours; Mine D.your; Mine
6.(2024·天津·一模)Few pleasures can equal ______ of a journey to Harbin, enjoying the fantastic icy sculptures as well as the enthusiasm of the local people.
A.one B.that C.those D.ones
7.(2024江苏扬州·一模)The wedding dress of the Princess is noble and elegant. ________ is the beauty of this style that it will be popular with young women.
A.Such B.It C.What D.That
8.(2024天津·二模)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.
A.ones B.those C.that D.them
9.(2024广东广州·模拟)________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
A.As; whose B.It; whom C.It; whose D.As; whom
10.(2024·天津·三模)Generally speaking, parents’ influence on their children is greater than ________of anyone else’s.
A.one B.it C.that D.those
11.(2024天津·一模)Nothing taught by others can have the same effect on you as________ learned by yourself.
A.one B.that C.those D.this
12.(2024江苏南通·三模)Education reform has swept across schools, bringing with ______ new opportunities for students to develop in an all-round way.
A.one B.it C.them D.those
13.(2024江苏无锡·模拟)_________was a desperate race against time to land the plane before it ran out of fuel. Fortunately, the young pilot made it eventually.
A.It B.This C.What D.As
14.(2024天津模拟)She didn't understand why I paid a repair man when my brother would do it for _.
A.nothing B.anything
C.everything D.something
15.(2024·浙江·宁波一模)How would you like ________ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you
A.them B.one
C.those D.it
二、翻译
16.(2024·上海宝山·二模)你认为中学生为了完成作业,有必要花大量的时间到网上去查找资料吗?(it)
17.(2023·上海黄浦·一模)超市离我家步行就能到达,买日用品非常方便。(As)
18.(23-24高三上·上海·开学考试)你大老远跑去超市买方便面有意义吗 (sense)
19.(2024上海杨浦·模拟)在新闻发布会上,发言人明确表示他发表的评论媒体不得断章取义,以免造成误解。(it)
20.(2024上海·二模)因为一条假新闻, 这家超市货架上的所有商品已被一抢而空,真是匪夷所思。(It)
试卷第1页,共3页形容词副词(讲义)
目录
一 形容词、副词的功能与位置
二 复合形容词的构成
三 形容词和副词的比较等级
四 最高级的用法
五 形容词副词易错点
六 高考模拟试题
形容词、副词的功能与位置
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如 a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well、faint、i 只作表语。sick 既可作表语又可作定语,i 如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every 构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式一地点一时间。如:We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
(7)频度副词如 often、always、usually等在 be 动词后,行为动词前。
(8)副词作定语,定语后置。如:
The person there is waiting for you.
(9)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+ origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
(10)以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。
①下列单词以-1y 结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等.
②表愿意(无-y)和引申意(有-ly)的副词:deep 深 wide 宽厂 high 高 low 位置低deeply 深入地 widely广泛地 highly高度地 lowly 地位卑微
③有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词:
dead 完全,绝对 be dead asleep
deadly 非常 be deadly tired
pretty 相当 be pretty certain that.
prettily 漂亮地 be prettily dressed
close 近 Don't sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late 晚、迟 arrive late,come late
lately 最近I haven't seen him lately(recently)
复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired白发的
形容词+形容词 red-hot炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
形容词+现在分词 good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
副词+现在分 hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
副词+过去分词hard-won得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
名词+形容词life-long终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
名词+现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑
名词+过去分词snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
数词+名词+ed four-storeyed4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数ten-year10年的,two-man 两人的
形容词和副词的比较等级
(1)原级的构成和用法。
构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身。
用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“not so(as)+原级形容词/词+as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构。如:Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .This room is three times as large as that one.
(2)比较级和最高级的构成。
掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则,熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。
(3)比较级的用法。
①对方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than"的结构表示。如:This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示。如:
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如 even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far等修饰。如:
He works even harder than before.注意:英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较"或"….一些"或不译出,一般不可有“更”。如:
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,
应在二者中间加“the”。如:
He is taller by far than his brother
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用语 +谓语)”的结构(意为"越……越…")。
如:The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构。如:The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替 than.这些词有inferior(劣等的,次的)superior(较好的,优于.)、junior(资历较浅的)、senior(资格较老的)、prior(在.….之前)等。
He is superior to his brother in chemistry.
⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用tat(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one 既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。“the+比较级(主语+谓语),the+比较级(主
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或 the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧倍数表达法。
A is three(four,etc.)times the size(height,length etc.)of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。
(B)A is three(four,etc.)times as big(high long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
A is three(four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B, Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice 或 double.
最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:
Tom is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②)最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如:This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost
③表示“最高程度”的形容词,如 excellent、extreme、perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
④)形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略。
如:He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
③作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。
如:Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。
①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,副词最高级前可不加冠词。
②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词,或不加冠词,不表比较,表示“非常”。
如:He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③表示两者间“较..….的一个"比较级前加the。
who is the older of the tow boys
在 same 前一般要加 the。有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等
(6)由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语。
① as much as+不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons She could earn as much as ten dollars a week
②as many as+可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen reference books
③as early as 早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as 远到;就...而知(论)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as l know(就我所知), he has been there before.
⑤may(might, could)as well 不妨、不如Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as .. as can be 到了最.的程度,极其They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。⑦as ... as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as ... as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
几组重要的词语辨析
①very和much的区别。
可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very不用 much。
表示状态的过去分词前用 very。A very frightened boy,a very tired child, a very complicated problem,一般的情况下,以-ing、-ed 结尾的分词多用 much、very much/greatly等修饰。
如:We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.l was much amused by Jack's attitude.
(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如:very interesting/worrying/exciting.
(D)too前用 much 或 far,不用 very。
You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外,在 too many / much, too few / little i用 far. There's far too little opportunity for adventure these days.We've got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
(E)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构:
(a)修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用 quite completely、well、entirely。如 quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、 quite impossible、 quite perfect 等.
(b)修饰以 a-开头的形容词,多有特殊的修饰词:quite alone,very much alone,wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid.
(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth,much the same,freezing cold,quite different. terribly cold / frightening.
②)so ... that ... 与such ... that... 的区别。
so+形容词/副词 + that ...
S0+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词 +that
so+many/much /little /few+ 名词 + that ..
such+a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 +that..
such+形容词+不可数名词 +that ...
such+形容词+复数名词 +that..
注意:下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有 many、much、little、few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时,如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples 等。但当 little 表示"小”时用 such。如:These are such little boys that they can't dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的:so a difficult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather.
③其他几组词的辨析。
ago、before:ag0 表示以现在为起点的"以前";before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。
(B)already、yet、still: already表示某事已经发生;yet表示期待某事发生;still 表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句。
(C)too、also、either. to0和 also 用于肯定句,too多用于口语,also 多用于书面语,either用于否定句。
(D)good、well:与good不同的是,well作形容词,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,也作副词修饰动词。
(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表"快”。fast多指运动的物体,含持续的意思。quick 多指一次动作的敏捷、突然,而且持续的时间较短。
(F)real、true:形容词表"真的"。real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。
(G)hard、difficult:均表“困难”,但 hard 通常指体力上困难;difficult 则指智力或技能上的闲难,困难程度大于hard,它们都可作定语和表语。
形容词副词易错点
词性转换类易混易错点
It is an ancient _________ (architecture) complex with a history of more than 600 years. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, twenty-four emperors lived here ruling China for nearly 500 years.
易错分析:1.不认识单词。2.不熟悉其形容词的正确形式。3.不熟悉complex的名词意思“建筑群”。
【答案】architectural
【解析】考查形容词。句意:它是一个有600多年历史的古代建筑群。分析句子可知,此处应为形容词,作定语修饰名词“complex”,表示“建筑的”。故填architectural。
“Hospitable Shandong” has become an __ (influence) tourism brand.
易错分析:对长难单词的构词变化掌握不牢,平时学习中需要大量积累。
【答案】influential
【解析】考查形容词。句意:“好客山东”成为有影响力的旅游品牌。分析句子,设空处使用形容词作定语修饰名词tourism,influence的形容词为influential,意为“有影响力的”。故填influential。
The treatment is based on the TCM principle, which is _______ (effect) for coughs, asthma (哮喘) and other diseases.
【答案】effective
【解析】考查形容词。句意:治疗是基于中医的原则,这是有效的咳嗽,哮喘和其他疾病。此处应用形容词effective作表语,故填effective。
China is one of the world’s most biologically (diversity) countries.
【答案】diverse
【解析】考查形容词。句意:中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。分析句子结构可知,空格处应填形容词修饰名词countries。故填diverse。
It listed the two-part Vietnamese bridge as the world’s ____ (long), at 632 metres.
易错分析:忽略句子的逻辑意思而单纯变为比较级或副词。
【答案】longest
【解析】考查形容词最高等级。句意:它把这座由两部分组成的越南大桥列为世界上最长的大桥,全长632米。根据空前的the world’s可知,此处用形容词的最高等级,故填longest。
In fact, the story is much_______ (complex), according to findings that Dr. Wang, now an ecologist at Fudan University in Shanghai, published last month in Biological Conservation.
【答案】more complex
【解析】考查比较级。句意:事实上,根据王博士上个月发表在《生物保护》杂志上的研究结果,情况要复杂得多,王博士现在是上海复旦大学的生态学家。此处指与上文的情况相比,情况更加复杂,应用比较级,在前面加more。故填more complex。
As the weather turns warmer and air becomes _____ __ (dry), it is recommended that people eat fresh vegetables and juicy fruits to keep themselves hydrated (保持水分).
易错分析:忽略形容词级别变化的特殊形式,误以为都在词尾加-er或-est。
【答案】drier
【解析】考查比较级。句意:随着天气变暖,空气变得干燥,建议人们吃新鲜的蔬菜和多汁的水果来保持自己的水分。根据上文“As the weather turns warmer and air becomes”可知,此处使用比较级。故填drier。
The system sends messages to people (little) than two second after the earthquake happens.
【答案】less
【解析】考查副词比较级。句意:该系统在地震发生后不到两秒就会向人们发送信息。空处修饰动词sends,需用副词,结合than可知,此处需用副词比较级。故填less。
用法类易混易错点
It has appealed to audiences of all ages, who _______ (enthusiastic) recite poetry alongside the characters on screen, taking them on a fantastic journey.
易错分析:1.句子结构分析出错,修饰谓语动词应当使用副词。2.-ic结尾形容词大多加-ally。 publicly除外。
【答案】enthusiastically
【解析】考查副词。句意:它吸引了各个年龄段的观众,他们热情地与银幕上的角色一起背诵诗歌。此处修饰动词recite,应用副词作状语。故填enthusiastically。
Meanwhile, they found that cancer rates were just as high in excessive consumers of artificial sweetener and excessive sugar intake may be _ (equal) associated with cancer risk, according to the authors.
【答案】equally
【解析】考查副词。句意:同时,他们发现,过量食用人造甜味剂的人癌症发病率同样高,根据作者的说法,过量食用糖可能与癌症风险同样相关。空处修饰形容词associated,应填副词形式作状语,equally是副词,表示“同样地”,符合题意。故填equal
Besides, people around the globe can have access to Confucius ideas in Confucius Institutes and Chinese Culture Centers abroad _______ (free).
【答案】freely
【解析】考查副词。句意:此外,世界各地的人们可以在海外孔子学院和中国文化中心自由地接触到孔子的思想。free为形容词,需要副词freely修饰,故填freely。
When it comes to sharing, one of the _______ (great) gifts China gave to the world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale.
易错分析:长难句导致的句子结构划分不清,从而句意理解出错,名词复数gifts前应当被形容词修饰。
【答案】greatest
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意:说到分享,中国通过古丝绸之路给世界的最大礼物之一是工业规模的造纸技术,这一技术彻底改变了科学和哲学从8世纪开始在阿拉伯和伊斯兰世界一路传播到欧洲的过程。此处是“one of+形容词最高级+名词复数”,表示“最……的……之一”,故填greatest。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)She doesn’t speak ______her friend, but her handwriting is excellent.
A.as well as B.so often as C.so much as D.as good as
【答案】A
【详解】考查“as...as...”结构和副词。句意:她说的不像她朋友说得一样好,但她的字写得很好。该句中应为副词作状语修饰speak,结合“her handwriting is excellent”可知,此处描述的是“她书法好”,所以此处表示“她说的没她朋友说的好”,所以此处使用副词well,用于同级作比较时为ad well as。故选A项。
2.(2024·山东泰安·一模)A craftsman is a man who makes things ________ with his hands.
A.skill B.skillful C.skillfully D.skills
【答案】C
【详解】考查副词。句意:能工巧匠是指能巧妙地用手制作东西的人。A. skill技巧;B. skillful熟练的;C. skillfully巧妙地;D. skills技巧(复数形式)。本空用副词skillfully“巧妙地”,作状语,修饰动词makes。故选C。
3.(2024黑龙江哈尔滨·二模)Students are expected to dress _________, suitable for weather conditions, and in good taste.
A.accurately B.adequately C.essentially D.attractively
【答案】B
【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意:学生们要穿着得体,适应天气条件,有品位。A. accurately准确地、精确地;B. adequately足够地、合乎需要地;C. essentially本质上、大体上;D. attractively迷人地、有吸引力地。根据句意可知,此处指根据不同天气情况穿衣,还要具有良好品味,说明要衣着得体,应用adequately。故选B项。
4.(2024·河南洛阳·二模)Don’t let the child who is ________ go to school.
A.so young as to B.not old enough to C.not old enough D.too young to
【答案】C
【详解】考查形容词和副词。句意:不要让年龄不够大的孩子上学。分析句子可知,此处为关系代词who引导的定语从句。is后接形容词old作表语,enough修饰形容词放在形容词之后。故选C项。
5.(2024·天津二模)While it is crucial to learn and grow from the disappointments, it is________ important to recognize accomplishments.
A.slightly B.equally C.increasingly D.widely
【答案】B
【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意:虽然从失望中学习和成长至关重要,但认可成就也同样重要。A. slightly轻微地;B. equally同样地;C. increasingly越来越多地;D. widely普遍地。根据上文“it is crucial to learn and grow from the disappointments(从失望中学习和成长)”以及下文“to recognize accomplishments(认可成就)”可知,句子表达的是“这两者同等重要”,应选择表示“同样地”含义的副词,故选B项。
6.(2024天津·一模)It is quite annoying if our close friend _________ checks the cellphone and ignores our heartfelt words.
A.properly B.constantly C.officially D.physically
【答案】B
【详解】考查副词的词义辨析。句意:如果我们的密友不断查看手机而不理会我们真诚的话,那就太烦人了。A. properly正确地,适当地;B. constantly不断地;C. officially官方地;D. physically身体上,根本上。根据句意,此处表示“不断地查看手机”,故用constantly,作状语,修饰checks,故选B。
二、单词拼写
7.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)He lifted the baby (温柔地) out of its cot (婴儿床).
【答案】gently
【详解】考查副词。句意:他轻轻地把婴儿从婴儿床上抱起来。空处修饰空前的动词lifted,应用副词修饰,根据所给中文提示词,应是gently意为“温柔地”。故填gently。
8.(2024·陕西西安·一模)The report is based on a survey of over 21,000 (随机地) selected employers from July to September.
【答案】randomly
【详解】考查副词。句意:该报告是基于从7月到9月对21,000多名随机选择的雇主的调查得出的。根据汉语提示“随机地”可知,此处为副词randomly,作状语,修饰过去分词selected。故填randomly。
9.(2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测) (最近), citizens in Luhe have got the chance to experience a self-service store.
【答案】Recently
【详解】考查副词。句意:最近,陆河的公民有机会体验自助服务商店。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空后整个句子,应该用副词修饰,根据所给中文提示词,应是recently意为“最近”,位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Recently。
10.(2024吉林长春·模拟预测)To all the villagers’ disappointment, the rescue attempt failed (悲惨地).
【答案】tragically
【详解】考查副词。句意:令所有村民失望的是,营救行动不幸失败了。根据句意及汉语提示可知,此处使用副词tragically,修饰动词failed,作状语。故填tragically。
11.(2024吉林长春·模拟预测)The thieves (天才) triggered the alarm and hid inside the house.
【答案】geniusly
【详解】考查副词。句意:小偷们巧妙地触发了警报,躲进了房子里。根据句意及汉语提示可知,此处使用副词geniusly“巧妙地”,修饰动词triggered,作状语。故填geniusly。
12.(2024·陕西西安·模拟预测)“You are an artist,” she said (恭敬地).
【答案】respectfully
【详解】考查副词。句意:她恭敬地说:“你是一个艺术家。”根据汉语提示和句意可知,副词respectfully符合题意,做状语,修饰动词said。故填respectfully。
13.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)The police decided to investigate (进一步).
【答案】further
【详解】考查副词。句意:警方决定进一步调查。根据汉语提示可知应填副词further,作状语。故填further。
14.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)This course will teach you to think (创造性).
【答案】creatively
【详解】考查副词。句意:这门课程将教你创造性地思考。根据汉语提示可知应填副词creatively,作状语。故填creatively。
15.(2024·广东江门·一模)I thought Little Tom was in his room, but a (实际上) he was in the garden.
【答案】actually
【详解】考查副词。句意:我认为小汤姆在屋内,但实际上他在花园。分析句子可知,此处应该为副词作状语。根据提示的汉语和首字母可知,actually意为“实际上”符合句意。故填actually。
16.(2024·山东济南模拟预测)Luckily, his health is g (逐渐地) improving.
【答案】gradually
【详解】考查副词。句意:幸运的是,他的健康正在逐渐改善。副词修饰动词,作状语,根据汉语提示和首字母可知,“逐渐”的副词是gradually。故填gradually。
17.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)According to observers, the plane exploded (不久) after take-off.
【答案】shortly
【详解】考查副词。句意:据观察员说,飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。此处“不久”应用副词shortly作状语,故填shortly。
18.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)The speech was (故意地) designed to embarrass the prime minister.
【答案】deliberately
【详解】考查副词。句意:这次演讲是故意设计来使首相难堪的。“故意地”应用副词deliberately作状语,修饰动词designed,故填deliberately。
19.(2024·河北衡水·一模)The dictionary is (尤其) useful for beginners.
【答案】particularly/especially
【详解】考查副词。句意:这本词典对初学者特别有用。根据句意可知此处是副词修饰形容词,故答案为particularly/especially。
20.(2024·陕西西安·三模)__________(如今) more and more students are addicted to computer games.
【答案】Nowadays
【详解】考查副词。句意:现如今越来越多的学生沉迷于电脑游戏。根据词义提示可知,使用副词nowadays作状语,修饰后面的句子,首字母大写。故填Nowadays。
21.(2024·陕西西安·三模)The smoke rose___________(直直地) up into the air and disappeared.
【答案】straight
【详解】考查副词。句意:烟一直升到空中,消失了。根据汉语提示可知,使用副词straight修饰动词rose作状语。故填straight。
22.(2024·陕西西安·三模)—Do you mean that we are stuck here
—__________(确实如此), my dear.
【答案】Exactly
【详解】考查副词。句意:——你的意思是我们被困在这里了?——确实如此,亲爱的。根据词义提示可知,使用副词exactly,作状语,首字母大写。故填Exactly。
23.(2024·吉林·二模)As a consequence of smoking, my father coughs ____________ (频繁).
【答案】frequently/constantly
【详解】考查副词。句意:因为吸烟,我父亲频繁地咳嗽。根据谓语动词coughs应由副词修饰,可知空处应填副词形式frequently或constantly,表示“频繁地”。故填frequently/constantly。
三、翻译
24.(2024·上海徐汇·二模)人工智能使我们得以见证一个日新月异的新时代。 (witness) (汉译英)
【答案】Artificial intelligence is enabling us to witness an ever-evolving/a constantly-changing new era/ a new era which/that changes with each passing day/a new era which/that changes quickly/rapidly.
【详解】考查固定短语、非谓语动词、名词、定语从句、时态。表示“人工智能”用artificial intelligence,作主语,位于句首,首字母大写。表示“使某人做某事”用enable us to do sth.,结合语境可知事情正在发生,故时态用现在进行时,且主语为第三人称单数,故be动词用is。表示“我们”用us,作宾语。表示“见证”用witness,用不定式,作us的补足语。表示“日新月异的”用ever-evolving/constantly-changing,作定语,修饰“时代”。此处泛指“一个日新月异的新时代”,且ever-evolving以元音音素开头,应用不定冠词an;constantly-changing以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。表示“新时代”用new era,作witness的宾语。或者表示“新月异的”用定语从句,先行词是a new era,指物,关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词that/wich引导,表示“变化”用change,从句陈述事实,故时态用一般现在时,故谓语用第三人称单数形式changes;表示“快速地”用副词quickly/rapidly,作状语,修饰changes;或者“日益,一天天”用with each passing day。故翻译为Artificial intelligence is enabling us to witness an ever-evolving/a constantly-changing new era/ a new era which/that changes with each passing day/a new era which/that changes quickly/rapidly.
25.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)他考试的时候太紧张了,完全想不起这个单词。(escape) (汉译英)
【答案】He was so nervous in/ during the exam that the word escaped him completely.
【详解】考查一般过去时,形容词,结果状语从句,介词,副词。根据汉语提示可知,此处“由于考试太紧张,以至于他完全想不起这个单词”,所以需要使用结果状语从句,so+adj.+that从句。表示“紧张的”用nervous,“在考试中”用during/in the exam;“完全想不起这个单词”意味着这个单词“逃离了他”。“单词”为word;“escape”意为逃脱,逃离;“完全地”为completely;此处描述的是过去的事情,所以用一般过去时。故答案为He was so nervous in/ during the exam that the word escaped him completely.
26.(2024·上海松江·二模)我一直相信一个人睡眠充足了才能更好地抵御情绪紊乱。(convince)(汉译英)
【答案】I’m always convinced that a person can better fight against emotional disorders when he sleeps well/adequately.
【详解】考查固定句型及动词短语。句子陈述目前的事实,应用一般现在时。“我一直相信”可以使用固定句型,译为I’m always convinced that,“一个人”译为a person,“才能更好地抵御”译为can better fight against,“情绪紊乱”译为emotional disorders,“睡眠充足了”可以使用when引导时间状语从句,译为when he sleeps well/adequately。故翻译为I’m always convinced that a person can better fight against emotional disorders when he sleeps well/adequately.
27.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)有了无人机,救援人员就可以安全地评估灾区的受灾状况。(enable)(汉译英)
【答案】Drones enable rescue workers to assess the damage in the disaster area safely.
【详解】考查名词、动词、短语、副词和时态。无人机翻译为“drone”,位于句首首字母大写,表示无人机这一类应该为drones,enable表示“使能够”,enable sb to do sth表示“使某人能做……”,救援人员翻译为“rescue workers”,灾区翻译为“disaster area”,评估受灾状况翻译为“assess the damage”,安全地翻译为“safely”。本句为一般现在时,故翻译为Drones enable rescue workers to assess the damage in the disaster area safely。
28.(2024·上海·模拟预测)情况是在不断地变化,要使自己的思想适应新的情况,就得学习。(adapt) (汉译英)
【答案】The situation is constantly changing. To adapt your thinking to new situations, you have to learn. / Situations are changing continually, so we must study to adapt our thinking to new situations.
【详解】考查动词短语。“情况”使用名词situation,situation是可数名词,此处可表示特指,用单数形式,其前加定冠词the,“不断地”可使用副词constantly,“变化”使用动词change,句子应用现在进行时,故“情况是在不断地变化”可译为The situation is constantly changing.;“使……适应……”使用动词短语adapt...to...,“思想”使用名词thinking,“新情况”译为new situations,此处表示目的,应用动词不定式作目的状语,故译为To adapt your thinking to new situations,“就得”使用固定短语have to“不得不,必须”,后接动词原形,“学习”使用动词learn,人称使用第二人称,综上,故本句可译为:The situation is constantly changing. To adapt your thinking to new situations, you have to learn. /“情况”使用名词situation,是可数名词,此处可用复数表示泛指,“不断地”使用副词continually,“变化”使用动词change,句子用现在进行时,故“情况是在不断地变化”可译为Situations are changing continually;“就得学习”与上文是因果关系,此可用连词so连接,使用第一人称复数we作主语,“就得”使用情态动词must,后接动词原形,“学习”可使用动词study,“要使自己的思想适应新的情况”表示目的,可译为动词不定式作目的状语,“使……适应……”使用动词短语adapt...to...,“思想”使用名词thinking,“新情况”译为new situations,所以本句可译为:Situations are changing continually, so we must study to adapt our thinking to new situations.故答案为:The situation is constantly changing. To adapt your thinking to new situations, you have to learn. / Situations are changing continually, so we must study to adapt our thinking to new situations.
试卷第1页,共3页形容词副词(讲义)
目录
一 形容词、副词的功能与位置
二 复合形容词的构成
三 形容词和副词的比较等级
四 最高级的用法
五 形容词副词易错点
六 高考模拟试题
形容词、副词的功能与位置
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如 a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well、faint、i 只作表语。sick 既可作表语又可作定语,i 如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every 构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式一地点一时间。如:We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
(7)频度副词如 often、always、usually等在 be 动词后,行为动词前。
(8)副词作定语,定语后置。如:
The person there is waiting for you.
(9)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+ origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
(10)以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。
①下列单词以-1y 结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等.
②表愿意(无-y)和引申意(有-ly)的副词:deep 深 wide 宽厂 high 高 low 位置低deeply 深入地 widely广泛地 highly高度地 lowly 地位卑微
③有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词:
dead 完全,绝对 be dead asleep
deadly 非常 be deadly tired
pretty 相当 be pretty certain that.
prettily 漂亮地 be prettily dressed
close 近 Don't sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late 晚、迟 arrive late,come late
lately 最近I haven't seen him lately(recently)
复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired白发的
形容词+形容词 red-hot炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
形容词+现在分词 good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
副词+现在分 hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
副词+过去分词hard-won得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
名词+形容词life-long终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
名词+现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑
名词+过去分词snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
数词+名词+ed four-storeyed4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数ten-year10年的,two-man 两人的
形容词和副词的比较等级
(1)原级的构成和用法。
构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身。
用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“not so(as)+原级形容词/词+as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构。如:Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .This room is three times as large as that one.
(2)比较级和最高级的构成。
掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则,熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。
(3)比较级的用法。
①对方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than"的结构表示。如:This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示。如:
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如 even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far等修饰。如:
He works even harder than before.注意:英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较"或"….一些"或不译出,一般不可有“更”。如:
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,
应在二者中间加“the”。如:
He is taller by far than his brother
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用语 +谓语)”的结构(意为"越……越…")。
如:The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构。如:The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替 than.这些词有inferior(劣等的,次的)superior(较好的,优于.)、junior(资历较浅的)、senior(资格较老的)、prior(在.….之前)等。
He is superior to his brother in chemistry.
⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用tat(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one 既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。“the+比较级(主语+谓语),the+比较级(主
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或 the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧倍数表达法。
A is three(four,etc.)times the size(height,length etc.)of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。
(B)A is three(four,etc.)times as big(high long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
A is three(four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B, Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice 或 double.
最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:
Tom is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②)最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如:This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost
③表示“最高程度”的形容词,如 excellent、extreme、perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
④)形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略。
如:He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
③作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。
如:Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。
①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,副词最高级前可不加冠词。
②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词,或不加冠词,不表比较,表示“非常”。
如:He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③表示两者间“较..….的一个"比较级前加the。
who is the older of the tow boys
在 same 前一般要加 the。有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等
(6)由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语。
① as much as+不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons She could earn as much as ten dollars a week
②as many as+可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen reference books
③as early as 早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as 远到;就...而知(论)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as l know(就我所知), he has been there before.
⑤may(might, could)as well 不妨、不如Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as .. as can be 到了最.的程度,极其They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。⑦as ... as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as ... as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
几组重要的词语辨析
①very和much的区别。
可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very不用 much。
表示状态的过去分词前用 very。A very frightened boy,a very tired child, a very complicated problem,一般的情况下,以-ing、-ed 结尾的分词多用 much、very much/greatly等修饰。
如:We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.l was much amused by Jack's attitude.
(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如:very interesting/worrying/exciting.
(D)too前用 much 或 far,不用 very。
You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外,在 too many / much, too few / little i用 far. There's far too little opportunity for adventure these days.We've got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
(E)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构:
(a)修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用 quite completely、well、entirely。如 quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、 quite impossible、 quite perfect 等.
(b)修饰以 a-开头的形容词,多有特殊的修饰词:quite alone,very much alone,wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid.
(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth,much the same,freezing cold,quite different. terribly cold / frightening.
②)so ... that ... 与such ... that... 的区别。
so+形容词/副词 + that ...
S0+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词 +that
so+many/much /little /few+ 名词 + that ..
such+a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 +that..
such+形容词+不可数名词 +that ...
such+形容词+复数名词 +that..
注意:下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有 many、much、little、few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时,如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples 等。但当 little 表示"小”时用 such。如:These are such little boys that they can't dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的:so a difficult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather.
③其他几组词的辨析。
ago、before:ag0 表示以现在为起点的"以前";before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。
(B)already、yet、still: already表示某事已经发生;yet表示期待某事发生;still 表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句。
(C)too、also、either. to0和 also 用于肯定句,too多用于口语,also 多用于书面语,either用于否定句。
(D)good、well:与good不同的是,well作形容词,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,也作副词修饰动词。
(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表"快”。fast多指运动的物体,含持续的意思。quick 多指一次动作的敏捷、突然,而且持续的时间较短。
(F)real、true:形容词表"真的"。real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。
(G)hard、difficult:均表“困难”,但 hard 通常指体力上困难;difficult 则指智力或技能上的闲难,困难程度大于hard,它们都可作定语和表语。
形容词副词易错点
词性转换类易混易错点
It is an ancient _________ (architecture) complex with a history of more than 600 years. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, twenty-four emperors lived here ruling China for nearly 500 years.
易错分析:1.不认识单词。2.不熟悉其形容词的正确形式。3.不熟悉complex的名词意思“建筑群”。
“Hospitable Shandong” has become an __ (influence) tourism brand.易错分析:对长难单词的构词变化掌握不牢,平时学习中需要大量积累。
The treatment is based on the TCM principle, which is _______ (effect) for coughs, asthma (哮喘) and other diseases.
China is one of the world’s most biologically (diversity) countries.
It listed the two-part Vietnamese bridge as the world’s ____ (long), at 632 metres.易错分析:忽略句子的逻辑意思而单纯变为比较级或副词。
In fact, the story is much_______ (complex), according to findings that Dr. Wang, now an ecologist at Fudan University in Shanghai, published last month in Biological Conservation.
As the weather turns warmer and air becomes _____ __ (dry), it is recommended that people eat fresh vegetables and juicy fruits to keep themselves hydrated (保持水分).
易错分析:忽略形容词级别变化的特殊形式,误以为都在词尾加-er或-est。
The system sends messages to people (little) than two second after the earthquake happens.
用法类易混易错点
It has appealed to audiences of all ages, who _______ (enthusiastic) recite poetry alongside the characters on screen, taking them on a fantastic journey.
易错分析:1.句子结构分析出错,修饰谓语动词应当使用副词。2.-ic结尾形容词大多加-ally。 publicly除外。
Meanwhile, they found that cancer rates were just as high in excessive consumers of artificial sweetener and excessive sugar intake may be _ (equal) associated with cancer risk, according to the authors.
Besides, people around the globe can have access to Confucius ideas in Confucius Institutes and Chinese Culture Centers abroad _______ (free).
When it comes to sharing, one of the _______ (great) gifts China gave to the world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale.
易错分析:长难句导致的句子结构划分不清,从而句意理解出错,名词复数gifts前应当被形容词修饰。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1.(2024·山东济南·二模)She doesn’t speak ______her friend, but her handwriting is excellent.
A.as well as B.so often as C.so much as D.as good as
2.(2024·山东泰安·一模)A craftsman is a man who makes things ________ with his hands.
A.skill B.skillful C.skillfully D.skills
3.(2024黑龙江哈尔滨·二模)Students are expected to dress _________, suitable for weather conditions, and in good taste.
A.accurately B.adequately C.essentially D.attractively
4.(2024·河南洛阳·二模)Don’t let the child who is ________ go to school.
A.so young as to B.not old enough to C.not old enough D.too young to
5.(2024·天津二模)While it is crucial to learn and grow from the disappointments, it is________ important to recognize accomplishments.
A.slightly B.equally C.increasingly D.widely
6.(2024天津·一模)It is quite annoying if our close friend _________ checks the cellphone and ignores our heartfelt words.
A.properly B.constantly C.officially D.physically
二、单词拼写
7.(2024·江苏·模拟预测)He lifted the baby (温柔地) out of its cot (婴儿床).
8.(2024·陕西西安·一模)The report is based on a survey of over 21,000 (随机地) selected employers from July to September.
9.(2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测) (最近), citizens in Luhe have got the chance to experience a self-service store.
10.(2024吉林长春·模拟预测)To all the villagers’ disappointment, the rescue attempt failed (悲惨地).
11.(2024吉林长春·模拟预测)The thieves (天才) triggered the alarm and hid inside the house.
12.(2024·陕西西安·模拟预测)“You are an artist,” she said (恭敬地).
13.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)The police decided to investigate (进一步).
14.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)This course will teach you to think (创造性).
15.(2024·广东江门·一模)I thought Little Tom was in his room, but a (实际上) he was in the garden.
16.(2024·山东济南模拟预测)Luckily, his health is g (逐渐地) improving.
17.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)According to observers, the plane exploded (不久) after take-off.
18.(2024·吉林长春·模拟预测)The speech was (故意地) designed to embarrass the prime minister.
19.(2024·河北衡水·一模)The dictionary is (尤其) useful for beginners.
20.(2024·陕西西安·三模)__________(如今) more and more students are addicted to computer games.
21.(2024·陕西西安·三模)The smoke rose___________(直直地) up into the air and disappeared.
22.(2024·陕西西安·三模)—Do you mean that we are stuck here
—__________(确实如此), my dear.
23.(2024·吉林·二模)As a consequence of smoking, my father coughs ____________ (频繁).
三、翻译
24.(2024·上海徐汇·二模)人工智能使我们得以见证一个日新月异的新时代。 (witness) (汉译英)
25.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)他考试的时候太紧张了,完全想不起这个单词。(escape) (汉译英)
26.(2024·上海松江·二模)我一直相信一个人睡眠充足了才能更好地抵御情绪紊乱。(convince)(汉译英)
27.(2024·上海浦东新·二模)有了无人机,救援人员就可以安全地评估灾区的受灾状况。(enable)(汉译英)
28.(2024·上海·模拟预测)情况是在不断地变化,要使自己的思想适应新的情况,就得学习。(adapt) (汉译英)
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